BIO 203 Exam 1 pt. 2

Why is carbon especially well suited to serve as the structural foundation of many biological molecules?

Carbon has four valence electrons, so it bonds with other atoms that can provide it with four more to complete its valence shell

We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called

Homeostasis

What is the body's tendency to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment called?

Homeostasis

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic components of a cell?

Interstitial fluid

The nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex are examples of what type of organelles?

Membranous

Muscle cells contain numerous _____________ to serve their high demand for ATP.

Mitochondria

The plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called ____.

Phospholipids

_____ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas ____ epithelium is rare.

Stratified squamous, stratified columnar

RNA plays a role in which of the following?

Synthesizing proteins and copying instructions from DNA

Which of these is an example of active transport?

Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration

A cell starting prophase has 92 molecules of DNA in its nucleus. True or False?

True

Inside of living cells, polymerization is achieved by means of dehydration. A hydroxyl (-OH) group is removed from one monomer and a hydrogen (-H) from another. True or False

True

Mitosis is responsible for embryonic development and tissue growth. True or False?

True

Ribosomes are made of proteins and RNA. True or False

True

The clear gel that usually surrounds cells is called interstitial fluid. True or False

True

Which of the following is true of both mRNA and tRNA?

Uracil may be present

Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If solution A has a higher concentration of a nonpermeating solute than solution B, then __________.

Water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A

The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called ____.

a mucous membrane (mucosa)

New triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, while others are hydrolyzed and released into the circulation by the cells found in __________.

adipose tissue

What is the fluid located between cells called?

extracellular fluid

The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except _____ tissue.

fibrous

A segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA is known as a(n) _____.

gene

A protein that is bound to a carbohydrate is called a ____.

glycoprotein

In the glycocalyx, ____ act like identification tags that enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign and diseased cells.

glycoproteins

Most transmembrane proteins have ___________ regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and __________ regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates release of the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates body cells to uptake glucose from the bloodstream. This reduces blood glucose concentration. This is an example of

negative feedback

During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of ____.

negative feedback

An _______________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas ____________ are microscopic structures in a cell.

organ; organelles

Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called __________, but water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called __________.

osmosis; aquaporins

Feeling structures with your fingertips is called _________, whereas tapping on the body and listening for sounds of abnormalities is called ____________

palpation; percussion

With regard to the healing of a skin wound, macrophages ___________.

phagocytize and digest tissue debris

White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of ____.

phagocytosis

Membrane proteins that bind to signals by which cells communicate are called ____.

receptors

All of the following participate in DNA replication except ___.

ribosomes

Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through ____ epithelium.

simple squamous

Cytokinesis overlaps with which phase of mitosis?

telophase

Why is precise spelling important in anatomy?

there are many similar terms in anatomy that refer to different structures

A(n) ____ is a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function.

tissue

The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium ____ their concentration gradients in a process called ____.

up; active transport

Channel protein gates respond to all these stimuli EXCEPT ____.

water in the extracellular fluid

_____ provide mobility to a sperm cell, ____ act as sensory "antennae" in many cells, and ____ increase a cell's surface area.

Flagella, cilia, microvilli

The complementary mRNA strand synthesized from the DNA sequence of CTGAC would be ____.

GACUG

A physiological ____ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another.

Gradient

Which of the following is NOT a feature that almost all connective tissues have in common?

Ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope

Chemicals in a solution can move down a concentration gradient. This means the chemical will move from the area of __________ concentration to the area of _________ concentration.

Higher; lower

Which membrane-bound organelle is the site of protein and lipid synthesis?

Endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is NOT a feature that connective tissue have in common

A calcified matrix

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physiological variation?

A spleen on the right side of the body

The study of normal body structures is called?

Anatomy

What is. the study of body structures called?

Anatomy

What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common?

Both are examples of carrier-mediated transport

____ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. ____ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products.

Eccrine; Holocrine

What is a molecule, cell, or organ that directly carries out a response to a stimulus called?

Effector

What type of gradient cause the movement of ions due to both charge and concentration differences?

Electrochemical gradient

_____ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential.

Excitable

A cell's second messengers serve to transport material through cellular membranes. True or False

False

A molecule of water is more complex than a mitochondrion (organelle). True or False

False

After mitosis, each chromosome consists of two parallel filaments called sister chromatids. True or False?

False

Homeostasis and occupying space are both unique characteristics of living things. True or False

False

Positive feedback helps to restore normal function when one of the body's physiological variables gets out of balance. True or False

False

When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of

Positive feedback

Which function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?

Protein synthesis

Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?

Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach

Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both __________ and __________.

dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues

The shape of a person's external ear is due to the presence of __________.

elastic cartilage