BIO 201 Lecture Test 3

When someone has "slipped a disc" of the vertebral column, which type of joint is disrupted? a) Synchondrosis b) Suture c) Symphysis d) The connections between the vertebrae are not examples of joints.

c) Symphysis

Much of the friction associated with synovial joints is reduced by the presence of ______. a) tendons b) fatty pads c) bursae d) fibrous capsules

c) bursae

Lyme disease is ______. a) due to the accumulation of urate crystals b) a chronic inflammatory disease with an insidious onset c) caused by a bacterium d) a chronic degenerative condition

c) caused by a bacterium

How does it differ from yellow bone marrow?

both contain blood vessels and capillaries. red bone marrow produces blood cells and is actively dividing cells whereas yellow bone marrow produces blood cells during emergencies but are usually inactive and contain more fat

Which of the following is not a factor that stabilizes joints? a) Articular surfaces b) Muscle tone c) Bursae d) Ligaments

c) Bursae

Which of the following correctly lists the three structural types of joints? a) Bony, cartilaginous, immovable b) Synarthrotic, diarthrotic, amphiarthrotic c) Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial d) Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

c) Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

A disease caused by vitamin D deficiency in children is termed ________. a) Paget's disease b) osteoporosis c) rickets d) osteomalacia

c) rickets

The terms "long," "short," "flat," and "irregular" are used to classify bones based on their ________. a) tissue content b) function c) shape d) weight

c) shape

spider legs that connect lacunae to one another.

canaliculi

What is the function of bone marrow?

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) carry oxygen to the tissues. Platelets or thrombocytes (derived from megakaryocytes) help prevent bleeding and aid in clotting of blood.

In a patient whose parathyroid glands have been removed, you would expect that person's blood calcium levels to _______. a) decrease b) increase c) stay the same d) increase twofold

a) decrease

Growth of cartilage from within cartilage is termed ________. a) interstitial growth b) remodeling c) appositional growth d) endochondral growth

a) interstitial growth

The ______ the ligament fibers of a syndesmosis, the ______ the degree of movement. a) longer; greater b) longer; smaller c) shorter; greater d) wider; smaller

a) longer; greater

The most common form of chronic arthritis is ______. a) osteoarthritis b) rheumatoid arthritis c) gouty arthritis d) subluxation

a) osteoarthritis

Hydroxyapatite

an inorganic constituent of bone matrix and teeth, imparting rigidity to these structures

Rickets

- a childhood condition caused by vitamin D deficiency - results in weak, soft bones, along with slowed growth and skeletal development - If this problem occurs later in life it is known as osteomalacia

Growth hormone

- any of several related polypeptide hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that directly influence protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism and control the rate of skeletal and visceral growth - secretion is in part controlled by the hypothalamus

Sesamoid bone

- any one of numerous small round bony masses embedded in certain tendons that may be subjected to compression and tension - Example: The largest sesamoid bone is the patella, which is embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris at the knee

Osteoporosis

- means "porous bones" - occurs when bones lose an excessive amount of their protein and mineral content, particularly calcium - over time bone mass, and strength decrease becoming fragile and easily breakable

Synovial membranes

- the inner part of the two layers of the articular capsule of a synovial joint - loose connective tissue - smooth surface that lines the joint cavity

nerve fiber

A nerve fiber is a threadlike extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and (in some cases) a myelin sheath. There are nerve fibers in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin is produced by oligodendroglia cells.

cortical or dense bone, type of bone tissue observed at the surface of a bone, but can extend deeper into the bone tissue;under microscope, is porous with abundance of microscopic spaces and canals; tissue composed of repeating osteons

Compact Bone Tissue

Have greater length than width and consist of a diaphysis and some epiphyses. Include the humerus, fibula, metacarpals, etc.

Long bones

Generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone. Include the sternum and cranial bone.

Flat bones

What are the two types of ossification and what distinguishes one from the other?

INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION: forms the flat bones of the skull, face, jaw, and center of clavicle. bone is formed in sheet-like layers that reseamble a membrane. ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION: forms most bones in the body, mostly long bones, and replace cartilage with bone.

Bones with complex shapes. They also vary in the amounts of spongy and compact bone. Includes vertebrae, facial bones, and calcaneus.

Irregular bones

By what means does a long bone grow in length and diameter? Explain these processes.

Length-Epiphyseal cartilage grows and becomes ossified Diameter-periosteum cells release osteoblasts that make osteoid that once mineralised will become bone increasing the marrow cavity and therefore bone diameter

What are the three types of cells associated with bone tissue? What is the role of each?

Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts

Bone-building cells They synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue, and they initiate calcification.

Osteoblasts Bone

Huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell), are concentrated in the endosteum. They releases powerful lysosomal enzymes and acids that digest the protein and mineral components of the underlying extracellular matrix of bone.

Osteoclasts

After the osteoblast become trapped in its secretions. They are the main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism, such as the exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood.

Osteocytes

Bones that develop in certain tendons where there is considerable friction, compression, and physical stress. They protect tendons from excessive wear and tear, and they often change the direction of pull excessive wear and tear, and they often change the direction of pull of a tendon, which improves the mechanical advantage at a joint. Ex. patellae.

Sesamoid bones

Somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length, width, and depth. Consist of spongy bone except for surface. Include most carpal bones.

Short bones

Bone tissue that does not contain osteons, but consists of an irregular latticework of thin plates of bone called trabeculae; spaces between trabeculae of some bones are filled with red bone marrow; found inside short, flat, and irregular bones and in the epiphyses of long bones.

Spongy (Cancellous) Bone Tissue

Pointing your toes downward is described as which type of movement? a) Plantar flexion b) Dorsiflexion c) Pronation d) Supination

a) Plantar flexion

Describe specifically the continuity of the connective tissue in muscles, tendons, periosteum and bone.

The best-known feature of skeletal muscle is its ability to contract and cause movement. Skeletal muscles act not only to produce movement but also to stop movement, such as resisting gravity to maintain posture. Small, constant adjustments of the skeletal muscles are needed to hold a body upright or balanced in any position

neuromuscular junction

The junction or connection, the synapse between the end bulbs of the axon terminals of a nerve fiber and the skeletal muscle cell(s) it stimulates to contract using acetyl choline as the excitatory neurotransmitter to open the chemically-gated Na+ channels to depolarize the sarcolemma; the location for the beginning (excitation) of excitation-coupling of muscle contraction.

Of the following types of joints, which type occurs only in the skull? a) Suture b) Ball and socket c) Hinge d) Symphysis

a) Suture

motor unit

The functional unit of a skeletal muscle (organ), composed a voluntary motor neuron and the one or more skeletal muscle fibers which it innervates; muscles with large ratio motor units (1 neuron: many muscle fibers) can provide powerful contractions but cannot provide delicate control for precision movements while muscles with small ratio motor units (1 neuron: few muscle fibers) do not typically provide powerful contractions but can provide delicate control for very precise movements.

In what way do some of the hormones affect blood calcium and how?

The two most important hormones for maintaining calcium levels in the body are parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25(OH)2D (the active form of vitamin D). The major regulator is PTH, which is part of a negative feedback loop to maintain [Ca++]ECF (see Humoral regulation). PTH secretion is stimulated by hypocalcemia, and it works through three mechanisms to increase Ca++ levels: PTH stimulates the release of Ca++ from bone, in part by stimulating bone resorption. PTH decreases urinary loss of Ca++ by stimulating Ca++ reabsorption. PTH indirectly stimulates Ca++ absorption in the small intestine by stimulating synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D in the kidney.

muscle fiber

There are various specialized forms of myocytes: cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle cells, with various properties. The striated cells of cardiac and skeletal muscles are referred to as muscle fibers. Cardiomyocytes are the muscle fibres that form the chambers of the heart, and have a single central nucleus.

Haversian system

a haversian canal and its concentrically arranged lamellae, constituting the basic unit of structure in compact bone (osteon)

Aponeurosis

a sheetlike tendinous expansion, mainly serving to connect a muscle with the parts it moves

Which of the following bone cell types is primarily responsible for initiating ossification of bone? a) Osteoblasts b) Osteoclasts c) Osteocytes d) Chondroblasts

a) Osteoblasts

Which characteristic of cartilage enhances its job as the precursor to endochondral bone? a) Cartilage can decay easily. b) Cartilage can accommodate mitosis. c) Cartilage is a weak tissue. d) Cartilage is retained as part of the skeletal system.

b) Cartilage can accommodate mitosis.

This type of synovial joint is used when you bend your fingertips to hang onto a cliff. a) Plane b) Hinge c) Pivot d) Condyloid

b) Hinge

An amphiarthrotic joint exhibits which level of movement? a) Immovable b) Slightly movable c) Freely movable d) Slightly immovable

b) Slightly movable

Which of the following forms of exercise is best for joints? a) Jogging b) Swimming c) Weight lifting d) Aerobics

b) Swimming

What would long bone growth look like in an individual whose cartilage in the epiphyseal disc stopped dividing? a) The long bones would grow excessively. b) The long bones would cease growth in length. c) The long bones would cease growth in width. d) The long bones would appear normal.

b) The long bones would cease growth in length.

Fibrocartilage would be found at which location? a) Elbow b) Knee c) Larynx d) External ear

b) knee

The knee joint is most susceptible to injury when ______ blows are applied to the knee. a) vertical b) lateral c) posterior d) inferior

b) lateral

A group of concentric rings of bone matrix, comprising the functional unit of long bones, is called a(n) __________. a) lamella b) osteon c) pillar system d) Sharpey's system

b) osteon

Calcium's homeostatic importance to the body is primarily _____________. a) to strengthen bone b) to function in numerous metabolic activities (muscle contraction, blood coagulation) c) to whiten our teeth d) both a and c

b) to function in numerous metabolic activities (muscle contraction, blood coagulation)

Hematopoietic tissue

contains a long-term and short-term regeneration capacity and committed multi-potent, oligo-potent, and uni-potent progenitors

Which of the following is not a type of bone cell? a) Osteoblast b) Osteoclast c) Osteocyte d) Osteoclasp

d) Osteoclasp

A local coroner determined that the unidentified skeleton found last week was that of a weight lifter because the muscle attachment sites were much thicker than in a normal person. This phenomenon is known as _______. a) calcitonin metabolism b) the weight lifter law c) bone resorption d) Wolff's law

d) Wolff's law

The most common joint injuries include ________. a) sprains b) dislocations c) cartilage injuries d) both a and b

d) both a and b

The greatest degree of motion that synovial joints display is described as ______. a) nonaxial movement b) uniaxial movement c) biaxial movement d) multiaxial movement

d) multiaxial movement

In which type is there a greater source of red bone marrow?

flat

Describe any movements associated with synovial joint action that were covered in class.

gliding angular rotational inversion eversion protraction retraction depression supination and pronation

What is meant by "bone tissue grows appositionally"?

growth occurs when cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix next to existing cartilage tissue (growth from the outside)

central canal of the individual osteon within it are arteries veins and nerve fibers it runs vertical

haversian canal

What are the parts of an osteon

haversian canal volksmanns canal lacunae osteocyte lamella canaliculi

What kind of tissue is red bone marrow?

hematopoietic tissue

contains cells with long-term and short-term regeneration capacities and committed multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent progenitors.

hematopoietic tissue

contains the osteocyte. on a slide will be the rows of dark blobs

lacunae

space between rows of lacunae

lamella

What are the four bone types based on shape of the bone? Recognize an example of each.

long short irregular flat Sesamoid

Where is that red bone marrow found?

mainly in the flat bones, such as the pelvis, sternum, cranium, ribs, vertebrae and scapulae, and in the cancellous ("spongy") material at the epiphyseal ends of long bones such as the femur and humerus.

within the lacunae. cell of mature bone

osteocyte

Osteomalacia

softening of the bones, resulting from impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid, caused by a vitamin D deficiency in adults

What is the general sequence of events in bone repair?

step 1 blood forms a hematoma step 2 spongy bone forms close to developing blood vessels and fibrocartilage forms in more distant regions step 3 bony callus replaces cartilage step 4 osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue restoring new bone structure to original form

Osteon

the basic unit of structure of compact bone, comprising a haversian canal and its concentrically arranged lamellae

Symphysis pubis

the line of union of the bodies of the pubic bones in the median plane

Articular cartilage

the lining of the articular surfaces of synovial joints

canal that come off the haversian canal and run horizontal. they also contain arteries veins and nerve fibers.

volksmann's canal