BIO 202 Chapter 21 Lymphatic System SB
What are the lymphatic system's main functions?
Immunity, absorption of lipids, fluid recovery
B cells or T cells that are mature and are capable of recognizing antigens presented by APCs are described as
Immunocompetent
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
In most body tissues, except the CNS, cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
In most body tissues, except the CNS, cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow.
Which type of defense guards against a broad range of pathogens?
Innate
What are three functions of the lymphatic system?
-Absorption of lipids -Fluid recovery from tissues -Immunity
Which describe lysozyme?
-An enzyme -Capable of destroying bacteria -Found in saliva, tears, and other body fluids
What are three antimicrobial proteins?
-Complement -Defensin -Interferon
Which tissues lack lymphatic vessels?
-Cornea -Cartilage -Bone marrow
Which cells function as antigen presenting cells?
-Dendritic cells -Macrophages
The function of complement is to induce pathogen destruction by several mechanisms. Identify four of these.
-Immune clearance -Phagocytosis of pathogens -Cytolysis -Inflammation
The cisterna chyli, which denotes the beginning of the thoracic duct, is formed by the convergence of which lymphatic trunks? Select two.
-Lumbar -Intestinal
Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy target cells by secreting which of the following?
-Perforins -Interferons -Tumor necrosis factor -Granzymes
Which are primary lymphatic organs?
-Red bone marrow -Thymus
Which features of skin offer immunoprotection?
-The presence of a continuous barrier to the external environment -The presence of lactic acid -The presence of defensins
Which factors cause or contribute to the flow of lymph?
-Valves -The respiratory pump -The skeletal muscle pump
Examples of pathogens are ______.
-bacteria -viruses -fungi
Natural killer cells attack ______.
-transplanted tissues -virus infected host cells -bacteria -cancerous cells
How many lymphatic trunks are normally found in the body?
11
Collecting vessels are formed by the convergence of several lymphatic ____.
Capillaries
Collecting vessels are formed by the convergence of several lymphatic _______.
Capillaries
Which describes lymphatic capillaries?
Closed-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells
What do lymphatic trunks converge to form?
Collecting ducts
True or false: A pathogen or a tissue transplant is an example of a host cell.
False
True or false: Both lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs have distinct connective tissue capsules surrounding them.
False
True or false: Lymph is propelled through the lymphatic system by the rhythmic contractions of the heart.
False
True or false: Lymphatic capillaries are open-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells.
False
Fever and inflammation belong to the body's ______ line of defense.
First
Which line of defense consists of external barriers?
First
What type of macrophage moves into a specific tissue, then remains within that tissue waiting to phagocytize pathogens?
Fixed
A _____________ center is an area within the lymph node and spleen where B cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation occurs.
Germinal
Where in a lymph node do B-cells undergo proliferation, differentiation, and activation?
Germinal center
Platelets and endothelial cells secrete platelet-derived_________factor, which stimulates the synthesis of collagen and multiplication of fibroblasts.
Growth
Any cell belonging to the human body, as opposed to foreign cells introduced to it by such causes as infections and tissue transplants, is called a ______ cell.
Host
Some bacteria produce which enzyme that allows them to more readily spread throughout connective tissues?
Hyaluronidase
MHC class ______ proteins occur on all nucleated somatic cells and may trigger a cytotoxic T cell response if displaying a viral protein.
I
Class ______ MHC proteins occur only on APCs.
II
The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are the ___________.
Lacteals
The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are the __________________.
Lacteals
The organic acid that may be excreted in sweat and inhibits microbial growth is ___________ acid.
Lactic
Which byproduct of fermentation is excreted in the sweat where it inhibits microbial growth?
Lactic Acid
After being injected with a vaccine, a patient develops a hypersensitivity reaction characterized by swelling and inflammation. This is an example of what?
Local anaphylaxis
Old and defective erythrocytes are removed from circulation in what part of the spleen?
Red pulp
The branched ________ cells help form the connective tissue framework of the thymus.
Reticular
The branched ___________cells help form the connective tissue framework of the thymus.
Reticular
Which cells produce the stroma of lymphatic organs?
Reticular cells
Which collecting duct drains lymph from the head, the right arm, and the right side of the thorax?
Right lymphatic duct
Which collecting duct receives the least amount of lymph?
Right lymphatic duct
Which line of defense consists of several nonspecific defense mechanisms against pathogens that break through the skin or mucous membranes?
Second
HIV can be contracted through which of the following?
Sexual intercourse
What is the third line of defense against pathogens?
Specific defenses
The large lymphatic organ located near the diaphragm, stomach, and left kidney is the ______.
Spleen
A surgical procedure in which the spleen is removed is called a(n) .
Splenectomy
Which class of lymphocyte matures in the thymus?
T Cells
Most lymphocytes circulating in blood are ______.
T cells
Which line of defense not only defeats a pathogen but also leaves the body with a "memory" of it?
Third
Which duct drains the most lymph?
Thoracic duct
Which vessel is indicated in the figure?
Thoracic duct
The bilobed lymphatic organ that is located in the mediastinum is the ________.
Thymus
What is the function of a lacteal?
To absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food.
Bacteria and viruses are examples of pathogens.
True
True or False: A person can live without a spleen.
True
True or false: Interleukins are a class of cytokines secreted by a variety of cells which function to promote the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells.
True
The overlapping edges of the endothelial cells of a lymphatic capillary act as ______.
Valves
Lymphatic vessels are absent from ______.
cartilage and bone
The structure indicated in the figure is the ______.
cisterna chyli
Identical cells produced by mitosis from a single parent cell are called ______.
clones
Lymph leaving the lymph nodes contains a large number of ______.
lymphocytes
_____________is an enzyme found in tears, saliva, and mucus that destroys bacteria by digesting their cell walls.
lysozyme
Cells derived from monocytes that function as phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells are called
macrophages
A lymph node has ______ afferent vessels associated with it than efferent vessels.
more
What does MALT stand for?
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
A small organ found along the course of a lymphatic vessel that filters the lymph and functions as an activation site for B and T cells is called a lymph_______ .
node
The components of the lymphatic system are the lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, lymphatic nodes and lymphatic .
organs
Macrophages are ______ cells.
phagocytic
Which cell produces antibodies?
plasma cells
B cells are produced from hematopoietic stem cells in the _________bone marrow.
red
Hemopoiesis occurs in the ___________bone marrow.
red
Sinuses filled with concentrated erythrocytes make up the ______ pulp of the spleen.
red
Where does hemopoiesis occur?
red bone marrow
The two collecting ducts are the ______ ducts.
right and thoracic
Fever and inflammation belong to the body's ______ line of defense.
second
What is the body's largest lymphatic organ?
spleen
The external barrier that is coated with antimicrobial chemicals such as lactic acid, dermicidin, and defensins is ______.
the skin
Adaptive immunity is part of the body's ______ line of defense.
third
The organ that is the site of T-cell maturation is the ______.
thymus
The organ where T-cells mature is the ______.
thymus
The ______ are patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx, where they guard against ingested and inhaled pathogens.
tonsils
The overlapping edges of the endothelial cells of a lymphatic capillary act as ______.
valves
Lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to which of the following?
veins
Skin belongs to the body's ______ line of defense.
first
The connective tissue of skin and mucous membranes produces ______ acid, a viscous gel that inhibits the migration of microbes.
hyaluronic
The fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which originates as tissue fluid, is called ______________.
lymph
Lymphatic vessels that carry lymph away from a lymph node are called lymphatic vessels.
Efferent
Lymph enters a lymph node via ______ vessels and exits a lymph node via ______ vessels.
afferent, efferent
The region of the antigen which stimulates an immune response is the
Epitope
When the body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen, it is exhibiting what type of immunity?
Active
Which lymphatic vessels carry lymph into a lymph node?
Afferent
What are mucosal associated lymphatic tissues?
Aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes
What is lymphedema?
An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissues
What does the body's second line of defense against pathogens consist of?
Antimicrobial proteins, leukocytes, and macrophages
The germinal center is represented in the figure by which letter?
B
The lymphocyte that mediates humoral immune responses and differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cells is the ______.
B Cells
Which of the following forms pus?
Dead neutrophils and macrophages
What is the exocytosis of lysosomal contents by neutrophils called?
Degranulation
The cell that is found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphoid tissues that initiates immune responses by activating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines is the __________.
Dendritic cell
The cell that is found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphoid tissues that initiates immune responses by activating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines is the _____________.
Dendritic cell
Which cells are highly branched APCs found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic tissues?
Dendritic cells
The largest type of lymphatic vessel, which deposits lymph into the subclavian veins, is called a collecting ______.
Duct
An abnormal accumulation of non-inflammatory tissue fluid resulting in swelling is known as_________________.
Edema
Which body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs lipids, and protects the body against pathogens?
Lymphatic System
Distinct connective tissue capsules surround which of the following?
Lymphatic organs
Which body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs lipids, and protects the body against pathogens?
Lymphatic system
Which component of the lymphatic system consists of unencapsulated aggregates of lymphocytes within many organs of the body?
Lymphatic tissues
What do lymphatic collecting vessels converge to form?
Lymphatic trunks
Which is a component of the lymphatic system that transports lymph?
Lymphatic vessel
Natural killer cells belong to which group of cells?
Lymphocytes
The proteins on the surface of APCs that function to present antigens to other cells are called the ______.
MHC proteins
What are monocytes that migrate to the tissue and function as phagocytes called?
Macrophages
A __________cell produces antibodies.
Plasma
Which is a fixed macrophage in the central nervous system?
Microglia
Which describes a neutrophil?
Multi-lobed nucleus with cytoplasmic granules
Which are types of lymphocyte?
NK cell T cell B cell
A T cell which has undergone positive and negative selection but has not become activated by an antigen is said to be
Naive
The _________killer cell is a lymphatic cell that functions to non-specifically target bacteria, transplanted tissue cells, and virally infected or cancerous host cells.
Natural
Which leukocyte destroys bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and the secretion of bactericidal chemicals?
Neutrophil
Where are type I MHC proteins found?
On all nucleated body cells
Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of B cell maturation?
Red bone marrow
When does interstitial fluid become lymphatic fluid?
When it enters the lymphatic capillaries
The ____________ pulp is the portion of the spleen surrounding the splenic artery, which consists of lymphocytes and macrophages monitoring for blood-borne pathogens.
White
Which bone marrow is mainly adipose tissue?
Yellow
