Bio 245 - Chapter 1 & 2 Homework

The pH of a neutral substance is ______.

7

___________ tends to focus on the form and structure, whereas _____________ focuses on the mechanisms and functions of these structures.

Anatomy, Physiology

The smallest units of matter having the chemical properties of the element are called

Atoms

The ______ region of the body includes the head, neck, and trunk.

Axial

Select all that apply. Which molecules can be organized as polymers?

Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins

Identify the name of an atom that has donated an electron.

Cation

Select all that apply. Which are examples of negative feedback regulation?

Changes in blood pressure when exercising; Changing breathing rate in response to an increase of CO2

Select all that apply. The components associated with the homeostatic system are which choices?

Control Center, Effector, Receptor

True or false: Lipids are polymers.

False

Select all that apply. Which are forms of matter?

Gas, Liquid, Solid

Identify the cation that determines the pH of blood.

H+

The pH of a solution is a measure of the relative amount of ______ it contains.

H+

Select all that apply. Which of the following body structures can serve as effectors?

Insulin secreting cells of pancreas; Smooth muscles of bronchioles

The only category of biological macromolecules that are not polymers is ______.

Lipids

Identify the most common extracellular cation in the human body.

Na+

Two isotopes of the same element have different numbers of ______.

Neutrons

Select all that apply. Which of the following are characteristics of all living things?

Organization, Metabolism, Growth and Development

Identify the element with greatest electronegativity.

Oxygen

__________ examines the function of various organ systems.

Physiology

Uterine contractions of childbirth are an example of which type of feedback loop?

Positive

When a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best as described as ______.

Positive Feedback

Select all that apply. Identify the true statements regarding nucleic acids.

RNA is an example of a nucleic acid. DNA is an example of a nucleic acid. Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids.

Match the word with its correct description of how body temperature stimulates a negative feedback mechanism when body temperature falls below normal.

Receptor --> free nerve ending in the skin detect cold Control Center --> hypothalamus of the brain sets body temperature Effectors --> blood vessels in the skin constrict, muscles shiver Stimulus --> cold temperature lowers body temperature below normal Homeostasis --> body temperature returns to normal

Select all that apply. Control centers are generally portions of the ______.

Spinal Cord, Thyroid Gland, Brain

Select all that apply. Which of the following statements correctly apply to homeostasis as a physiologic process?

The control center is generally the nervous system or endocrine system. Negative feedback typically keeps these processes in check. When homeostasis fails disease or even death occurs. These processes are dynamic.

True or false: Most homeostatic variables aren't constant over time but fluctuate around a set point.

True

True or false: Most processes in the body are controlled by negative feedback.

True

True or false: Sometimes a homeostatic imbalance occurs when a variable normally controlled by negative feedback is instead controlled by positive feedback.

True

Select all that apply. Identify the functions of liquid water.

Unwanted substances are eliminated from the body through water. Water cushions the force of sudden body movements. Substances are dissolved in water and transported around the body.

Which of the following is the largest and heaviest element?

Uranium

A substance that releases hydrogen ions in water is called a(n) ______.

acid

Water is an example of ______.

an inorganic molecule

Rank the following terms from simplest to most complex. Remember to start with the most SIMPLE structure first.

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell

Identify the true statement regarding covalently bonded molecules.

atoms share electrons

Identify the molecule that acts as a buffer in the blood.

bicarbonate

A substance that helps to prevent pH changes is called a _______.

buffer

Ions with a positive charge are called

cations

There are four categories of amino acids: nonpolar amino acids, polar amino acids, _________ amino acids, and amino acids with special functions.

charged

In a homeostatic control mechanism, the ______ ______ is the structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector.

control center

Physiology

examines how the muscles of the small intestine propel food through the digestive tract

Physiologists examine the ______ of various organ systems.

function

Glycogenesis produces ______.

glycogen

The axial region of the body includes the ______.

head and neck

A molecule that only contains carbon and hydrogen molecules is called a(n) ______.

hydrocarbon

Select all that apply. Biomolecules always contain ______.

hydrogen and carbon

Sodium chloride is an example of an ______ compound.

inorganic

A solvent is usually a ______.

liquid

Identify the phase of water that is most commonly found in the human body.

liquid

Matter is defined as a substance that has _________ and occupies space.

mass

H2CO3 is an example of a _________ formula.

molecular

Nucleotides and amino acids are ______.

monomers

The component of homeostasis, called the __________, is the sensory nerve body structure that detects changes in a variable, which is either the substance or process that is regulated.

receptor

A receptor typically consists of ______.

sensory neurons

Select all that apply. Identify the functions of proteins.

serve as catalysts contribute to structural support cause movement

Negative feedback mechanisms work by maintaining the variable within a normal level or what is called a ________ point.

set

In a covalent bond, atoms ______ electrons.

share

Substances that dissolve in water are called ______.

solutes

O=C=O is an example of a _______ formula.

structural

Anatomy

studies the small intestine including its relationship to the rest of the body

Histology refers to

study of tissues

Responsiveness is the

the ability to detect and respond to stimuli

Organs of the cranial cavity include ______.

the brain only

Cytology refers to

the study of cells and their internal structures

The canal that contains the spinal cord is the _______ canal

vertebral

Which of the following is not one of the four most common elements of the human body?

water

Hydrogen bonds are intermolecular bonds formed between polar molecules. Which of the following is an example of a polar molecule?

water molecules

Rank the elements in order of increasing electronegativity. The element with the GREATEST electronegativity will be LAST.

1. Hydrogen 2. Carbon 3. Nitrogen 4. Oxygen

Match the organ system on the left with its description on the right.

Endocrine System --> Secretes hormones to regulate growth and chemical levels in the blood Cardiovascular System --> Moves blood containing hormones, nutrients and gases Lymphatic System --> Participates in immune response Respiratory System --> Responsible for exchange of gases Urinary System --> Filters the blood to remove waste products from the blood

The body's ability to maintain an average temperature of about 37°C regardless of the outside temperature is called _______.

Homeostasis

What is the body's ability to maintain a consistent internal environment called?

Homeostasis

The structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus is called a(n) ____________.

effector

Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose _____.

electrons

Cations and anions may bond together by electrostatic interactions called __________ bonds.

ionic

Identify the type of bond that forms salts.

ionic bond

Atoms with a positive or negative charge are called

ions

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and ______ are the four most common elements in the human body.

oxygen

Carbon-13 has _____ protons, ____ neutrons, and ____ electrons.

6, 7, 6

Identify the substance that is also called a proton acceptor.

Base

Which element is the smallest and lightest?

Hydrogen

A stimulus to the skin of the hand causes someone to withdraw their hand from the stimulus to prevent damage; this is an example of ______.

Responsiveness

Select all that apply. The chemical level of an organization is ______.

The simplest level of organization, Composed of atoms and molecules

Select all that apply. Choose all that are examples of negative feedback regulation?

Withdrawal reflex from stepping on glass, regulating blood pressure, regulating heart rate

Acids are also called proton _____.

donors

Atoms are composed of protons, _________, and electrons

neutrons

In a water molecule, the most electronegative atom is ______.

oxygen

Water is a ______ molecule.

polar

An atom that loses an electron becomes ______ charged.

positively

Protons and neutrons each have a mass of ______ amu.

1 (one)

Select all that apply. Which are examples of a positive feedback loop?

Breast feeding, childbirth, blood clotting

Match the organ system on the left with its description on the right.

Integumentary System --> provides protection, regulates body temperature, and prevents water loss Skeletal System --> provides support and protection, site of hemopoiesis Muscle System --> provides body movement and heat Nervous System --> controls body movement and conducts impulses for internal communication

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body is called

Metabolism

Rank the following terms from simplest to most complex.

cell, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism

In a negative feedback process, the resulting action will always be in the ______ direction of the stimulus.

opposite

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is an example of a ______.

strong base

Metabolism consists of both ____________ in which small molecules are joined to form larger molecules and ____________ in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.

anabolism, catabolism

Select all the apply. Which are characteristics of all living things?

Reproduction, Regulation of internal functions, Responsiveness to stimuli

True or false: Because the end result of a positive feedback mechanism is to increase the activity, positive feedback mechanisms are much more common than negative feedback mechanisms.

False

Match the homeostatic control mechanism with its correct description.

Receptor --> perceives a stimulus Control Center --> integrates input and initiates change Effector --> brings about a change in response to the stimulus

Organic molecules are defined as molecules that contain ________ and hydrogen atoms.

carbon

When an atom gains an electron, a(n) ______ is formed.

Anion