Bio 2050 Exam 3

______ comes from the atmosphere and carbon is used to make organic molecules in a process called _______

Carbon dioxide: Carbon fixation

Process of extracting carbon from CO2 to make a sugar

Carbon fixation

Glucose+Oxygen----> Water+CO2+ATP

Cellular Respiration

Generation of ATP by the pumping of protons across the thylakoid membrane

Chemiosmosis

Production of ATP using energy of hydrogen ion gradients across membranes

Chemiosmosis

Main molecule in plants that absorbs light

Chlorophyll A

The organelle in the plant lead where photosynthesis occurs

Cholorplast

Mechanism used by plants to conserve water

Closure of the stomata

High substrate concentrations reduce the efficacy of inhibition by certain drugs. These drugs are: ________________

Competitive inhibitors

Stage of cellular respiration that is used by all living creatures and is the only source of energy for prokaryotes

Glycolysis

To sustain high rates of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions, cells require _______________

NAD+

Electrons are carried by _____ to the electron transport chain

NADH

The 2 electron carrier molecules that are generated in the Krebs cycle

NADH and FADH2

The _____ and _____ come from light dependent reactions

NADPH and ATP

Oxygen requiring process that produces CO2, H20 and ATP

Oxidative phosphorylation

The stage of aerobic cellular respiration that generates the most ATP molecules

Oxidative phosphorylation

Convert solar energy to ATP through the process called _________

Photophosphorylation

NADPH is produced by ____________

Photosystem I

Photosystem that accepts electrons to make NADPH from NADP+

Photosystem I

Photosystem that produces NADPH

Photosystem I

Photosystem that generates ATP

Photosystem II

Phototsystem that splits water to release oxygen and electrons

Photosystem II

Sunlight+Water+CO2-----> Glucose + Oxygen

Photosythesis

What colors of light will drive photosynthesis by green plants most efficiently?

Red and blue

Type of reaction when electrons pass from one molecule to another

Redox reaction

Fluid inside of chloroplast where organic molecules (glucose) are made from CO2

Stroma

Light independent reactions occur in the _____in the chloroplast

Stroma

Cellular respiration can be best described as _________________________

Taking electrons from food and giving them to oxygen to make water, and using the energy released to make ATP

______ is the waste product

oxygen

Type of cellular respiration that does not use oxygen and in the production of ATP

Anaerobic respiration/fermentation/glycolysis

Photosynthesis used by plants that grow in warm climates to conserve CO2

C4

_____ is a by product and diffuses out of the cell

CO2

Photosynthetic bacteria that have only photosystem I ________________

Can reduce NADP+ to NADPH and make ATP through cyclic phosphorlyation

During glycolysis, for each mole of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

2 moles of ATP are used, and 4 moles of ATP are produced

Glucose--->Pyruvate + ATP+ NADH

Glycolysis

ETC pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The protons diffuse back across the membrane through the enzyme ________, producing ATP.

ATP Synthase

The enzyme in the mitochondrial membrane that generates the phosphorylation of ADP to make ATP

ATP synthase

AMP actives the enzyme PFK by binding at a site distinct from the substrate binding site. This is an example of _____________

Allosteric activiation

NADH+FADH2+O2---->ATP+H20

Electron Transport Chain

Series of proteins embedded in the mitochondrial membrane that pass electrons to oxygen and drive the production of ATP by chemiosmosis

Electron transport chain

________ is the ultimate food produced

Glucose

A series of enzyme catalyzed reactions that form pyruvate molecules from splitting glucose

Glycolysis

How can the rate of a reaction be increased beyond the max velocity in this figure?

Increasing amount of enzyme

2nd stage of aerobic cellular respiration that produces CO2 and electron carrier molecules and takes place in the mitochondria

Krebs Cycle

Pyruvate--->CO2+ ATP+NADH+FADH2

Krebs Cycle

Stage of aerobic cellular respiration that creates the most electron carrier molecules

Krebs Cycle

Type of reactions that take place in the thylakoid membrane

Light dependent

Sunlight + Water----> ATP_NADPH+Oxygen

Light dependent reaction (photosystem I and II)

Chlorophyll network that captures sunlight

Light harvesting complex/antenna complex

ATP+NADPH+Carbon Dioxide------> glucose

Light independent

Type of light reactions that take place in the stroma

Light independent

The energy converted (ATP) and the electrons stored (NADPH) will be used in the ________ or the Calvin Cycle

Light independent reaction

Assuming no change in water temperature, which flask will have the lowest dissolved oxygen concentration, at what time?

The flask with duckweed will have the lowest dissolved oxygen at the end of the dark cycle and the highest dissolved oxygen at the end of the light cycle

The oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O is highly exergonic. Delta G= -636 kcal/mole. Why doesn't glucose spontaneously combust?

The glucose molecules lack the activation energy at room temperature.

How are the light reactions and the Calvin cycle connected?

The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the Calvin cycle returns ADP, Pi and NADP+ to the light reactions

Membrane inside chloroplast where ATP and NADPH are produced

Thylakoid

________is the molecule that collects the solar energy and helps extract electrons from the splitting of water

chlorophyll

Glycolysis occurs in the ________

cytoplasm of a cell

The electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 produced here are used in the _________ to make ATP

electron transport chain

The NADH and FADH2 that were generated in the Krebs cycle drop off _______ to the ETC and become oxidized.

electrons

This process extracts ______ from glucose and puts them onto NAD+ and FADH to make __________

electrons: NADH & FADH2

Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway with each step catalyzed by ________

enzymes

Produces lactic acid in muscle cells and ethyl alcohol in yeast in the absence of oxygen

fermentation

The Krebs Cycle occurs in the ______ of the cell

mitochondria

The electron transport chain occurs in the inner membrane of the ________

mitochondria

The electrons are passed along protein carrier molecules within the mitochondrial membrane and finally unite with _______to form water

oxygen

One glucose molecule is split into two ___________ molecules

pyruvate

Photorespiration occurs because __________

rubisco can use oxygen as a substrate when CO2 levels are low and oxygen levels are high

Light dependent reactions occur on the __________membranes inside the chloroplasts

thylakoid