BIO 231 Ch 16 and 17

the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary does not secrete (a) antidiuretic hormone, (b) growth hormone, © gonadtropins, (d) thyroid- stimulating hormone

(a) antidiuretic hormone

Major stimulus for the release of estrogens is (a) hormonal, (b) humoral, © nervous

(a) hormonal

Sensory inpulses transmitted over facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves are involved in the special sense of (a) taste (b) vision (c) equilibrium (d) smell

(a) taste

Name the target organ(s) for each pituitary hormone listed: (a) oxytocin, (b) ATCH (c) FSH, (d) ADH

(a) uterus and the breast, (b) Adrenal cortex, (c) ovaries in females and testes in males, (d) is the kidneys

A light ray passes through the refactory structures of the eye in the order: (a) vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea; (b) cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor; (c) cornea, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor; (d) lens, aqueous humor, cornea, vitreous humor

(b) cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

Of the neurons in the retina, which form the optic nerve? (a) bipolar neurons, (b) ganglion neurons, (c) cone cells, (d) horizontal neurons

(b) ganglion neurons

blocking the scleral venous sinus might result in (a) sty, (b) glaucoma (c) conjunctivitis, (d) Meniere's syndrome, (e) a chalazion

(b) glaucoma

Conduction of sound from the middle of the ear to the internal ear occurs via vibration of the (a) malleus against the tympanic membrane, (b) stapes in the oval window, (c) incus in the round window, (d) tympanic membrane against the stapes

(b) stapes in the oval window,

The receptors for static equalibrium that report the position of the head in space relatice to the pull of gravity are in the (a) spiral organ (b) maculae (c) crista apullaris (d) ampullary cupulae (e) joint kinesthetic receptors

(b)maculae

Which of these is not basic taste? (a) bitter, (b) tsunami (c) sour (d) sweet

(b)tsunami

The transmission of sound vibrations through the internal ear occurs chiefly through (a) nerve fibers (b) air (c) fluid (d) bone

(c) fluid

medullary chromaffin cells occur in the (a) parathyroid gland, (b) pars distalis, © pituitary gland, (d) adrenal gland, (e) pineal gland.

(d) adrenal gland

The part of the fibrous layer of the eye that is white, tough, and opaque is the (a) choroid, (b) cornea (c) retina (d) scelra

(d) scelra

the optic disc is the site where (a) more rods than cones occur, (b) the macula lutea is located, (c) only cones occur, (d) the optic nerve exits the eye

(d) the optic nerve exits the eye

the structure that allows the air pressure in the middle of the ear to be equalized with that of the outside air is the (a) cochlear duct (b) mastiod air cells (c) endolymph (d) tympanic membrane (e) pharyngotympanic tube

(e) pharyngotympanic tube

____________, or opaque lenses, can make a person functionally blind despite having healthy photoreceptors and visual pathways.

cataracts

Aqueous humor is similar to ____________ in its composition as well as in the way it forms and its ultimate return to the venous circulation.

cerebrospinal fluid

Baroreceptors are a class of mechanoreceptor that respond to

changes in pressure.

Receptors in the walls of blood vessels that respond to discrete changes in gas concentration in the blood are called

chemoreceptors.

The photoreceptors that perceive color and sharp vision are

cones.

Adjust blood sugar levels and helps the body cope with stress

cortisol

the only steroid hormone in the list

cortisol

adrenal gland

cortisol norepinephrine

The lacrimal glands produce tears for each of the following functions except

humidifying the eye orbit.

Movements of fluid within the ____________ result in the sensations of both hearing and equilibrium.

inner ear

Two layers of smooth muscle in the ____________ allow it to control the diameter of the ____________.

iris; pupil

All of the following characterize the tympanic membrane except

is a tough, flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue

Tropic hormone that stimulates the gonads to secrete sex hormones

luteinizing hormone ( LH)

Housed within the tympanic cavity, the three auditory ossicles are the

malleus, incus, and stapes

is secreted by the pineal gland

melatonin

Which class of receptors can respond to extreme stimulating agents otherwise detected by all the other classes?

nociceptors

In adults, ____________ are one of the few types of neurons that are replaced mitotically.

olfactory receptor cells

The two openings in the bony wall between the inner and middle ear are the

oval window and round window

stimulates milk ejection

oxytocin

posterior lobe of the pituitary

oxytocin antidiuretic hormone

increases blood calcium levels

parathyroid hormone ( pth)

ovaries

progesterone estrogen

stimulates milk production

prolactin ( PRL)

A structure that detects stimuli is known specifically as a

receptor

Which set includes only general senses?

temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure

What type of tissue forms the receptor cells for taste?

the receptor cells for taste are epithelial cells

parathyroid in the parathyroid gland

(a) a protein hormone

Of the following, the only structures that cannot be sensory receptors are

axons

any Endocrine cells in the pars distalis

(a) a protein hormone

parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland.

(a) a protein hormone

What specific region of the adrenal gland produces aldosterone?

Aldosterone is produced in the outer layer, the zona glomerulosa, of the adrenal cortex.

involved in water balance; causes the kidneys to conserve water

Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH)

Trace the visual pathway from the medial half of the retina of the right eye to the cerebral cortex.

Axons from ganglion cells from the medial half of the retina extend through the right optic nerve and pass through the optic chiasma to the left optic tract. They synapse in the left lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus with neurons that extend via the optic radiation to the left primary visual cortex.

thyroid gland

Calcitonin thyroid hormone

What are the three types of stimuli that regulate secretion from endocrine cells?

Endocrine secretions are regulated via humoral stimuli (concentrations of specific substances in the blood); nervous stimuli (direct nerve innervation); or hormonal stimuli (hormones from one endocrine tissue influence the secretion of hormones from another endocrine tissue).

Name the four openings or holes into the middle ear cavity.

Four openings into the middle ear cavity are the pharyngotympanic tube, the round window, the oval window, and the mastiod antrum.

What hormone directly stimulates the secretion of the glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex, and where is this hormone produced?

Glucocorticoid secretion is stimulated by ACTH, which is produced by anterior pituitary.

How do hormones reach their target cells?

Hormones circulate throughout the body in the bloodstream. They leave the bloodstream at the capillaries and enter the tissue fluid. Although hormones encounter all types of cells, they influence the activity of only their target cells

which of the following cells secrete releasing or inhibiting hormones? (a) Hypothalamic neurons, (b) medullary chromaffin cells, © pituitary gland, (d) parafollicular cells.

Hypothalamic neurons

What structure, other than the ovaries, produces estrogens and progesterone?

In developing fetus, estrogens and progesterone are produced by the placenta.

Which statement is true about the scala media (cochlear duct)?

It contains hair cells that convert sound waves into nerve impulses.

What portion of the visual field is lost in a person with degeneration of the macula lutea (macular degeneration)?

Macular degeneration diminishes the clarity of the visual field straight ahead.

What type of cell are the olfactory receptors? When these cells are damaged, are they replaced?

Olfactory receptor are bipolar neurons. These cells are replaced when damaged, making them among the few neurons that undergo replacement throughout adult life.

Where is perilymph located within the cochlea?

Perilyphm fills the cavities of the bony labyrinth of the cochlea, the scalavestibuli, and the scala tympani

Why is the adrenal medulla referred to as modified sympathetic ganglion?

The Adrenal medulla secretes the hormones Norepinephrine (a sympathetic neurotransmitter) and epinephrine when stimulated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons. the cells of the Adrenal medulla have no external processes, but rather release their secretions into the blood of nearby capillaries. Lastly, the cells of the Adrenal medulla are derived from neural crest tissue, as are the postganglionic autonomic neurons.

Where are the endocrine cells of the pancreas located?

The Endocrine cells of the pancreas are distributed throughout the pancreas in clusters of cells called the pancreatic islets.

What is the aqueous humor, where is it located, and what are its functions?

The aqueous humor is a clear watery fluid that fills the anterior segment. It supplies nutrients and oxygen to the avascular lens and cornea. It is constantly produced and drained, a process that maintains constant introcular pressure.

What is the conjunctiva, and where is it located?

The conjunctiva is a transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surfaces of the eyelids and the anterior surface of the eye.

Differentiate the cornea from the choroid with reference to the location, structure, and function of each.

The cornea is part of the external fibrous layer of the eye, continuous with the sclera. It is the transparent layer covering the anterior one-sixth of the eye. The cornea is composed of dense connective tissue sandwhiched between two layers of epithelium. It forms part of the light-bending apparatus of the eye. Blood vessels of the choroid nourish the eye, and its pegments absorb light.

Where are the hormones produced that are secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary? Where are the hormones produced that are secreted by the anterior lobe?

The hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary are produced in the neuron cell bodies located in the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary hormonesare produced by the cells of this gland.

What muscle is not functioning in a person whose eye turns medially? What nerve innervates the muscle?

The lateral rectus is not functioning if the eye is turned medially. This muscle is innervated by the abducens nerve (CN VI)

In a normal eye, when the lens accommodates for viewing close objects, does it become rounder or more oval shaped?

The lens becomes rounder when close objects are viewed

Which sensory receptors monitor stationary head position and linear movements of the head? Where are these receptors located?

The maculae of the utricle and the saccule monitor stationary head position and linear acceleration

Which auditory ossicle abuts the tympanic membrane?

The malleus is the auditory ossicle abuts the tympanic membrane

What is the difference between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth of the internal ear?

The membranous labyrinth is a continuous series of membranous sacs and ducts filled with endolyphm that contain the sensory receptors for hearing and equilibrium. The bony labyrinth is the cavity within the petrous portion of the temporal bone that surrounds the membranous labyrinth

What structure separates the external acoustic meatus from the middle ear cavity?

The tympanic membrane (eardrum) separates the external accoustic meatus from the middle ear cavity

How do tropic hormones secreted by the pituitary differ in action from the other pituitary hormones?

Tropic hormones secreted by the pituitary regulate the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands. The nontropic pituitary hormones act directly on nonendocrine target tissues.

The tarsal glands secrete

a lipid-rich product that prevents the eyelids from sticking together.

Sensory information of which a person becomes consciously aware is called

a sensation

Zona fasciculata cell

a steroid hormone

follicle cells in the ovary that secrete sex hormones

a steroid hormone

interstitial cells in the testis

a steroid hormone

indicate with a check mark which of the organs listed below have some endocrine function (a) kidney (b) Mammary glands © pancreas (d) stomach (e) heart (f) urinary bladder (g) respiratory tubes (h) skin (i) salivary glands (j) thymus.

a,c,d,e,g,h,j

is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary ( two possible choices)

antidiuretic hormone ( ADH) oxytocin

Which description is incorrect regarding chemoreceptors?

are always visceral sensory receptors

The fovea centralis of the retina most directly affects one's ability to

distinguish color see fine details

At rest, tension in the suspensory ligaments of the lens

flattens the lens, focusing the eye for distant vision

Unencapsulated, terminal branches of dendrites are called

free nerve endings.

Failure of aqueous humor to reach the scleral venous sinus causes ____________, a condition analogous to ____________.

glaucoma; hydrocephalus

pancreas

glucagon insulin

Stimulates cell division in the epiphyseal plates of growing bones

growth hormone (GH)

Which set includes only special senses?

gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and audition

What types of photoreceptor cells are found in the retina?

rods and cones

Which selection correctly pairs a stimulus with the location of its receptors?

rotation of the head, cupula

Which structures of the inner ear house the maculae?

saccule and utricle

Of the five basic taste sensations, ____________ tastes are caused by metal ions; ____________, by hydrogen ions; and ____________, by amino acids.

salty; sour; umami

Which of the following is not a subdivision of the bony labyrinth?

scala media

Which sensory structure has stereocilia of hair cells embedded in a gelatinous structure called a cupula?

semicircular duct

What type of deafness results from damage to the cells of the spiral ganglion?

sensorineural deafness results from damge to the cells of the spiral ganglion

Why do middle-aged adults develop difficulty focusing on close objects?

the resting eye is set for distance vision. Accommodation for viewing close objects requires elasticity of the lens. As we age, the lens becomes less elastic and cannot accommodate for near vision well.

Where in the cochlear duct is each of these membranes located? vestibular membrane, the basilar membrane, the tectorial membrane? Vibration in which membrane stimulate the hair cells of the spiral organ?

the vestibular membrane forms the roof of the cochlear duct; the basilar membrane forms the floor; and the tectorial membrane sits atop the sensory hair cells. Vibrations in the tectorial merane stimulate the hair cells of the spiral organ.

What brain regions receive input from the vestibular nerves and process information on equilibrium?

the vestibular nuclei of the medulla and cerebellum are the major processing centers for input from the vestibular nerves

increases basal metabolic rate

thyroid hormone (TH)

Tropic hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone

thyroid- stimulating hormone ( TSH)

All sensory receptors act as ____________, converting various types of stimuli into ____________.

transducers; nerve impulses

Crista ampullaris is to ampulla as macula is to

utricle and saccule

Collectively, the vestibule and semicircular canals compose an area called the

vestibular complex

Which brain region interprets incoming visual stimuli at a conscious level?

visual cortex of the occipital lobe

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is the same as the (a) neurohypophysis, (b) pars nervosa, © adenohypophysis, (d) hypothalamus.

© adenohypophysis