BIO 2311: Chapter 9 MindTAP

Which of the following are types of cell signals? Select all that apply. Neurotransmitters Hormones Endocrine glands Local regulators Prostaglandin

Neurotransmitters Hormones Local regulators Prostaglandin

As described in the narrative example, cAMP a protein kinase, which goes on to other proteins.

activates; modify

When can a G protein-linked receptor interact with G proteins? When it is not bound to a signaling molecule When there is a hormone present When it is bound to a signaling molecule Always

When it is bound to a signaling molecule

Which of the following is NOT true of receptor proteins? Receptor proteins undergo a conformational change in response to a signaling molecule. Signaling molecules interact directly with receptor proteins. Receptor proteins bind to a signaling molecule. All receptor proteins have an extracellular domain.

All receptor proteins have an extracellular domain.

How does signal amplification work? Each enzyme catalyzes the production of many molecules. The receptor is inactivated. Each enzyme catalyzes the production of one molecule.

Each enzyme catalyzes the production of many molecules.

----- receptor proteins contain domains that catalyze chemical reactions inside the cell in response to ______ .

Enzyme-linked signaling molecules

In the example in the narrative, which molecule is the first messenger? Kinases Epinephrine cAMP Glucose

Epinephrine

Which of the following responses can result from a signal cascade? Select all that apply. Increase in the expression of a gene Decrease in the expression of a gene Increase in cellular metabolism Change in cell identity

Increase in the expression of a gene Decrease in the expression of a gene Increase in cellular metabolism Change in cell identity

Which of the following are second messengers? Select all that apply. Adenylyl cyclase Inositol triphosphate Diacylglycerol Cyclic AMP Calcium ions

Inositol triphosphate Diacylglycerol Cyclic AMP Calcium ions

Which type of molecule can be a second messenger? Protein kinase Enzyme Cyclase Ion

Ion

Which type of receptor is commonly found in neurons? Enzyme-linked receptor Neurons do not have receptors G protein-linked receptor Ion channel-linked receptor

Ion channel-linked receptor

Which types of receptors are transmembrane proteins? Select all that apply. Ion channel-linked receptor G protein-linked receptor Intracellular receptor

Ion channel-linked receptor G protein-linked receptor

What often happens in response to a second messenger? G protein conformational change Protein phosphorylation Calcium ion release Cyclase activation

Protein phosphorylation

What makes cell signaling a highly specific process? Cells have many receptors. Conditions do not change signals. All cells receive a signal in the same way. Receptors have specific shapes.

Receptors have specific shapes.

What are the FOUR MAIN steps of cell signaling? Release Response Transduction Sending Reception

Response Transduction Sending Reception

Which molecule is finally responsible for signal amplification? Second messenger G protein receptor G protein

Second messenger

Which of the following are true of second messengers? Select all that apply. Second messengers are an important part in many signal transduction cascades. Second messengers travel long distances throughout the body. Second messengers are synthesized or released in response to a signaling molecule. Second messengers are small molecules.

Second messengers are an important part in many signal transduction cascades. Second messengers are synthesized or released in response to a signaling molecule. Second messengers are small molecules.

What must happen in order for a molecule to be ready to respond to a new signal? Signal transduction Signal termination Signal amplification Signal reception

Signal termination

Which of the following are responses to signaling molecules? Select all that apply. Specific genes are activated Ion channels open Ion channels close Specific genes are repressed Enzyme activity changes

Specific genes are activated Ion channels open Ion channels close Specific genes are repressed Enzyme activity changes

Why do we think that some cell signaling molecules have a long evolutionary history? Select all that apply. They are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They are present in most organisms. They have changed a lot over time. They are present in distantly related organisms.

They are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They are present in most organisms. They are present in distantly related organisms.

As described in the example in the narrative, which molecule is the second messenger? Adenylyl cyclase Glucose cAMP Epinephrine

cAMP

Fruit ripening is mediated by the action of ____

enzyme-linked receptors.

What must bind to most ion channel-receptors to make them open their gates? An electrical signal A G protein A tyrosine kinase A ligand

ligand

Intracellular receptors are often ____ that regulate _____ .

transcription;gene expression

Protein kinase cascades are a method of cell signal ______ .

transduction