BIO 200 Multiple Choice

Sympatric speciation occurs When populations are completely isolated by a geographic barrier As a result of convergent evolution In the midst of an existing population In adjoining populations None of the above

In the midst of an existing population

Facilitated Diffusion is a mechanism of transport across biological membranes That directly requires energy in the form of ATP That does not involve membrane proteins In which the net movement of a substance is always from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration In which material is engulfed and internalized by phagocytic cells In which material diffuses directly across a membrane without involvement of a carrier protein

In which the net movement of a substance is always from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Which of the following was not part of Lamarck's theory of evolution? Common ancestry of closely-related species Increased reproductive success of the fittest individuals Increased perfection by use and need of body parts and organs Adaptation driven by the demands of the environment Changes in species over time

Increased reproductive success of the fittest individuals

Sickle-cell Anemia Involves the deletion of the gene for b-globin Involves the deletion of the gene for a-globin Is a classic sex-linked gene Involves a frameshift mutation in DNA Involves a point mutation in DNA

Involves a point mutation in DNA

The repressor protein associated with the lac operon Is a transcription factor Is a DNA-binding protein Functions in the positive control of transcription Makes this a repressible operon Has a binding site for cAMP

Is a DNA-binding protein

At one point, James Watson favored a "like with like" model of DNA structure (shown in diagram at right). One of the reasons he favored this model was: *copy and paste link to url for image of diagram* https://plus.google.com/photos/photo/117268539391613778588/6419109650624197426?icm=false It could explain Chargaff's rule It produced a helix of constant diameter It could explain how DNA might replicate It placed sugar-phosphate chains on the inside None of the above

It could explain how DNA might replicate

*As you know, James Watson first saw Franklin's "B-form" pattern of DNA in February 1953. When he returned to Cambridge, the first model that he developed was a "like-with-like" base-paired model (sketch at right). Watson wrote: "If this was DNA, I should create a bombshell by announcing its discovery."* Watson and Crick quickly abandoned the like-with-like model. Among the reasons they dropped it were: It failed to explain Chargaff's rule Hydrogen bonds could not be drawn between any chemical forms of the bases X-ray data confirmed that the bases were actually on the outside All of the above None of the above

It failed to explain Chargaff's rule

Ray and Ron are identical twins. Jenn and Lynn are also identical twins. Ray marries Jenn and Ron marries Lynn. Each couple has two (non-identical) children. What is Ray's degree of relatedness ("r" in the Hamilton relationship of Br>C) to his niece, Ron and Lynn's daughter Penelope? 0.125 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00

0.50

How many chromatids would be present at metaphase of the second meiotic division of an organism with a diploid number of 12 (2N = 12)? 6 12 18 24 48

12 or D) 24

One of T. H. Morgan's experiments in which he first noticed the effects of gene linkage began with a cross between a wild-type fly and a fly that was homozygous recessive for the black body and vestigial wing alleles (b b, vg vg). The result was an F1 generation with the wild-type phenotypes for both traits. When Morgan crossed an F1 fly with another homozygous recessive, he expected to produce 4 different phenotypes [wild-type : black : vestigial: black with vestigial] in which ratio? 9:3:3:1 16:9:9:1 3:3:1:1 1:1:1:1 None of the above

1:1:1:1

Select the best set of primers to amplify the following DNA sequence: 5'-TTTTTTTTTTGTAACTCGGTCGTAGGCATTGAACTATGCGGGGGGGGGG-3' 3'-AAAAAAAAAACATTGAGCCAGCATCCGTAACTTGATACGCCCCCCCCCC-5' 5'-TTTTTTTTTT-3' and 5'-AAAAAAAAAA-3' 5'-TTTTTTTTTT-3' and 5'-TTTTTTTTTT-3' 5'-GGGGGGGGGG-3' and 5'-TTTTTTTTTT-3' 5'-GGGGGGGGGG-3' and 5'-CCCCCCCCCC-3' 5'-TTTTTTTTTT-3' and 5'-CCCCCCCCCC-3'

5'-TTTTTTTTTT-3' and 5'-CCCCCCCCCC-3'

All nucleotides contain: An amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R-group A prosthetic group, a ribose sugar, and a disulfide bond A nitrogenous base, a peptide bond, and an R-group A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base Deoxyribose, phosphate, and adenine

A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Which of these 4 descriptions of the composition of dATP is accurate? A 6-carbon sugar, phosphate groups, and adenine. Ribose, phosphate groups, and adenosine. Alanine, deoxyribose, and phosphate groups. A 5-carbon sugar, phosphate groups, and adenine. None of the above.

A 5-carbon sugar, phosphate groups, and adenine.

Many enzymes have two distinct shapes, or conformations, an active one in which it binds substrate, and an inactive one, in which it does not. A compound that stabilized the inactive conformation of an enzyme would most likely be: An activator A competitive inhibitor A non-competitive inhibitor A prosthetic group None of the above

A non-competitive inhibitor

Which of the following statements about translation is correct? A ribosome moves along mRNA from the 3' to the 5' end, and synthesizes the amino terminus of the polypeptide first A ribosome moves along mRNA from the 3' to the 5' end, and synthesizes the carboxyl terminus of the polypeptide first A ribosome moves along mRNA from the 5' to the 3' end, and synthesizes the amino terminus of the polypeptide first A ribosome moves along mRNA from the 5' to the 3' end, and synthesizes the carboxyl terminus of the polypeptide first Ribosomes have nothing to do with it. Translation involves RNA synthesis!

A ribosome moves along mRNA from the 5' to the 3' end, and synthesizes the amino terminus of the polypeptide first

An example of interference competition would be: Ticks sucking blood from larger animals Pollination of the yucca cactus by the yucca moth Grasshoppers eating all of the grain in a field before harvest Salamanders defending themselves with poisonous venom A species of barnacle physically pushing another out of its fundamental niche

A species of barnacle physically pushing another out of its fundamental niche

Pea plants of genotype CC and Cc both have purple flowers. Pea plants of genotype cc have white flowers. A cross between two plants of genotype Cc will produce about three times as many purple-flowered plants as white-flowered ones. This is because C is dominant over c Each parent produces equal numbers of gametes containing C alleles and gametes containing c alleles. Pairing of gametes at fertilization is random A & B Only A, B, & C

A, B, & C

The diagram at right shows the evolutionary relationships of 7 species. Which of the following groupings does not constitute a monophyletic group? *copy and paste to url for image of diagram* https://plus.google.com/photos/photo/117268539391613778588/6419149072449454642?icm=false&authkey=CLT495Tm_9K8uQE A, B, & C B, C, & D E, F, & G B, C, D, E, F, & G A, B, C, D, E, F, & G

A, B, & C

As you know, the Hawaiian honeycreepers (at right) are a group of 35 different species found only on these islands. They are considered an example of ADAPTIVE RADIATION because they are all descended from a common ancestor. fill different niches on the islands. are reproductively-isolated from each other. were produced by multiple speciation events. All of the Above.

All of the Above

*As you know, James Watson first saw Franklin's "B-form" pattern of DNA in February 1953. When he returned to Cambridge, the first model that he developed was a "like-with-like" base-paired model (sketch at right). Watson wrote: "If this was DNA, I should create a bombshell by announcing its discovery." D Among the key properties of DNA that this like-with-like model would explain is: Its helical diffraction pattern DNA replication The placement of sugar-phosphate chains on the outside of the molecule All of the above None of the above

All of the above

When a pea plant with round yellow seeds was self fertilized, it produced offspring in the following proportions: Phenotype - Number of Offspring Round, Yellow - 99 Round, Green - 33 Shrunken, Yellow - 33 Shrunken, Green - 11 Given these results, which of the following statements must be true? Recombination has occurred The genes controlling the two traits (seed color & seed shape) are not linked The plant produces all gamete types with roughly equal frequency Green is recessive to yellow All of the above.

All of the above.

Which of these statements about Hemoglobin (Hb) is true? Hb contains extensive regions of alpha-helical folding Hb contains several iron atoms The bonds between Hb's four subunits are non-covalent Hb's sickle-cell form (Hb-S) is somewhat less soluble than normal Hb. All of the above.

All of the above.

All of the following statements about autotrophs are true except: Plants are autotrophic for carbon Not all autotrophs are photosynthetic Autotrophs are self-sufficient for all of their nutritional needs Plants themselves are not complete autotrophs, and are dependent on other autotrophs Autotrophs are the primary producers in most terrestrial food chains

Autotrophs are self-sufficient for all of their nutritional needs

Trisomy 21, also known as Down Syndrome, results when an individual possesses three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. Such individuals have 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. Which of the following events would be most likely to result in Down syndrome? Failure of homologous #21 chromosomes to separate in maternal Meiosis I Failure of duplicate chromatids of chromosome 21 to separate in paternal Meiosis II Fertilization of a normal egg cell by two sperm Failure of anaphase in Meiosis II, doubling the chromosome number Both A and B

Both A and B

Both inducible and repressible operons are considered examples of the negative control of gene expression. This is because: Both involve a combination of repressor and CO-repressor. Both involve a combination of inducer and repressor. Both involve the coordinated repression of several genes in an operon. Both are subject to feedback inhibition None of the above.

Both involve the coordinated repression of several genes in an operon.

Which of the following DNA sequences is most likely to be a sequence at which a restriction enzyme might cut? (all are typed with the 5'-end at left) CAAAAC GGGCAG AATTAA CAATTG GGAATT

CAATTG

David Reznick's experiments in Trinidad involved studies on the life cycles ofguppies in two streams with different predators. In the stream with the larger predator (the pike-like chiclid) guppies Came to sexual maturity sooner and produced smaller eggs Came to sexual maturity later and produced smaller eggs Came to sexual maturity sooner and produced larger eggs Came to sexual maturity later and produced larger eggs Showed no heritable changes in their life cycles

Came to sexual maturity sooner and produced smaller eggs

Studies of barnacles on New England coastal regions indicate that the fundamental niche and realized niche of one species (Balanus) are identical. However, the realized niche of another species (Chthamalus) is much smaller than its fundamental niche wherever Balanus is present. The reduction in the realized niche of Chthamalus is due to Resource partitioning Competitive exclusion Facultative mutualism Predation selection None of the above

Competitive exclusion

Weaver birds reared in isolation are capable of constructing the same complex nests as their counterparts in the wild. This fact provides evidence that Some behaviors are partly learned and partly inherited Some behaviors cannot be the result of natural selection There is a genetic basis to all behaviors Complex behaviors may have a genetic basis It is evidence of all of the above

Complex behaviors may have a genetic basis

Which of the following statements about translation is true? The anticodon is part of the rRNA in the small ribosomal subunit Amino Acids are bound to tRNA by hydrogen bonds During the process, the growing polypeptide chain is covalently attached to RNA Stop codons are found near the end of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules None of the above

During the process, the growing polypeptide chain is covalently attached to RNA *explanation* because during translation the growing polypeptide strand is always covalently attached to a tRNA molecule.

You are so excited about what you have just learned in Bio 20 that you plan an experiment. Your goal is to get your respiratory exchange ratio to be a small as possible. Which of the following procedures would result in the lowest respiratory exchange ratio? Eating sugar and sitting on the couch. Eating sugar and sprinting as fast as you can. Eating fat and sprinting as fast as you can. Eating fat and sitting on the couch. Eating nothing and holding your breath.

Eating fat and sitting on the couch.

All of the following are true statements regarding enzymes except: Enzymes catalyze reactions by stabilizing the transition state. Enzymes bind directly to their substrates at an active site. Enzymes change the overall energetics of reactions to make them more favorable. Conformational changes in enzymes can affect reaction rates. Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions.

Enzymes change the overall energetics of reactions to make them more favorable.

Common honeybees gather nectar from apple trees and also pollinate them in the process. If the bees are killed by spraying insecticide, the yield of apples is reduced, but some apples are still produced. The relationship between apple trees and bees is best described as Facultative mutualism Obligate mutualism Commensalism Niche overlap Reciprocal altruism

Facultative mutualis

Two species of cuckoo doves live in a group of islands off the coast of New Guinea. Of the 33 islands, 14 have one species, 6 the other, and 13 have neither. None of the islands has both species. This could best be explained if the two species Are on different trophic levels Have similar niches Have a mutualistic relationship Have different niches Are both top predators

Have similar niches

Absence of food in your stomach causes your "hunger center" in your brain to become active. This causes you to seek food and ingest it, which fills your stomach and turns off the stimulation of your "hunger center." This is an example of: A positive feedback loop Homeostasis Transduction The Ratty Reflex

Homeostasis

Water striders are literally able to "walk" on water. Why is this tiny animal able to stay on the surface of a stream rather than falling in and drowning? Liquid water does not form a crystal lattice, and hence is very dense. The water strider is less dense, and therefore floats on the surface. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules produces a surface tension strong enough to withstand the weight of the water strider. Non-polar solutes cannot dissolve in water, and the insect's surface is coated with non- polar waxy compounds. A & B both contribute to the water strider's ability to float. None of the above.

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules produces a surface tension strong enough to withstand the weight of the water strider.

In Chapter 1 of Into the Jungle ("Rev. Darwin's detour"), author Sean Carroll notes that Darwin's notebooks written after his return from the voyage of The Beagle contain many hints that he had developed the idea of common ancestry of species. However, he was not able to develop a complete theory until 1838, when he read Thomas Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Populations. According to Carroll, Malthus proposed "that there were checks - disease, famine, and death - upon the growth of populations that prevented them from increasing at an exponential rate." The ideas of Malthus provided Darwin with which essential element of his theory of evolution? Natural selection Allopatric speciation Sexual selection Sympatric speciation Descent with modification

Natural selection

Lipids are one of the four major classes of macromolecules. Which of the following are not generally found in the lipid molecules associated with living cells? Fatty acids Carbon to carbon double bonds Nitrogenous bases Glycerol Phosphate groups

Nitrogenous bases

A given DNA sequence directs the synthesis of a complementary mRNA. mRNA is processed in the nucleus. Processing may include addition of polyA "tail" at the 3' end, a methyl G "cap" at the 5' end, and excision of introns (intervening mRNA sequences that are transcribed, but not translated). The remaining exons ( the portions of the mRNA that ARE translated (Of course this is only in Eukaryotes, since Prokaryotes have no nuclei). Exons are A) The regions of tRNA that are covalently bound to amino acids B) Portions of DNA that are never transcribed C) The non-amino acid portions of proteins D) Generally found in promoter regions of DNA E) None of the above

None of the above

A given DNA sequence directs the synthesis of a complementary mRNA. mRNA is processed in the nucleus. Processing may include addition of polyA "tail" at the 3' end, a methyl G "cap" at the 5' end, and excision of introns (intervening mRNA sequences that are transcribed, but not translated). The remaining exons ( the portions of the mRNA that ARE translated (Of course this is only in Eukaryotes, since Prokaryotes have no nuclei). Introns are The regions of tRNA that are covalently bound to amino acids Portions of DNA that are never transcribed The non-amino acid portions of proteins Generally found in promoter regions of DNA None of the above

None of the above

ATP serves as a substrate for the enzyme phosphofructokinase (which catalyzes the third reaction in Glycolysis), but it also serves as an inhibitor of the same enzyme. This is because ATP is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme ATP is an allosteric activator of the enzyme ATP blocks the first reaction in the glycolytic pathway Phosphofructokinase is stimulated by oxygen bound to its active site None of the above

None of the above

David Reznick's experiments in Trinidad involved studies on the life cycles of guppies in two streams. In one stream, the primary predator is a large pike-like cichlid. In the other it is a much smaller killifish. Compared to guppies in the killifish stream, guppies in the stream with the pike-like predator mature more slowly and are larger at maturity lay far fewer eggs are much more successful have more effective camoflage None of the above

None of the above

In Chapter 3 of the Origin of Species Darwin discussed dramatic differences in biodiversity between a barren heath and a similar area that had been planted with Scotch Fir. These differences served to illustrate Sympatric speciation Parapatric speciation Allopatric speciation Geographic isolation None of the above

None of the above

Sickle-Cell Anemia Involves the deletion of a gene for β-globin Is example of a dominant human genetic disorder Is a classic sex-linked gene Involves a frameshift mutation in DNA None of the above

None of the above

Which of these statements about the C4 photosynthetic pathway is true? C4 plants do best under relatively low light intensities C4 plants are more efficient because they require fewer ATP molecules to run the Calvin cycle C4 plants don't use the Calvin cycle at all, and produce carbohydrate using a radically different pathway C4 plants release less O2 than C3 plants None of the above

None of the above

Which of the following statements is true regarding the β-sheet pattern of protein secondary structure? The structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between adjacent bases The bending of the chain makes a complete circle at 5.8Å intervals The structure is stabilized by disulfide (S-S) bonds The structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between R-groups None of the above

None of the above *note* Many students picked answers A or D, since the beta-sheet is indeed stabilizied by hydrogen bonds. However, answer A is incorrect since polypeptides do not have "bases." Nitrogenous bases are found in DNA and RNA, not protein. And the hydrogen bonds in a beta-sheet are between C=O and N—H groups, not R groups, so answer D is also incorrect

Which of the following statements is not true about the cytoskeleton? It is involved in chromosome separation in mitosis and meiosis It is made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules Cytoskeletal proteins include actin, myosin, and keratin The principal proteins in muscle cells are cytoskeletal proteins None of the above (statements A-D are all true)

None of the above (statements A-D are all true)

Cheneyase is a protein consisting of 3 polypeptide subunits, two of which are strongly hydrophobic and one of which (subunit stent) is composed of just 20 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of the stent subunit is: N-gly-gly-lys-lys-ala-gly-arg-gly-lys-ser-gly-gly-lys-lys-ala-gly-gly-arg-lys-ser-C (gly = glycine, lys = lysine, ala = alanine, arg = arginine, ser = serine) Which of the following statements about the Cheneyase stent subunit is true? It is not joined to the other subunits by disulfide bonds It is too short to form an α-helix It does not have a tertiary structure It does not have a secondary structure From the information given here, we can tell nothing about

It is not joined to the other subunits by disulfide bonds *explanation* since this polypeptide does not have any cysteines, it cannot be involved in disulfide bonds

Which of the following statements is true about the β-sheet structure pattern of polypeptide folding? It is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between adjacent β-sheets It is stabilized by hydrogen bonds within a single β-sheet It is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between R-groups It is one of the most important forms of primary structure in proteins None of the above

It is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between adjacent β-sheets

The C4 pathway represents an important adaptive strategy used by some photosynthetic plants. Which of the following is the primary benefit of this pathway? It allows ATP to be produced regardless of light availability. It eliminates the need for the light independent reactions of photosynthesis. It prevents the damaging effects of photolysis. It minimizes photorespiration by facilitating CO2 uptake. It increases the range of wavelengths over which chlorophyll can absorb light.

It minimizes photorespiration by facilitating CO2 uptake.

Of the following statements, which qualifies as a valid conclusion based on the microarray results shown? Of the 10,000 genes tested, only six are likely to contribute to lung tissue malignancy. None of the six genes listed seem to be involved in malignancy of lung tissue. Malignancy in lung tissue appears to be due, in part, to a mutation in C4BPA. ODC1 seems not to play a role in development of malignancy in lung tissue. more than one of the conclusions is valid.

ODC1 seems not to play a role in development of malignancy in lung tissue.

Which of the following is not true about the final Watson-Crick double helix model? The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds One strand twists in the right-handed direction, the other left-handed. A-T and G-C base pairs are nearly identical in diameter Nucleotides in the same strand are covalently bonded to each other None. All of the above statements are true.

One strand twists in the right-handed direction, the other left-handed.

As you know, phosphofructokinase is a key enzyme in glycolysis. It catalyzes the production of Fructose 1,6-diphosphate. Which of the following statements about phosphofructokinase is not true? The substrates for phosphofructokinase are fructose 6-phosphate and ATP. ATP serves as a non-competitive inhibitor for phosphofructokinase. Phosphofructokinase is a soluble protein found in the mitochondrial matrix. Phosphofructokinase lowers the activation energy of the reaction in which Fructose 1,6-diphosphate is produced. Phosphofructokinase is subject to feedback inhibition

Phosphofructokinase is a soluble protein found in the mitochondrial matrix.

Which of the following statements about photosynthesis is true? Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and water Photosynthesis is an exergonic process Photosynthetic organisms are autotrophic for nitrogen Photosynthesis requires oxygen, water, and nitrogen None of the above

Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and water

Macy is dining with a friend and ingests some bad sushi containing tetrodotoxin (TTX). Ms. Gray tries to say good-bye and she chokes; tries to walk away and she stumbles. Though she tries to hide it, it's clear, TTX disrupts the function of neurons when it's near. TTX blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels (i.e. they can't open) and this will: Gradually cause neurons to depolarize Prevent the depolarizing phase of an action potential Prevent the repolarizing phase of an action potential Cause neurons to fire action potentials that are longer in duration. None of the above

Prevent the depolarizing phase of an action potential

*"Humble-bees alone visit [and pollinate] red clover. ... The number of humble-bees in any district depends in a great measure on the number of field mice, which destroy their nests and combs. Now the number of mice is largely dependent, as everyone knows, on the number of cats; and Col. Newman says, 'near villages and small towns I have found the nest of humble bees more numerous than elsewhere ...' "* In these relationships, as recounted by Darwin, which trophic level best describes the "humble-bees?" Primary Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Decomposer

Primary Consumer

Given that prokaryotic cells lack many of the organelles found in eukaryotes, including mitochondria, which of the following statements is correct? Prokaryotes carry out both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells use more energy to oxidize electron carriers during respiration. Eukaryotic enzymes are more efficient in glycolysis than prokaryotic enzymes. Prokaryotic cells always require oxygen, while some eukaryotes do not. None of the above.

Prokaryotes carry out both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle in the cytoplasm.

All of the following are functions performed by the cardiovascular system and blood in creatures such as yourself EXCEPT: Distribution of hormonal messages throughout the body. Delivery of nutrients and removal of metabolic waste from tissues of the body. Maintenance of normal body temperature Pumping of oxygen up its concentration gradient from the air and into the blood through the use of hemoglobin. No exceptions - all of the above are functions of the cardiovascular system and blood.

Pumping of oxygen up its concentration gradient from the air and into the blood through the use of hemoglobin.

The burning of methane in oxygen releases 160 kilocalories per mole of methane. The sources of this energy are Rearrangements of the electrons participating in chemical bonds between atoms Rearrangements of the protons and neutrons in the carbon nucleus The splitting of water to release oxygen and hydrogen The production of new ionic bonds between sodium and chlorine None of the above

Rearrangements of the electrons participating in chemical bonds between atoms

Which of the following is not an adaptation of Antarctic "ice fish" to low temperatures in the Antarctic ocean? Increased gill surface area for oxygen exchange Loss of red blood cells to lower blood viscosity Production of antifreeze proteins into the bloodstream Reduced blood volume A scaleless skin with large capillaries near the surface of the body

Reduced blood volume

In lab, we simulated a microarray analysis in which malignant lung tissue was compared to non-malignant lung tissue. Results from microarray analyses of this type provide information about Relative expression levels of many genes Differences in genetic content (DNA) between various tissues The number of mutations present in a specific tissue The number of tandem repeats in the DNA of a specific tissue Mechanisms that regulate gene expression

Relative expression levels of many genes

Photo-51, Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction of DNA, was one of the keys to solving the structure of DNA. However, by itself it did not reveal everything about the molecule. Which if the following aspects of DNA structure is not directly implied by the pattern in photo-51? Its 20Å diameter. Its helical three-dimensional shape. Two anti-parallel strands. Specific base pairing (A with T and G with C). None. Actually, the pattern implies each of the features in answers A-D

Specific base pairing (A with T and G with C).

Which of the following are not involved in the initiation of transcription? Start codons Promoters RNA Polymerase Enhancers DNA-binding proteins

Start codons

Which statement about the tertiary structure of proteins is not true? Tertiary structure is not affected by primary structure Tertiary structure can be stabilized by hydrogen bonds Covalent bonds sometimes are very important in stabilizing tertiary structure A tertiary structure may contain both α-helix and β-sheet. The tertiary structure of myoglobin includes an oxygen-binding region

Tertiary structure is not affected by primary structure

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Calvin Cycle? The Calvin Cycle does not occur in C4 plants The Calvin Cycle consumes CO2 , ATP, and NADPH. The Calvin Cycle produces O2 , ADP, and NADP+ The enzymes of the Calvin Cycle are bound to thylakoid membranes None of the above

The Calvin Cycle consumes CO2 , ATP, and NADPH

The "rule of ten" is a generalization that refers to the reduction in biomass as one moves from one level to the next in a trophic pyramid. Which of the following is most responsible for the rule of ten? The amount of energy lost due to heat and respiration The relative inefficiency of photosynthesis compared to respiration The scarcity of nitrogen in the earth's atmosphere Predation selection between trophic levels Interference competition

The amount of energy lost due to heat and respiration

Actin and myosin are proteins associated with: DNA replication The cytoskeleton The electron transport chain Glycolysis The eukaryotic nucleus

The cytoskeleton

In class we briefly discussed an interesting case of mimicry between the poisonous coral snake and the non-poisonous king snake, both of which have very similar ringed markings. An experimental study showed that predators generally did not attack plastic replicas of the king snake at low altitudes (where coral snakes are also present), but that attacks became much more common at higher elevations (where coral snakes are not present). These data support which conclusion about this case of mimicry? The king snake benefits from its resemblance to the coral snake. This is a case of Müllerian mimicry. The relationship between the two species is a case of resource partitioning. The king snake is a social parasite of the coral snake. All of the above.

The king snake benefits from its resemblance to the coral snake.

The coral snake is a poisonous species found in mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The king snake is a mimic of the coral snake with a very similar appearance. In lowland regions, both species are found. In altitudes above 5,000 feet, however, only the king snake is found. Investigators using plastic replicas shaped to look like both snakes discovered that birds in highland regions were roughly 10 times as likely to attack these replicas than birds in lowland regions. This suggests that The king snake is a Müllerian mimic of the coral snake The king snake is a Batesian mimic of the coral snake Competitive exclusion has taken place in the highland regions Disruptive selection has altered the appearance of both snakes None of the above

The king snake is a Batesian mimic of the coral snake

Apoptosis is best described as Pattern formation in the early embryo The way in which cell-to-cell interactions promote differentiation The formation of a 3-layered embryo The role played by pre-formed mRNAs in the egg cytoplasm The process of programmed cell death

The process of programmed cell death

Why are nearly all cells in the body within 50 microns of a capillary? This is the minimal distance over which bulk transport is effective. The rate at which diffusion occurs over distances greater than this is not sufficient to deliver nutrients and remove wastes. Hormones and other chemical messengers will not reach cells if they are farther than this distance Diffusion will not occur at distances greater than 50 microns. None of the above

The rate at which diffusion occurs over distances greater than this is not sufficient to deliver nutrients and remove wastes.

You are stimulating and recording from an axon and observe the following results. When you stimulate the axon 2 times per second it generates action potentials at a rate of 2 per second. When you increase the frequency of stimulation to 10 pulses per second the axon generates action potentials at a rate of 10/second. When you increase the frequency of stimulation to 1000 per second the axon only generates 500 action potentials per second. Why can't the axon fire 1000 action potentials per second under these circumstances? Synaptic transmission cannot keep up with the speed of your stimulus. The refractory period of the axon is too long. The axon is not using voltage-gated sodium channels The axon is not using voltage-gated potassium channels. The axon does not contain a sodium / potassium ATPase

The refractory period of the axon is too long.

Water's exceptional ability as a solvent is related to which aspect of its molecular structure? The absence of neutrons in its two hydrogen atoms The strong attraction of its large oxygen nucleus for electrons The double covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen The low energy levels of electrons bound to hydrogen None of the above

The strong attraction of its large oxygen nucleus for electrons

Which of the following points was not made by Darwin in Chapter 3 of TheOrigin of Species ("The Struggle for Existence"): All species, if unchecked, will increase in numbers geometrically. Species produce many more offspring than can possibly survive. The success of one species in a habitat has little effect on other species in that habitat. The most severe competition may be between individuals of the same species. None. (Darwin made all of the above points)

The success of one species in a habitat has little effect on other species in that habitat.

Which of the following statements about the α-helix pattern of protein folding is not true? α-helix is a form of secondary structure The α-helix is stabilized by disulfide bonds The α-helix may form part of the active site of an enzyme α-helices involve hydrogen bonds between oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Proteins with quaternary structures may contain α-helical regions

The α-helix is stabilized by disulfide bonds

In class we briefly discussed an interesting case of mimicry between the poisonous coral snake and the non-venomous king snake, both of which have similar markings. An experimental study showed that predators generally did not attack plastic replicas of the king snake at low altitudes (where coral snakes are also present), but that attacks became much more common at higher elevations (where coral snakes are not present). These data support which conclusion about this case of mimicry? *copy and paste to url for image of graph* https://plus.google.com/photos/photo/117268539391613778588/6419150080616809570?icm=false&authkey=CMK6l-zGtq66rQE The coral snake benefits from its resemblance to the king snake. The king snake is a social parasite of the coral snake. The relationship between the two species is a case of resource partitioning. This is a case of Batesian mimicry. More than one of the above.

This is a case of Batesian mimicry.

The white-crowned sparrow (above) will sing its species-specific song only if "tutored" by adult white-crowned sparrows during early development. Otherwise, it sings an abnormal version of the song. What does this suggest about singing behavior in the white-crowned sparrow? Natural selection favors species with unique songs. The heritability of the white-crowned sparrow song is 100%. Some sparrows inherit this behavior, while other sparrows learn this behavior. Sparrows in captivity are better at learning than those raised in the wild. White-crowned sparrows' ability to sing their specific song is partly inherited and partly learned.

White-crowned sparrows' ability to sing their specific song is partly inherited and partly learned.

The amount of product present in an enzyme catalyzed reaction can be determined by measuring the amount of light absorbed by a sample in which the reaction is taking place. The graph above represents change in light absorbance over time for two samples. One sample contains excess substrate and enzyme in solution (dotted line). A second sample (solid line) contains enzyme and substrate in the same amounts as the first sample. An unidentified compound, molecule "X", has also been added to the second tube. Molecule "X" behaves most like: *copy and paste link to url for image of graph* https://plus.google.com/photos/photo/117268539391613778588/6419104770279213714?icm=false an activator a competitive inhibitor a non-competitive inhibitor additional substrate a denaturing compound

an activator

MPF (mitosis-promoting factor) activity rises and falls in time with the Cell Cycle. This is because cyclin is only made during the S-phase. cyclin is only made during the G2-phase G2 nuclei contain a block that prevents DNA replication cyclin is broken down and destroyed at the beginning of each M-phase None of the above

cyclin is broken down and destroyed at the beginning of each M-phase

Your clumsy lab partner accidentally injects you with 10 ml of hydralazine, a drug that relaxes smooth muscle in arterioles of the systemic circulatory system. You can expect to experience which of the following effects as a direct or indirect result of the action of this drug? increased total peripheral resistance decreased blood pressure decreased heart rate None of the above More than one of the above

decreased blood pressure

Preventing the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels in nerve cells would depolarize the cell's membrane potential prevent the cell from releasing neurotransmitter cause the cell to hyperpolarize prevent the cell from firing an action potential Both A and B

prevent the cell from releasing neurotransmitter

DNA polymerase, the enzyme that replicates DNA produces Okazaki fragments that must be linked together by DNA ligase can work in both the 3' to 5' and the 5' to 3' directions produces DNA by adding bases to the 5' end of the growing strand produces Okazaki fragments that must be linked together by RNA polymerase produces Okazaki fragments that must be linked together by helicase

produces Okazaki fragments that must be linked together by DNA ligase

Where is most of the blood in the human body at any given time? heart arteries lungs capillaries veins

veins

Which of the following would be the most effective way to get somebody to start sweating? warm up the blood leading to their foot raise their setpoint for temperature cool down the blood in their lungs warm up the blood leading to their hypothalamus put them in a cold room

warm up the blood leading to their hypothalamus

At right is a diagram of a cell at metaphase of the first meiotic division. What is the diploid number of the organism in which this cell was found? *copy and paste to url for image of diagram* https://plus.google.com/photos/photo/117268539391613778588/6419150416229705618?icm=false&authkey=CNC0-qmhz8LZ7AE four (4) eight (8) sixteen (16) It cannot be determined It can be determined, but it's none of the above.

eight (8)

The reactions of glucose metabolism and the reactions of photosynthesis have all of the following in common except: movement of electrons along an electron transport chain formation of a proton (H+) gradient ATP production generation of CO2 ATP consumption

generation of CO2

Which of the following manipulations would make a neuron more likely to fire an action potential? increasing the permeability of the membrane to potassium increasing the density of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane decreasing the permeability of the membrane to sodium opening delayed-rectifier potassium channels decreasing the concentration gradient of sodium across the cell membrane

increasing the density of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane

If you were to remove all the ATP from a muscle fiber while it is under constant stimulus to contract myosin would not be able to bind to actin. myosin would not be able to unbind from actin. the myosin head powerstroke would still occur but it would be weaker. the myosin head powerstroke would go in the reverse direction. the muscle would relax and go flaccid immediately.

myosin would not be able to unbind from actin.

(An SAT-style analogy question): Which of the following words, when placed into the blank space, best completes the analogy? Sugars are to polysaccharides as ____________ are to nucleic acids. deoxyriboses nitrogenous bases amino acids nucleotides nucleosomes

nucleotides

Coral is formed by a very close symbiotic relationship between two organisms — coral animals (zooxanthellae) and photosynthetic green algae. Neither organism can survive without the other. This relationship is most accurately described as obligate amensalism facultative mutualism obligate mutualism symbiotic amensalism commensalism

obligate mutualism

Your textbook describes experimental studies at the Hubbard Brook forest indicating that as much as 24% of the forest's net primary productivity (NPP) is eaten by consumers. Which best describes the fate of the remaining 76% of NPP? It is lost into the soil. It is used to support the metabolic activities of the primary producers. It is taken by secondary consumers, and becomes unavailable. It moves into the food chain when the primary producer dies. None of the above. ** this question was the most frequently- missed question on the exam. Most of you seemed to think that the remaining 76% of NPP was used for metabolic activities. But that can't be the case, since NPP is defined as the energy and biomass available to the next trophic level - and anything used for metabolic purposes is not available to the next trophic level. Remember, it's "net" primary productivity, not "gross" primary productivity. **

It moves into the food chain when the primary producer dies.

Water's ability to act as a solvent for a wide variety of substances is largely due to: Its high specific heat The stability of its covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen The lack of neutrons in its hydrogen nuclei Its ability to form hydrogen bonds None of the above

Its ability to form hydrogen bonds

David Reznick and his associates have carried out years of study on guppy populations on several streams in Trinidad. As you know, in one of the streams a large predator, the pike-cichlid fish, preys upon the guppies. Compared to guppies in a neighboring stream lacking this predator, guppies in the pike-cichlid stream Are generally bigger when they hatch Tend to mature later in their life cycles Have bright colors to confuse the predators Tend to lay larger eggs Mature earlier in their life cycles

Mature earlier in their life cycles

As you know, many year-old Florida scrub jays return as yearlings to help their parents care for their next clutch of hatchlings, postponing their own chances of reproduction for a year as a result. It is also known that these birds form monogamous pairs, with two individuals mating for life. The monogamous nature of these birds helps to explain the self-sacrificing yearling behavior because: It is a more efficient way of allocating scarce parental resources Monogamy helps to guard against brood parasites Monogamy ensures the average relatedness of yearlings to the mother is 0.5 Monogamy ensures the average relatedness of hatchlings to yearlings is 0.5 None of the above

Monogamy ensures the average relatedness of hatchlings to yearlings is 0.5

Which of the following would cause an increase in cardiac output? increasing heart rate increasing total peripheral resistance (TPR) increasing stroke volume More than one of the above None of the above

More than one of the above

*"Humble-bees alone visit [and pollinate] red clover. ... The number of humble-bees in any district depends in a great measure on the number of field mice, which destroy their nests and combs. Now the number of mice is largely dependent, as everyone knows, on the number of cats; and Col. Newman says, 'near villages and small towns I have found the nest of humble bees more numerous than elsewhere ...' "* As recounted by Darwin, which relationship best describes the bees and clover? Commensalism Amensalism Parasitism Interference competition Mutualism

Mutualism

The photo at right shows a large tarantula spider standing over a small microhylid frog. The spider protects the frog from predators and allows the frog to eat crumbs of food from the spider's prey. The frog tends the spider's eggs, and protects them from small insects. This relationship is best described as: Parasitism Predatory-Prey Commensalism Mutualism None of the Above

Mutualism

During translation, a covalent bond exists between each amino acid added to the growing polypeptide chain and mRNA rRNA tRNA the small subunit of the ribosome the large subunit of the ribosome

tRNA

In anaerobic metabolism (fermentation) there are no steps which involve oxidation-reduction there can be steps which involve oxidation-reduction, provided the overall process is in redox balance. oxygen acts as the terminal electron acceptor. the final steps of the process take place inside mitochondria none of the above.

there can be steps which involve oxidation-reduction, provided the overall process is in redox balance.

Plasmids used for transformation of bacteria in genetic engineering generally contain a gene for resistance to a common antibiotic such as tetracycline. The purpose of the resistance gene is to allow the transformed bacteria to be easily selected to protect the genetically-engineered bacteria against pathogens to exclude viruses from the transformed bacteria to protect research workers against infection from the bacteria None of the above

to allow the transformed bacteria to be easily selected