BIO 211 Lecture Exam 1 Review (ch. 16-17)

with persistent low levels of a hormone, cells can alter the number of receptors through

up regulation

What are the two mechanisms of hormone action?

water soluble, lipid soluble

what is the average hematocrit (PVC) for an adult human (AVG. male/female)

women = 42% + 5% male = 46% + 5%

what are four causes of anemia ?

• Aplactic anemia • Megaloblastic Anemia • Hypochronic deficiency • Anemia of Chronic Disease

What is Cushing's syndrome?

(hypercortisolism) excess cortisol, upper body obesity, a rounded face, increased fat around the neck, and relatively slender arms and legs

how many O2 molecules can one hemoglobin molecule carry?

4

what is the homeostatic pH range of blood?

7.35-7.45

ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Produced and Secreted by: Anterior Pituitary Target: Adrenal Cortex Stimulated by: CRH Inhibited by: Glucocorticoids Effect: produced in response to stress (increase the production of Cortisol) also stimulates glucocorticoids and androgen release

Calcitonin

Antagonist to PTH; Target: Bone; Kidneys Effect: stimulates osteoblasts, calcium into bone, decrease blood calcium, levels; decrease calcium, reabsorption, decrease blood calcium levels.

ADH

Antidiuretic Hormone; Produced by: Hypothalamus Secreted by: Posterior Pituitary Target: Kidneys Stimulated by: raised osmolarity,a nd low blood volume Inhibited by: lower osmolarity, alcohol, caffeine, glucocorticoids, and ANF(peptide) Effect: Increases water reabsorption and leads to increased BV & BP

which leukocytes differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies?

B cells

CRH

Cotricotrophin Releasing Hormone; Produced and Secreted by: Hypothalamus Target: Anterior Pituitary (Cell: Corticotrophs) Effect: Increased release of ACTH

What is Hypothyroidism in babies?

Cretinism

what hormone Is released by the kidneys upon detection of hypoxia?

EPO (erythroprotein)

FSH

Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Produced and Secreted by: Anterior Pituitary Target: Repro organs (ovaries/testes) Stimulated by: GnRH Inhibited by: prolactin Effect: Women- follicle development, estrogen stimulates gamete(egg) production Men- spermatogenesis, stimulates sperm production

Zona Fasiculata

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol); (Middle Layer of adrenal gland) Produced and Secreted by: Adrenal Cortex Target: Glucocorticoids Effect: Anti-Inflammatory effect, regulates metabolism and immune system suppression

Zona Reticularis

Gonadocorticoids (Androgens); (inner layer of adrenal gland) Produced and Secreted by: Adrenal Cortex Target: Gonadocorticoids Effect: Plays a role in female and pre-pubescent boys

GnRH

Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone; Produced and Secreted by: hypothalamus Target: Anterior Pituitary (Cell: Gonadotrophs) Effect: Increased release of LH and FSH

What is Hyperthyroidism?

Graves Disease. hypersecreation of thyroxine, atrients experience elevated metabolic rate, nervousness, weight loss, sweating, and irregular heartbeat, high blood pressure, eyeballs protrude

GHIH

Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone; Produced and secreted by: Hypothalamus Target: Anterior Pituitary (Cell:Somatotrophs/Thyrotrophs) Effect: decrease of GH and TSH

GHRH

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone; Produced and Secreted by: Hypothalamus Target: Anterior pituitary (cell: somatotrophs) Effect: Increased Release of GH

GH

Growth Hormone; Produced and Secreted by: Anterior Pituitary. Target: liver Stimulated by: GHRH Inhibited by: GHIH Effect: Stimulates IGF-1 production and opposes insulin, also stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration

What is acromegaly?

Hypersecretion of GH in adults, causes overgrowth of bones in hands, feet and face

What is Diabetes Insipidus

Hyposecretion of ADH, results in dehydration from excessive urine output, patients experience an insatiable thirst

What is dwarfism?

Hyposecretion of growth hormone from the Pituitary in children

What is Hypoglycemia?

Low Blood Sugar caused from the hypersecretion of insulin, patients experience anxiety, nervousness, tremors, and weakness

LH

Luteinizing Hormone; Produced and Secreted by: Anterior Pituitary Target: Repro Organs (ovaries/testes) Stimulated by: GnRH Inhibited by: Prolactin Effect: Women- Ovulation, production pf progesterone and estrogen, promotes the production of gonadal hormones. Men- testosterone production, promotes production of gonadal hormones.

Zona Glomerulosa

Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone); (Outer layer of adrenal gland) Produced and secreted by: Adrenal Cortex Target: Kidneys (mineralcorticoids) Effect: Increased Na+ retention, increased K+ loss, leads to increased BV and BP (salt layer)

which stimuli causes the sythesis and release hormones through actions of nerve fibers

Neural stimuli

OT

Oxytocin; Produced by: Hypothalamus Secreted by: Posterior Pituitary Target: Mammary Glands, uterus prostrate Stimulated by: stretch receptors in the nipple and cervix, oestrogen Inhibited by: stress Effect: Contractions (labor & delivery), contraptions during emission (males) milk letdown

PTH

Parathyroid Hormone; Antagonist to calcitonin (most important hormone in Ca++ homeostasis) Produced and Secreted by: Parathyroid Target: a. Bone b. Kidneys c. Intestine Effect: a. Stimulates Osteoblasts b. increase Ca++ reabsorption, activate vit. D c. Works with Calcitrol to increase Ca++ reabsorption, overall response = increase in blood calcium levels

Glucagon

Produced by: A(alpha) Cells Secreted by: Pancreas Target: Glycogen in liver and muscle Effect: (secreted into blood) increase blood glucose levels; stimulates the liver to break down its glycogen stores into glucose and release it to the blood.

Insulin

Produced by: B(beta) Cells Secreted by: Pancreas Target: liver, skeletal muscle, most cells Effect: decreases blood glucose levels and accelerates the transport of glucose into the body cells where it is oxidized for energy or converted into glycogen for fat storage.

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Produced in: Nervous System Secreted by: Adrenal Medulla ( inside layer of adrenal gland/ produces catecholamines) Target: Flight or Fight response symptoms Effect: increased heart rate, energy mobilization and consumption

Dopamine

Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone; Produced and secreted by: Hypothalamus Target: Anterior Pituitary (Cell: Lactotrophs) Effect: Increased Release of Prolactin

PRF

Prolactin-Releasing Factors; Produced and Secreted by: Hypothalamus Target: Anterior Pituitary (Cell: Lactotrophs) Effect: Increased Release of Prolactin

PRL

Prolactin; Produced and Secreted by: Anterior pituitary Target: Mammary glands/Repro organs Stimulated by: PRF/TRH Inhibited by: Dopamine(PIH) Effect:Promotes growth of said organs and initiates lactation

what are the three components of a hemoglobin molecule ?

Protein globing, heme pigment, and iron atom

Estrogen

Secreted by: Ovaries Target: Sex organs; breasts, genitalia, adipose in hips, buttocks, and thighs Effect: Menstruation of female reproductive organs. Apperence of feel secondary sexual characteristics Brest development and cyclic changes in the uterine mucosa.

Progesterone

Secreted by: Overies Target: Endometrium of uterus Effect: Brings about the menstrual cycle

Melatonin

Secreted by: Pineal Gland Effect: regulates sleep pattern, stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light

Testosterone

Secreted by: Testes Target: Sex Organs; genitalia, hair follicles in facial, axillary, and inguinal regions, apocrine sweat glands, vocal cords, bone, and muscle

Thymosin

Secreted by: Thymus Effect: Stimulates the development of T-lymphocytes

what does ANP do and what releases it?

The heart releases it, it reduces BP , BV and blood Na+ concentration

TH, T3 and T4

Thyroid Hormone, T3 and T4; Produced and Secreted by: Thyroid Target: Liver and Kidneys Effect: Controls/Stimulate Metabolism

TSH

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone; Produced and Secreted by: Anterior Pituitary Target: Thyroid Stimulated by: TRH Inhibited by: T3 Effect: Stimulates thyroid to produce T3 & T4, stimulates the normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid.

TRH

Thyrotrophin-Releasing Hormone; Produced and Secreted by: Hypothalamus Target: Anterior Pituitary (Cell: Thyrotrophs/Lactotrophs) Effect: Increased Release of TSH and Prolactin

name the following products and the abbreviations for hemoglobin ( Hb ) a. oxygen bound to hemoglobin b. oxygen released form hemoglobin c. carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin

a. oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) b. deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) c. carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)

What is Hirsutism ?

abnormal hairiness caused by hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids

what are the two major regions of the adrenal gland?

adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex

which blood protein helps maintain osmotic pressure? which is involved in clotting?

albumin

there components that make up plasma

albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

What are two main classes of hormones?

amino acids and steroids

What is Hypothyroidism? (goiter)

an iodine deficiency causes less thyroxine to be released by the thyroid gland thus causing low metabolic rate, weight gain, coldness, slow pulse, puffy eyes, also low thyroxine breaks the negative feedback loop thus the pituitary keeps releasing TSH causing the thyroid to swell up

what is hematopoiesis ?

blood cell formation; occurs in red bone marrow

what is glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen stores form the liver

with chronic high levels of a hormone, cells can respond through

down regulation

what are two hormones that cause blood glucose to rise, accelerated heartbeat, and blood to be diverted to the brain heart and muscles?

epinephrine, norepinephrine

what is EPO why is it released and from where?

erthroprotein, signals production of red blood cells, kidneys

what is polycythemia

excess RBCs

what type of hormone causes the release of hormones from other endocrine gland cells?

hormonal stimuli (tropic)

which stimuli causes the release of hormones for changing blood levels of ions/nutrients

humoral stimuli

What is gigantism?

hypersecretion of GH in children

What is Diabetes mellitus ?

hyposecreation of insulin, characterized by the inability of body cells to utilize glucose and the subsequent loss of glucose in the urine

What is hypothyroidism? (myxedema)

hyposecrestion of thyroxine, adult patients experience mental and physical sluggishness, low metabolic rate, lethargy, weight gain, edema, and hair loss

What is Tetany?

increased neural excitability form hyposecreation of pTH, causing prolonged muscle spams that can lead to respiratory paralysis and death

name three pathways hormones are removed from the blood

kidneys, liver, degrading enzymes

a normal response to infection results in a high WBC count (over 11,000/mm3) known as?

leukocytosis

Name the two agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

what is synergism between hormones?

more than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell

Name the three granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

What is Cretinism?

normal thyroxine levels at birth via ht mother through the placenta, then low thyroxine after birth, abnormal bone development, mental retardation, low body temp, lethargy stunted growth

what is permissiveness

one hormone cannon exert its effects with out another hormone being present

what is meant by antagonism between hormones?

one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone

What is the result of a hyper secretion of ADH?

patients experience edema, headache, and disorientation

What is the Hypersecretion of PTH?

results in loss of calcium from bones, causing deformation softening and spontaneous fractures

Which organs also produce hormone that are outside the primary seven organs

skin, adipose tissue, heart, Gastrointestinal tract, and skeleton

hormones only act on_________ ____________ that have the correct receptors

target cells

what is Gluconeogenisis

the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate