Bio 208 Exam 1

Choose the statement that best describes endocrine glands.

- Endocrine glands secrete substances into the bloodstream.

Match each description or example with the appropriate type of signaling.

- Endocrine: long distance communication, Glucose uptake in body cells as a result of pancreatic insulation - Autocrine: communication with the same cell that secretes signal, increased T cell immune response - Paracrine: communication between neighboring cells, neurotransmitter signaling between adjacent neurons

What is a hormone?

- a chemical messenger released by the endocrine system that acts on certain cells

Classify each definition with the most appropriate term.

-Leukocytosis: high number of white blood cells -Leukopenia: low number of WBC -Diapedesis: WBC into vessel walls -Amoeboid M: sliding cell movement

Which statements accurately describe clot retraction?

-The edges of an injured blood vessel are pulled together. -A blood clot shrinks, helping repair a torn blood vessel.

You suspect that 10‑year‑old Abigail Msolla has sickle cell anemia. You examine a blood smear, a thin film of blood on a microscope slide, of a blood sample from Ms. Msolla to make an accurate diagnosis.

20%

Place the steps for the cyclic AMP (cAMP) endocrine signaling mechanism in order from the time a hormone is released into the bloodstream to the generation of a physiological response.

A hormone binds to and activates a plasma membrane A G protien binds to and activated adenylate cyclase Cyclic AMP is generated Protein kinases are activated

Classify each hormone based on whether it is secreted by the anterior pituitary or the posterior pituitary.

AP: adrenocorticotripic hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone PP: oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone

Match each hormone to the organ that secretes it.

Adiopose: leptin Heart: atrial natriureptic peptide Kidneys: erythropoietin Skin: cholecaciferol Thymus: thymosin

Which statements correctly describe the negative feedback mechanisms used to control blood sugar levels?

After eating a candy bar, insulin is released from the pancreas in response to rising glucose levels. Without eating for several time units, the pancreas releases glucagon in response to decreased glucose levels.

Match each function with the plasma protein that carries out the function.

Albumin: osmotic blood pressure Globulins: transports lipid soluable vitamins, immune response fibrinogen: blood clotting

Which term refers to a condition in which the blood is unable to carry a sufficient amount of oxygen?

Anemia

From what substance are steroid hormones synthesized?

Cholesterol

Select the statement that best defines agglutination.

Clumping of cells

Lymphocyte

Contain B cells, Main cell found in lymph

Monocyte

Differentiate into macrophages

Match each description to the appropriate hormone.

Estrogen: regulates menstrual cycle, primarily produced in ovaries Testosterone: regulates spermatogenesis, primarily produced in testes

Which are the major hormones produced by the pancreas?

Glucagen and insulin

Classify each statement according to the hormone it describes.

Growth hormone: stimulates tissue building and increases body size Prolactin: stimulates the breast to produce milk Luteinizing hormone: stimulates production of hormones by the gonads Thyrotrpin: stimulates release of hormones by thyroid

Place the steps of granular leukocyte formation in the correct order, starting from a hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast) and ending with the formation of the final granulocyte.

Hematopoietic stem cell - Myloid stem cell - myeloblast - promyelocyte - eosinophilic M - band cell

Which of the blood components is responsible for carrying the majority of oxygen found in blood?

Hemoglobin

Place each description with the corresponding type of stimulation that affects hormone secretion.

Hormonal: Stimulation caused by another hormone Neural: stimulation casued by active nerves Humoral: stimulation caused by circulating nutrients

In the Half‑Life tab of the Endocrine System interactive, stimulate the release of hormone X and hormone Z and observe how the hormone concentrations change over time.

Hormone Z has a longer half‑life and degrades more slowly than hormone X.

Categorize the effects of insulin on the rates the described processes.

Increases: cellular uptake of glucose, protien and glycogen synthesis Decreases: gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and glycolysis Has no effect on calcium deposition

Select the functions of blood.

It distributes hormones throughout the body. It collects metabolic waste from the body.

What is the function of melatonin?

Melatonin is produced in response to dimming light and causes drowsiness.

Classify each hormone as a mineralocorticoid, a glucocorticoid, or a gonadocorticoid.

Mineralocorticoids: aldosterone Glucocorticoids: Cortisol Gonadocorticoids: androgens

Neutrophil

Most abundant, amplify inflammitory response

Arrange the plasma proteins in order of relative abundance.

Most to least: albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

Match each of the statements to the mammary gland hormone with which it is associated.

Ocytocin: Secreted by PP, stimulates milk ejection Prolactin: secreted by AP: stimulates milk production

How does the increased occurrence of hemolysis (red blood cell lysis) affect blood osmolarity?

Osmolarity increases.

Match a description or function to each pancreatic component. Please note that not all of the descriptions or functions will be used.

Pancreatic islets: clusters of endocrine cells Alpha cells: secrete glucagon Beta cells: secrete insulin

Match the symptoms of diabetes with their descriptions.

Polyuria: excessive urination Polydipsia: excessive thirst Polyphagia: excessive hunger

Basophil

Produce heparin and histamine

Which organs normally clear and recycle cellular debris and can be directly impaired by increased red blood cell lysis?

Spleen and kidneys

Arrange the stages of erythropoiesis in order from the start to the end.

Start to finish: Stem cell, erthroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

Classify the factors according to whether they stimulate release of thyroid‑stimulating hormone (TSH), inhibit release of TSH, or are results of TSH release. Two factors will not be placed.

Stimulates TSH secretion: TRH Inhibits TSH secretion: High levels of thyroid hormone Effects of TSH: increased rate of secretion of thyroid hormone

How can a hormone increase activity in one tissue but decrease activity in another tissue?

The hormone effect is dictated by the receptor and intracellular signaling cascades.

Identify which region of the adrenal cortex secretes each hormone or hormone type.

Zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoid Zona fasciculata: cortisol Zona reticularis: sex hormones

Select the phrase that best describes the effect of leukemia on the composition of the blood.

abnormally high amounts of leukocytes in the blood

What is a second messenger?

an intracellular molecule that facilitates a signaling cascade

Which of the statements describes a function of albumin?

contribute substantially to blood colloid osmotic pressure

What is ketoacidosis?

decreased plasma pH due to high levels of ketone bodies in the blood

Eosinophil

destroy Antibody coated parasistes

Which of these is responsible for stimulating the formation of red blood cells?

erythropoietin

Based on your knowledge of thyroid hormone function, select the symptoms caused by hypothyroidism.

feeling lethargic, low metabolic rate, feeling abnormally cold

Choose the best definition of plasma.

fluid in which blood cells are suspended

Which hormone or hormone class is produced by the adrenal cortex?

glucocorticoids

What is the function of the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?

he production and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which structure produces the hormones that are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

hypothalamus

Select the descriptions that refer to the physical characteristics of blood.

makes up approximately 8% of adult body weight bright red in color when well oxygenated and dark red after delivering oxygen to the tissues salty and slightly metallic in taste

Which hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

melatonin

Where are the parathyroid glands typically located?

on the posterior aspect of the thyroid

Which statement describes the main function of megakaryocytes?

producing and releasing platelets

Which statement most accurately describes hematocrit?

the fraction of red blood cells in a blood sample

Select the phrases that describe the structure of hemoglobin.

undergoes conformational changes when oxygen is bound or released contains four oxygen-binding sites within heme pigment molecules is formed from four globular protein subunits

Where is the thyroid gland located?

wrapped around three sides of the trachea