BIO 264 : Exam 1 , Module 1 - 3

Which statement about fats is true?

-A saturated fat is one that has no double bonds between two carbon atoms -Each carbon atom in a fat form 4 bonds -An unsaturated fat can have multiple double bonds

Which one of the following statement about monomers is true?

-All monosaccharides are monomers -Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide and a monomer

Plants store glucose in which form?

-Amylose -Amylopectin

Lipoproteins:

-Are an assembly of both lipids and proteins -Shield cholesterol and triglycerides from water -HDL and LDL are two of the most common types

Hydrocarbon chains

-Are nonpolar -Do not interact well with water

Trans fats:

-Are solid at room temperature -Are created from unsaturated fats

Fatty acids:

-Can donate a hydrogen, making them acids -Bind to glycerol through a dehydration synthesis reaction -Vary in length, number, and type of bonds

Which of the following statements are TRUE?

-Fatty acid and glycerol molecules are bound together through a hydration synthesis reaction -A characteristic of steroids are their hydrocarbon rings -Cholesterol is used to synthesize steroid hormones -Glycerol is always the same, while fatty acid chains can vary in length and number of single bonds

Which one of the following statements are TRUE?

-Formation of a triglyceride from glycerol and fatty acids and formation of a disaccharide from 2 monosaccharides occurs via the same type of reaction -Cholesterol is a steroid

Which of the following statements are correct?

-Glucose can enter nearly every cell of the body -High fructose corn syrup may increase the number of triglycerides found in the blood

Which of the following are the building blocks for Triglycerides?

-Glycerol -Fatty acids

Which one of the following statements about glycogen is correct?

-Glycogen is found in the muscle and liver cells of humans -Glycogen is the only storage form of glucose in humans

Which one of the following statements about lipids is true?

-Lipids are a component of every cell in the human body -Trans fats are not considered healthy in any amount

Which of the following statements about lipids is true?

-Lipids are insoluble in water -Cholesterol and fats are different varieties of lipids -Fat molecules contain C, H, and O

Why do we need lipoproteins, particularly when research has found they are associated with atherosclerosis?

-Lipoproteins help remove fats that adhere to arterial walls -Lipoproteins help move non-polar compounds around the body

Glycogen is primarily stored in the___

-Liver -Skeletal Muscle

Triglycerides...

-Make up 90% of dietary fat -Help to cushion and insulate the body -Can contribute to problems with obesity -Are a major form of fat in plants and animals

Identify the matched pair

-Monosaccharide-ribose -Maltose-glucose + glucose -Polysaccharide-glycogen

Which one of the following statements about monosaccharides is TRUE?

-Monosaccharides may combine to form polysaccharides -Monosaccharides form polysaccharides in the body primarily in the linear form -Monosaccharides dissolve in water

Which one of the following statements about LDL's is true?

-Monounsaturated fats may lower LDL levels -They are known as "bad" cholesterol -Trans fats raise the LDL levels

Which one of the following statements about polysaccharides is true?

-Polysaccharides are broken down by hydrolysis reactions -Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides -Starch is an example of a digestible polysaccharide in humans

All of the following hormones are made from cholesterol:

-Progesterone -Cholesterol -Cortisol

Why can't the human body breakdown cellulose?

-The human body lacks the enzymes to digest cellulose -The bond configuration between glucose molecules is different in cellulose than it is in glycogen

Which statement about phospholipids is true?

-The polar heads lie towards the water -They are amphipathic -They help control what substances pass to the cytoplasm

Choose the statement that describe lipoproteins

-They are made of fat and proteins -They have hydrophilic ends pointing outward and hydrophobic ends pointing inward -Cholesterol and triglycerides are found inside the lipoprotein structure -They dissolve in water

Choose the statements that are true about HDLs:

-They have a higher protein: lipid ratio -They help prevent atherosclerosis -They have more apoproteins

Which of the following will occur if a person doesn't have the enzyme lactase?

-Water will enter the lumen of the large intestine by osmosis -Lactose will pass through the small intestine and enter the colon -The person will experience symptoms of abdominal bloating, cramps and diarrhea

Which is a component of a carbohydrate?

-carbon -hydrogen -oxygen

Proteins can serve all the following functions:

-catalyze metabolic reactions -give structural strength to cells tissues -produce muscular and other forms of movement -regulate transport of solutes into and out of cells

Which statement is true concerning the lipids in the human body?

-fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K -a polyunsaturated fat as 2 or more double covalent bonds between the carbon atoms -eicosanoids are important regulatory molecules derived from fatty acids

Which of the following belong together?

-fatty acid -cholesterol -phospholipid -triglyceride

Which of the following belong together?

-phospholipid -lipoprotein -cell membrane

Lipid function includes

-providing protection -structure and support of cells -use as an energy source -use as regulatory substance for many physiological processes

Which of the following are considered a lipid?

-steroid -myelin sheath -cholesterol

A molecule has one carbon-carbon double bond and four monovalent atoms or groups. How many different geometric isomers exist for this molecule? 1) none 2) two 4) four 5) six 6) eight

...

A straight-chain carbon compound constructed from _____ must contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. 1) 6 hydrogen, 2 carbon 2) 6 hydrogen, 3 carbon 3) 6 hydrogen, 2 carbon, 1 oxygen 4) 8 hydrogen, 3 carbon, 3 oxygen 5) 14 hydrogen, 6 carbon

...

At the beginning of the 19th century, it was thought that the substances that made up living things were special and could not be synthesized by ordinary chemical methods. This now-discarded theory was called the theory of _____. 1) special creation 2) spontaneous generation 3) vitalism 4) materialism 5) mechanism

...

Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of the molecules used by living organisms because _____. 1) carbon is the central atom of carbon dioxide, a necessary molecule for photosynthesis 2) carbon is the central atom in urea, a molecule used by many living organisms to transport wastes from the body 3) each carbon atom acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in up to four directions 4) carbon can combine with hydrogen to form hydrocarbons 5) all of the above

...

Pharmaceutical companies are selling close to $200 billion worth of single-enantiomer drugs. Why might it be important to use only one form of an enantiomer? 1) It is cheaper to manufacture only one of the enantiomers. 2) It is not important. Both enantiomers will be equally effective. 3) The left-handed version of the enantiomer is always the effective one. 4) It is not important. Both enantiomers constantly flip from right-handed to left-handed. 5) One enantiomer may provide an effective treatment while the other may be ineffective or even toxic.

...

Stanley Miller's experiments were significant because he demonstrated that _____. 1) the behavior of any molecule containing a carbon atom was fundamentally the same 2) under certain circumstances the theory of vitalism was valid 3) a variety of simple organic compounds could be spontaneously synthesized from components in Earth's primitive atmosphere 4) lightning discharges could produce the molecules previously presumed to have originated in volcanic outgassings 5) urea could be synthesized from entirely naturally occurring salts

...

The carbon atom is tetravalent; this means that _____. 1) carbon readily forms ionic bonds 2) carbon's first electron shell holds 4 electrons 3) a carbon atom can complete its valence shell by forming four covalent bonds 4) the bond angle between each bond is 90°, forming an arrangement like the points on a compass 5) carbon has a total of 4 electrons

...

The first organic molecule to be synthesized from inorganic substances that could be prepared directly from inorganic substances was _____. 1) urea 2) acetic acid 3) ammonium cyanate 4) insulin 5) DNA

...

What is the three-dimensional shape created by hybrid orbitals that are formed when a carbon atom is covalently bonded with four other atoms? 1) a flat sheet with carbon in the center 2) a triangle with carbon in the center 3) a cube with carbon in the center 4) a tetrahedron with carbon in the center 5) All of the above are possible.

...

Which element is always associated with organic chemistry? 1) carbon 2) sulfur 3) nitrogen 4) hydrogen 5) oxygen

...

Which is an organic molecule? 1) Ne 2) O2 3) CH4 4) NaCl 5) H2O

...

Which of the following are properties of hydrocarbons? 1) Hydrophobic, polar, charged 2) Hydrophilic, good source of stored energy, consist primarily of carbon and hydrogen 3) Hydrophobic, nonpolar, good source of stored energy 4) Hydrophilic, contain numerous carboxyl groups, nonpolar 5) Hydrophobic, contain numerous amine groups, polar

...

Which of the following functional groups is present in all amino acids? 1) -SH 2) -COH 3) -OH 4) -NH2 5) -OPO3-2

...

Which of these is found in all amino acids? 1) -COOH 2) -COH 3) -OH 4) -NH2 5) Both -COOH and -NH2

...

A mole of ethyl alcohol weighs 46 g. How many grams of ethyl alcohol are needed to produce 1 L of a 2-millimolar (2 mM) solution? (eText Concept 3.2)

0.092 g

A mole of ethyl alcohol weighs 46 grams. How many grams of ethyl alcohol are needed to produce 1 L of a 2-millimolar (2 mM) solution?

0.092 g This would produce a 2-M solution. Remember that "milli-" means thousandth

A molecule that has all nonpolar covalent bonds would be _____. 1) hydrophobic 2) hydrophilic 3) acidic 4) basic (alkaline) 5) ionic

1

Because molecules of water are farther apart in ice than in liquid water, _____. 1) ice floats 2) ice is denser than liquid water 3) ice expands when it melts 4) ice vaporizes before liquid water does 5) all of the above

1

Hydrophilic substances, but not hydrophobic substances, _____. 1) have charges and partial charges to which water molecules can adhere 2) have a higher bond energy than water 3) give up electrons to solvents 4) accept electrons from solvents 5) are repelled by water

1

Pure water has a pH of 7. Why does uncontaminated rainwater have a pH of 5.6? 1) formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water 2) presence of sulfuric acid 3) presence of nitric acid 4) burning of fossil fuels 5) none of the above

1

The amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 g of any substance by °C is defined as _____. 1) the specific heat of that substance 2) 1 calorie 3) the heat of vaporization of that substance 4) 1 kilocalorie 5) molecular cohesion

1

The amount of heat required to convert 1 g of any substance from the liquid to the gaseous state is defined as _____. 1) the specific heat of that substance 2) 1 calorie 3) the heat of vaporization of that substance 4) the heat of fusion of that substance 5) molecular cohesion

1

The partial charges on a water molecule occur because of _____. 1) the unequal sharing of electrons between the hydrogen and the oxygen atoms of a water molecule 2) the achievement of a stable configuration by one atom of a bond but not by the other partner 3) covalent bonding 4) widespread ionization 5) the high electronegativity of hydrogen

1

The phenomenon responsible for the maintenance of a column of water as it moves upward through a vessel is _____. 1) cohesion 2) adhesion 3) surface tension 4) evaporation 5) heat of vaporization

1

To make a 1% solution of glucose, you would dissolve ____ gram(s) of glucose into enough water to make a 100mL solution. 0.1 1 10 100

1

Water is a polar molecule. This means that _____. 1) the opposite ends of the molecule have opposite electrical charges 2) water molecules are linear, like a pole 3) water is one of the many hydrophobic molecules 4) the atoms in water have equal electronegativities 5) all of the above

1

Water is a very versatile solvent because water molecules are_____. 1) polar 2) nonpolar 3) ionic 4) hydrophobic 5) volatile

1

Water striders are common insects that can skip across the surface of ponds and streams. This lifestyle is enabled by water's _____. 1) cohesion and resulting surface tension 2) high specific heat 3) adhesion 4) none of the above

1

Which action could produce a carbonyl group? 1) the replacement of the—OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen 2) the addition of a thiol to a hydroxyl 3) the addition of a hydroxyl to a phosphate 4) the replacement of the nitrogen of an amine with oxygen 5) the addition of a sulfhydryl to a carboxyl

1

Which of the following statements about water is true? 1. Water participates in Hydrogen bonding. 2. Water is an important element in our bodies. 3. Hydrogen and oxygen in water are held together by an ionic bond. 4. Electrons are shared equally between the hydrogen and oxygen. 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3 1, 2 1 2, 3, 4

1

Why are cell membranes composed primarily of hydrophobic molecules? 1) In order to perform their function of separating the aqueous solutions outside of cells from the aqueous solutions inside of cells, cell membranes cannot be soluble in water. 2) Cell membranes must be composed of polar molecules in order to interact with the aqueous solutions inside of cells. 3) In order to maintain a proper pH, cell membranes must be hydrophobic. 4) Cell membranes must be hydrophobic in order to form colloids. 5) Cell membranes must be composed of nonpolar molecules in order to form a hydration shell around the cell.

1

You can fill a glass of water to just slightly above the rim without it spilling over the glass. What property of water best explains this phenomenon? 1) surface tension 2) adhesion 3) its polarity 4) evaporative cooling 5) none of the above

1

Which of the following statements about water is true?

1 (1. Water participates in Hydrogen bonding.

Johnny eats three glazed doughnuts for breakfast, which caused his blood glucose levels to increase. In response to this, his pancreas secretes insulin, which results in the transfer of glucose from the blood into the cells. This process decreases Johnny's blood glucose and he starts to feel hungry again. Johnny is studying for a test and doesn't have time to go home for lunch. As his blood glucose levels continue to drop his pancreas then secretes glucagon. Johnny's liver then responds by releasing glucose into the blood. Which one of the following statements about this scenario is MOST correct?

1, 2, 3

When one mole of potassium chloride (KCl) dissolves in water it dissociates into two ions. After the ions dissociate we could say that there is/are __________ mole(s) of K+ in solution and __________ mole(s) of Cl- in solution. ½, ½ 1, 1 2, 2 1, 2

1,1

If you place 2 Osm of NaCl into water, what is the osmolarity of Na+ in water? 0.5 Osm 1.0 Osm 1.5 Osm 2.0 Osm

1.0 Osm

A solution at pH 6 contains _____ than the same amount of solution at pH 8.

100 times more H+

A solution at pH 6 contains _____ than the same amount of solution at pH 8. (eText Concept 3.3)

100 times more H+

If sodium is a cation and has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23, then which of the following will be MOST true?

11 protons, 12 neutrons and 10 electrons

What is the molecular mass of water and how many grams of water would make 4 moles of water molecules?

18 AMU:: 72 grams

A substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution is a(n) ______. 1) hydrocarbon 2) buffer 3) NaCl 4) strong acid 5) strong base

2

Adding a base tends to _____ of a solution. 1) lower the hydrogen ion concentration and lower the pH 2) lower the hydrogen ion concentration and increase the pH 3) increase the hydrogen ion concentration and lower the pH 4) increase the hydrogen ion concentration and increase the pH 5) lower the hydroxide ion concentration and lower the pH

2

Adding acid tends to ____ of a solution. 1) increase the hydrogen ion concentration and raise the pH 2) increase the hydrogen ion concentration and lower the pH 3) decrease the hydrogen ion concentration and raise the pH 4) decrease the hydrogen ion concentration and lower the pH 5) either increase or decrease the pH, depending on the original acidity

2

Imagine that organisms consisted of 70-95% alcohol instead of 70-95% water. Alcohol's specific heat is about half that of water. How would living things be different? 1) Organisms would be able to live in a much wider range of temperatures. 2) Systems for temperature regulation would have to be much more efficient. 3) Living organisms would have to be much smaller. 4) Warm-blooded organisms would require less insulation such as fur or feathers. 5) none of the above

2

Most of water's unique features (for example, its versatility as a solvent, ability to moderate temperature, and cohesive behavior) result from the fact that _____. 1) hydrogen is the only element without any neutrons 2) oxygen attracts electrons more than hydrogen does 3) oxygen has only one stable isotope, but hydrogen has three 4) oxygen has two unfilled electron shells 5) More than one of the above is correct.

2

Organic chemistry is currently defined as 1) the study of compounds made only by living cells. 2) the study of carbon compounds. 3) the study of vital forces. 4) the study of natural (as opposed to synthetic) compounds. 5) the study of hydrocarbons

2

Some substances, such as oil and gasoline, will not dissolve in water because _____. 1) their molecules are so large 2) their molecules have no charges or partial charges to which water molecules can adhere 3) they do not ionize 4) their electrons are so stable that they do not exchange atoms with water molecules 5) oil and gasoline are organic compounds

2

The bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are 1) ionic bonds. 2) hydrogen bonds between water molecules. 3) covalent bonds between atoms within water molecules. 4) polar covalent bonds. 5) nonpolar covalent bonds.

2

Water molecules have _____ than molecules of similar size, such as ammonia and methane. 1) lower specific heat 2) a higher boiling point 3) a lower melting point 4) a lower capacity for forming hydrogen bonds 5) less surface tension

2

Water readily sticks to many other substances, a property called ______. 1) cohesion 2) adhesion 3) polarity 4) hydrophobic bonding

2

Which best describes how charges are distributed on a water molecule? 1) The oxygen end is positive relative to the end with the two hydrogen atoms. 2) The oxygen end is negative relative to the end with the two hydrogen atoms. 3) The charge is neutral and equal throughout the molecule. 4) The oxygen end is neutral; one of the hydrogen atoms has a slight positive charge and the other hydrogen atom has a slight negative charge

2

Which of the following statements is true about acid precipitation? 1) It harms aquatic life, but has little effect on terrestrial life. 2) It washes away some minerals that are plant nutrients, while causing some toxic minerals to accumulate. 3) Automobile use is the leading contributor to acid rain. 4) Industrial areas are hit hardest by acid rain. 5) none of the above

2

Calcium has an atomic number of 20 and a mass number of 40. Given this information, how many electrons does a typical calcium atom contain?

20

Sodium has 11 protons and 12 neutrons. What is the molecular weight of a sodium cation?

23 amu

Sodium has 11 protons and 12 neutrons. What is the molecular weight of this atom?

23 amu

A slice of pizza has 500 kcal. If we could burn the pizza and use all the heat to warm a 50-L container of cold water, what would be the approximate increase in the temperature of the water? (Note: A liter of cold water weighs about 1 kg.) 1) 50°C 2) 5°C 3) 10°C 4) 100°C 5) 1°C

3

A solution at pH 6 contains ____ than the same amount of solution at pH 8. 1) 2 times more H+ 2) 4 times more H+ 3) 100 times more H+ 4) 4 times less H+ 5) 100 times less H+

3

How does the polarity of water contribute to its ability to dissolve so many substances? 1) Water's polarity allows it to form covalent bonds with many substances 2) Natural water has a pH of approximately 5.6, which is slightly acidic. Acids can dissolve more substances than bases. 3) Because it is polar, water's oppositely charge ends are attracted to positively and negatively charged ions and molecules. Water molecules form a hydration shell around oppositely charged particles. 4) Because it is polar, water forms ionic bonds with the ions in substances such as NaCl (salt). 5) Because it is polar, water is able to interact with and dissolve hydrophobic substances.

3

Hydrophobic molecules are _____ water. 1) attracted to 2) absorbed by 3) repelled by 4) neutralized by 5) polarized by

3

In a group of water molecules, hydrogen bonds form between _____. 1) two hydrogen atoms in different water molecules 2) the oxygen atoms in different water molecules 3) the oxygen atom in one water molecule and a hydrogen atom in another water molecule 4) the hydrogen atoms in a single water molecule 5) none of the above

3

Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake? 1) 4.0 M 2) 10-10 M 3) 10-4 M 4) 104 M 5) 4%

3

Nitrogen has 7 electrons and can form a maximum of ____ bonds with other elements

3

Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7 and a mass number of 14. Given this information, what is the maximum number of single covalent bonds each nitrogen atom can form?

3

Nonpolar molecules that cluster away from water molecules are called _____ molecules. 1) ionic 2) hydrophilic 3) hydrophobic 4) saponified 5) none of the above

3

Relative to other substances, water tends to resist changes in temperature. Why? 1) Water is extremely dense, and like all dense materials, it can absorb a great deal of heat with a relatively small change in temperature. 2) Water is abundant. Large bodies of water resist changes in their temperature simply because they are massive objects. 3) Water is highly cohesive. Its molecules tend to resist increases in their motion. When water is heated, some of the energy is used to disturb the hydrogen bonds between neighboring molecules. 4) Water is highly adhesive. Pure water does not resist temperature change, but if water is bonded to other substances, molecules will tend to "stay put" and resist increases in their motion.

3

Sweating has a cooling effect because of water's high _____. 1) Buffering capacity 2) surface tension 3) heat of vaporization 4) specific heat 5) density

3

The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and water's ability to dissolve substances that have charges or partial charges are _____. 1) both caused by water's ability to form covalent bonds with hydrophobic substances 2) due to water's partial charges and low molecular mass, respectively 3) both caused by water's partial charges 4) both caused by water's two electron shells and the opposite spins of those shells 5) both due to water's low molecular mass

3

We can be sure that a mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin C are equal in their 1) mass in daltons. 2) mass in grams. 3) number of molecules. 4) number of atoms. 5) volume.

3

What do cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion have in common with reference to water? 1) All are results of the structure of the hydrogen atom. 2) All are produced by covalent bonding. 3) All are properties related to hydrogen bonding. 4) All have to do with ionic interactions. 5) All are aspects of a crystalline structure.

3

What is the hydroxide ion concentration of the lake described in question 7? 1) 10-7 M 2) 10-4 M 3) 10-10 M 4) 10-14 M 5) 10 M

3

When the pH of a solution shifts from 7 to 3, how has the hydrogen ion concentration changed? 1) It has increased by 4 times. 2) It has decreased by 4 times. 3) It has increased by 10,000 times. 4) It has decreased by 10,000 times. 5) It has not changed.

3

Which of the following dissociations is that of an acid? 1) H2O → H+ + OH- 2) NaOH → Na+ + OH- 3) HF → H+ + F- 4) NH3 + H+ → NH4+ 5) KOH → K+ + OH-

3

Which of the following is a hydrophobic material? 1) paper 2) table salt 3) wax 4) sugar 5) pasta

3

Why is the increasing amount of carbon dioxide being taken up by the oceans a cause for concern? 1) The buffering action of carbonic acid (H2CO3) causes the pH of seawater to rise. 2) More carbon dioxide causes an increase in carbonic acid (H2CO3) which leads to an increase in the concentration of carbonate ion (CO32-). 3) More carbon dioxide causes an increase in carbonic acid (H2CO3) which leads to a decrease in the concentration of carbonate ion (CO32-). 4) There is no cause for concern. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is an excellent buffer and will help keep the pH of seawater constant. 5) none of the above

3

How many electrons does Boron (atomic number: 5) have in its outer shell?

3 electrons

Which of the following statements about chemistry are true?

3,5,6

The isotope tritiated hydrogen (3H) differs from hydrogen (1H) in that ________.

3H has 2 more neutrons than 1H.

A mole of ethyl alcohol weighs 46 g. How many grams of ethyl alcohol are needed to produce 1 L of a 2-millimolar (2 mM) solution? 1) 92 g 2) 9.2 g 3) 0.92 g 4) 0.092 g 5) 0.0092 g

4

Adhesion is best described as _____. 1) a property of water that helps moderate Earth's temperature 2) the process by which a crystalline lattice forms 3) the process that contributes to the transport of water and dissolved nutrients in plants by causing water molecules to tug on other water molecules 4) the clinging of one substance to another substance 5) none of the above

4

An acid is _____. 1) any compound with a pH 2) any compound that accepts hydrogen ions 3) a material that resists changes in the pH of a solution 4) a compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution 5) a solution with a pH between 7 and 14

4

Carbon has 4 electrons and hydrogen has 1 electron in their outer most electron shells. How many hydrogen atoms can bond to one carbon atom

4

How many grams of acetic acid (C2H4O2) would you use to make 10 L of a 0.1 M aqueous solution of acetic acid? (Note: The atomic masses, in daltons, are approximately 12 for carbon, 1 for hydrogen, and 16 for oxygen.) 1) 10.0 g 2) 0.1 g 3) 6.0 g 4) 60.0 g 5) 0.6 g

4

Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature? 1) water's change in density when it condenses 2) water's ability to dissolve molecules in the air 3) the release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds 4) the absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds 5) water's high surface tension

4

The reason that coastal climates are more moderate than inland climates is due primarily to water's high _____. 1) heat of fusion 2) surface tension 3) heat of vaporization 4) specific heat 5) density

4

Water is sometimes called the "universal solvent." Is that accurate? 1) Certainly. Water's polar nature means that it can adhere to and dissolve all other substances. 2) Not at all. Only salts and carbohydrates can be dissolved in water. 3) For the most part. Water readily dissolves hydrophobic substances, but not hydrophilic ones. 4) For the most part. Water readily dissolves most substances, but not hydrophobic ones.

4

Which action would involve the greatest transfer of heat? 1) changing the temperature of 1 g of water from 10°C to 90°C 2) cooling 10 g of water from 80°C to 40°C 3) evaporating 1 g of water at 25°C 4) condensing 5 g of steam to liquid water 5) raising the temperature of 10 g of ethyl alcohol by 25°C

4

Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base? 1) hydroxyl 2) carbonyl 3) carboxyl 4) amino 5) phosphate

4

Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton? 1) C3H8 2) C2H6 3) CH4 4) C2H4 5) C2H2

4

A glass of grapefruit juice, at pH 3, contains _____ H+ as a glass of tomato juice, at pH 4. 1) one-tenth as much 2) half as much 3) twice as much 4) three times as much 5) ten times as much

5

Cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves consist of about 70% to 95% water. As a result _____. 1) the temperature of living things tends to change relatively slowly 2) a variety of nutrient molecules are readily available as dissolved solutes 3) waste products produced by cell metabolism can be easily removed 4) dissolved substances can be easily transported within a cell or between cells in multicellular organisms 5) all of the above

5

Sucrose has a molecular mass of 342 daltons. To make a 2-molar (2 M) solution of sucrose, _____. 1) stir 342 g of sucrose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution to 1 L 2) stir 684 g of sucrose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 2 L 3) stir 684 g of sucrose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 0.5 L 4) stir 342 g of sucrose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 2 L 5) stir 342 g of sucrose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 0.5 L

5

The tendency of water molecules to stay close to each other as a result of hydrogen bonding _____. 1) provides the surface tension that allows leaves to float on water 2) is called cohesion 3) keeps water moving through the vessels in a tree trunk 4) acts to moderate temperature 5) all of the above

5

If carbon has an atomic mass of 12 and an atomic number of 6 then it has

6 electrons

How many molecules are contained in one mole? 6.02 X 10^23 6.02X10^22 6.02 X 10^21 6.02 X 10^24

6.02 X 10^23

Considering solutions with the following pH, which is alkaline?

8

Triglycerides constitute___ of the fats in the human body

90%

The tendency of water molecules to stay close to each other as a result of hydrogen bonding does what?

?

Which of the following influence the physical state of water?

??

What is the difference between glycogen and starch? Question options: A) both are polysaccharides B) glycogen is from animals, starch is from plants C) starch provides bulk and can't be broken down by the human body D) starch is an energy storage molecule, glycogen is an immediate energy usage molecule

?? B?

Hydrocarbon chains: 1 - Interact well with polar substances 2 - Are nonpolar 3 - Do not interact well with water 4 - Are polar Question options: A) 1, 2, 3 B) 2, 3 C) 1, 3, 4 D) 1 only

????

Which of the following is MOST likely a situation involving positive feedback?

A person suffering from dehydration consumes alcoholic beverages that stimulates the kidneys to excrete more urine

Some people compare the mechanisms that maintain homeostasis to driving the speed limit. Which of the following situations provides the best analogy of positive feedback in our driving example?

A police officer is seen in the rear view mirror and the driver gets scared and steps on the gas

Choose the statement(s) that are FALSE about HDLs: 1 - They have a higher lipid : protein ratio 2 - They have a higher protein : lipid ratio 3 - They cause atherosclerosis 4 - They help prevent atherosclerosis 5 - They are known as "bad" cholesterol 6 - They have more apoproteins Question options: A) 1,3,5 B) 1,3,6 C) 2,4,6 D) 1,4,5 E) 2,4,5

A) 1,3,5

How many molecules are contained in one mole?

A) 6.02 X 10^23

___________ is an example of a hydrophobic molecule, whereas ___________ is an example of a hydrophilic molecule.

A) Fat, sugar

The glycemic index of a food is a number that represents how fast that particular food raises blood glucose levels. The higher the number, the faster that food will increase blood glucose levels. Based on the graph below and this information which of the following foods contains the most amylopectin? [~]/Carbohydrate 1.png Question options: A) Food 1 B) Food 2 C) Food 3

A) Food 1 -

Why does water have so many of the unique characteristics that it does?

A) Hydrogen Bonds allow it to interact with itself and other polar molecules.

Which of these would be likely to have a trans bond? Question options: A) Margarine B) Butter C) Peanuts D) Vegetable oil

A) Margarine

Why does NaCl dissociate in water and not glucose?

A) NaCl is bound by ionic bonds and glucose atoms are covalently bonded.

Triglycerides and cholesterol are hydrophobic, along with... Question options: A) Oils and waxes B) Sugars and salts C) Proteins and ions D) Bile and membranes

A) Oils and waxes

Tom is in his chemistry class and notices that the water in his test tube forms a "U" shape (meniscus) on the top surface. What reasonable conclusion can be made based on this information?

A) The test tube is made of polar molecules.

The osmolarity of a solution is _________.

A) a measure of solute concentration.

Which term best describes the accumulation of plaque on the inner walls of arteries? Question options: A) atherosclerosis B) angina C) cholesterol D) peripheral vascular disease E) Hunt's disease

A) atherosclerosis

In a person whose body makes lactase, where would you expect lactose to be digested and absorbed? Question options: A) digested and absorbed in the small intestine B) digested and absorbed in the large intestine C) digested in the small intestine and absorbed in the large intestine D) digested in the large intestine and absorbed in the small intestine

A) digested and absorbed in the small intestine

Which monosaccharide is found in the three primary disaccharides? Question options: A) glucose B) fructose C) sucrose D) galactose

A) glucose

A polyunsaturated fat: Question options: A) has two or more double bonds B) has no double bond C) has one double bond D) is made from single bonds

A) has two or more double bonds

Water is a good solvent for __________ molecules, because it has __________ with the solutes.

A) hydrophilic, electrical charge attractions ??

Substances dissolved in water are called _________.

A) solutes.

The ability of water to stick to other polar substances is termed:

Adhesion

What do cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion have in common with reference to water? (eText Concept 3.2)

All are properties related to hydrogen bonding.

If a neutral atom gained 3 electrons it would be...

An anion

Protons and neutrons...

Are the two particles that make up the nucleus

Regarding the body, homeostasis is maintaining a constant __________.

B and C (second and last answer)

To make a 1% solution of glucose, you would dissolve ____ gram(s) of glucose into enough water to make a 100mL solution.

B) 1

When one mole of potassium chloride (KCl) dissolves in water it dissociates into two ions. After the ions dissociate we could say that there is/are __________ mole(s) of K+ in solution and __________ mole(s) of Cl- in solution.

B) 1, 1

If you place 2 Osm of NaCl into water, what is the osmolarity of Na+ in water?

B) 1.0 Osm

Which statement(s) about phospholipids is true? 1 - They contain a hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail. 2 - The polar heads lie towards the water. 3 - They are amphipathic. 4 - They form a boundary that only allows charged substances to pass through. 5 - They help control what substances pass to the cytoplasm. Question options: A) 1, 3, 4 B) 2, 3, 5 C) 2, 4 D) 1, 5

B) 2, 3, 5

Triglycerides constitute______ of the fats in the human body. Question options: A) 100% B) 90% C) 10% D) 80%

B) 90%

Which statement about fats is false? Question options: A) A saturated fat is one that has no double bonds between two carbon atoms. B) All fatty acid chains are the same length. C) Each carbon atom in a fat forms 4 bonds. D) An unsaturated fat can have multiple double bonds.

B) All fatty acid chains are the same length.

Fatty acids: Question options: A) Can donate a hydrogen, making them acids B) Bind to glycerol through a dehydration synthesis reaction C) Vary in length, number, and type of bonds D) All of the above

B) Bind to glycerol through a dehydration synthesis reaction - ?

Which of the following carbohydrates provides a way for animals to store energy for later use? Question options: A) Starch B) Glycogen C) Cellulose D) A and B E) All of the above

B) Glycogen ?

Which of the following describes a trans-fat? Question options: A) Has all carbon-carbon single bonds. B) Has some carbon-carbon double bonds with hydrogens on opposite sides of the bonds. C) Has some carbon-carbon double bonds with hydrogens on the same side of the bonds. D) The fatty acids form a bent chain.

B) Has some carbon-carbon double bonds with hydrogens on opposite sides of the bonds.

Which of the following represents normal/desirable values? Question options: A) LDL: 130-159 HDL: less than 40(men); less than 50(women) Triglycerides: 150-199 Cholesterol: 200-239 B) LDL: less than 100 HDL: 60+ Triglycerides: less than 50 Cholesterol: less than 200 C) LDL: 190+ HDL: 60 and above Triglycerides: 500+ Cholesterol: 240+ D) LDL: less than 100 HDL: 60+ Triglycerides: less than 50 Cholesterol: 200-239

B) LDL: less than 100 HDL: 60+ Triglycerides: less than 50 Cholesterol: less than 200 -

What is the difference between molarity and osmolarity?

B) Molarity is used for solutes added to water and osmolarity considers any dissociation that may occur in water.

Which one of the following statements about monosaccharides is FALSE? Question options: A) Monosaccharides may combine to form polysaccharides. B) Monosaccharides form polysaccharides in the body primarily in the linear form. C) Monosaccharides form polysaccharides in the body that can be stored in the liver. D) Monosaccharides dissolve in water.

B) Monosaccharides form polysaccharides in the body primarily in the linear form.

Monosaccharides are typically found in which form in the body? Question options: A) Linear form B) Ring form C) Octagonal form D) Rectangular form

B) Ring form-

Consider the previous question again. If 3 moles of MgCl2 are put in a Liter of water then which of the following statements is TRUE? (Mark all that are TRUE...there may be more than one).

B) The solution would have a molarity of 3 H) The solution would have an osmolarity of 9 -

Which of the following is true concerning glucose and fructose? Question options: A) They have the same molecular and structural formulas. B) They have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas. C) They have different molecular formulas, but the same structural formulas. D) They have different molecular and structural formulas.

B) They have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas.

Hydrogen bonds cause surface tension in water, allowing some small organisms, like water striders, to move around on the surface of the water without getting wet. If you introduce soap (a large compound made up of polar covalent bonds) to the water, the surface tension disappears, and the water striders will sink into the water. This is because...

B) Water makes hydrogen bonds with the soap instead of with itself, disrupting the surface tension

In water, hydrogen bonding occurs between the hydrogen atom in one molecule and __________.

B) an oxygen atom in a different molecule

Which of the following is a polysaccharide that CANNOT be digested by the human body? Question options: A) amylose B) cellulose C) glycogen D) amylopectin E) all can be broken down by the human body

B) cellulose

Which of the following is considered to be a lipid? Question options: A) aspartic acid—an amino acid B) cholesterol—a steroid C) starch—a polysaccharide D) catalase—an enzyme

B) cholesterol—a steroid

If lipids were placed in blood without being bound as lipoproteins, they would __________. Question options: A) dissolve B) clump together to form fat droplets C) cause atherosclerosis D) form ring structures

B) clump together to form fat droplets ???

When ionic compounds dissolve in water, their ions ________.

B) dissociate or separate from one another.

Which two monosaccharides make up sucrose? Question options: A) fructose and galactose B) glucose and fructose C) glucose and galactose D) glucose and glucose

B) glucose and fructose -

Amylopectin is to faster digestion as _________ is to faster rise of blood sugar. Question options: A) amylose B) glycogen C) cellulose D) monosaccharides

B) glycogen

The polysaccharide used for energy storage in the human body is Question options: A) cellulose. B) glycogen. C) sucrose. D) starch.

B) glycogen.

The process by which polymers are broken down to monomers is called... Question options: A) dehydration synthesis B) hydrolysis C) decomposition D) glycolysis

B) hydrolysis

Cellulose Question options: A) is a disaccharide B) is not broken down in the human body due to lack of the proper digestive enzymes C) is not broken down in the human body due to the lack of storage capabilities D) all of the above are true statements about cellulose

B) is not broken down in the human body due to lack of the proper digestive enzymes

A disaccharide Question options: A) is composed of two or more simple sugars that are bound together B) is sucrose (table sugar) C) is a 5 and a 6 carbon sugar that are bound together D) all of the above are correct

B) is sucrose (table sugar)

Glucose Question options: A) is an isomer with fructose and maltose B) is the major nutrient for most cells of the body C) is regulated by the Nervous system D) is a 5-carbon sugar and a monosaccharide

B) is the major nutrient for most cells of the body ?

Which one of the following doesn't belong with the other three? Question options: A) phospholipid B) lipoprotein C) cell membrane D) triglyceride

B) lipoprotein ???

Which is not a component of a carbohydrate? Question options: A) carbon B) phosphate C) hydrogen D) oxygen

B) phosphate

What is NOT a biological function of water?

B) regulation of blood volume

Which of the following is not considered a lipid? Question options: A) steroid B) vitamin B C) stearin D) cholesterol

B) vitamin B -

How does the polarity of water contribute to its ability to dissolve so many substances?

Because it is polar, water's oppositely charged ends are attracted to positively and negatively charged ions and molecules. Water molecules form a hydration shell around oppositely charged particles.

How does the polarity of water contribute to its ability to dissolve so many substances? (eText Concept 3.2)

Because it is polar, water's oppositely charged ends are attracted to positively and negatively charged ions and molecules. Water molecules form a hydration shell around oppositely charged particles.

The abbreviation "HCO3-" stands for: Correct Response

Bicarbonate Ion

Which of these statements about positive feedback is the MOST correct?

Birth is an example of a normally occurring positive feedback mechanism.

Which of these statements concerning positive feedback is correct?

Birth is an example of a normally occurring positive-feedback mechanism.

If a person is standing on the moon, they have:

Both B and C

If one were to add a strong acid like HCl to an aqueous solution, which would result?

Both H+ would be released into the solution and the pH would decrease

Which one of the following statements about lipids is true? 1 - Lipids are a component of every cell in the human body. 2 - Saturated fats may lower health risks with the heart. 3 - Trans fats are not considered healthy in any amount. 4 - Unsaturated fats contribute to the risk of cardiovascular disease. Question options: A) 1,3,4 B) 2,3,4 C) 1 and 3 D) 2 and 3 E) 1,2,3,4

C) 1 and 3

Which of the following statements about water is true? 1. Water participates in Hydrogen bonding. 2. Water is an important element in our bodies. 3. Hydrogen and oxygen in water are held together by an ionic bond. 4. Electrons are shared equally between the hydrogen and oxygen.

C) 1, 2 ?

Trans fats: 1 - Are solid at room temperature 2 - Have a sharply kinked geometry 3 - Are liquid at room temperature 4 - Are naturally abundant in nature 5 - Are created from unsaturated fats Question options: A) 1, 2, 5 B) 1, 2, 4 C) 1, 5 D) 2, 3, 4, 5

C) 1, 5

Which one of the following statements about LDLs is true? 1 - They are known as "good" cholesterol 2 - Monounsaturated fats may lower LDL levels 3 - LDL levels are not affected by saturated fats. 4 - They are known as "bad" cholesterol 5 - Trans fats raise the LDL levels. Question options: A) 2,5 B) 1, 2, 3 C) 2, 4, 5 D) 3, 5

C) 2, 4, 5

Which type of fat is readily available in nature? Question options: A) Partially hydrogenated oil B) Trans fats C) Cis fats D) Hydrogenated oil E) all of the above

C) Cis fats

Which one of the following statements about lipoproteins is true? Question options: A) LDLs contain more protein than HDLs. B) HDLs accumulate in the walls of the arteries. C) Eating unsaturated fats instead of saturated fats can help lower LDL levels. D) LDLs don't dissolve in the blood as readily as HDLs.

C) Eating unsaturated fats instead of saturated fats can help lower LDL levels. -

Which of the following is a TRUE statement? Question options: A) Trans bonds have kinks in them, which cause the fat to be liquid at room temperature. B) Cis bonds are straight and cause the fat to be solid at room temperature. C) Fats with trans bonds can stick together more easily and form solids at room temperature. D) A fat containing a higher amount of carbon-hydrogen bonds is more likely to be a liquid at room temperature.

C) Fats with trans bonds can stick together more easily and form solids at room temperature.

When fatty acid chains are straight, they are able to pack together tighter. Based on this, which one of the following would pack together the tightest? Question options: A) Fatty acids containing one cis bond B) Fatty acids containing multiple cis bonds C) Fatty acids containing trans bonds D) Fatty acids containing cis and trans bond

C) Fatty acids containing trans bonds

Identify the mismatched pair. Question options: A) Monosaccharide - ribose B) Maltose - glucose + glucose C) Lactose - glucose + fructose D) Polysaccharide - glycogen

C) Lactose - glucose + fructose

Which of the following is a TRUE function or property of lipids? Question options: A) Lipids dissolve well in water B) Lipids yield less energy per gram than carbohydrates C) Lipids are an important component of biological membranes D) Lipids represent one of the least diverse classes of biological macromolecules

C) Lipids are an important component of biological membranes

All of the following hormones are made from cholesterol except: Question options: A) Progesterone B) Cholesterol C) Tyrosine D) Cortisol

C) Tyrosine -

Which statement is NOT true about water?

C) Water is a nonpolar solvent

Lipids Question options: A) are only comprised of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen B) have a higher ratio of oxygen to carbon, making them more polar than carbohydrates C) can be dissolved in nonpolar organic solvents such as alcohol or acetone D) all of the above are true statements

C) can be dissolved in nonpolar organic solvents such as alcohol or acetone -

Polyunsaturated vegetable oils can be changed from liquids to solids by ________. Question options: A) adding more unsaturated fatty acids to the molecules. B) removing the glycerol portion of the molecules. C) decreasing the number of double covalent bonds in their fatty acids. D) removing hydrogens from the molecules.

C) decreasing the number of double covalent bonds in their fatty acids. -

Glucose is also known as__________. Question options: A) glucagon B) sucrose C) dextrose D) fructose

C) dextrose

Which two monosaccharides make up lactose? Question options: A) fructose and galactose B) glucose and fructose C) glucose and galactose D) glucose and glucose

C) glucose and galactose

In order to produce a 9% solution of glucose, I should add 9 __________ of glucose to 100 __________ of water.

C) grams, milliliters

The picture below is an example of which type of reaction? Question options: A) dehydration synthesis reaction B) anabolic reaction C) hydrolysis reaction D) gluconeogenesis reaction

C) hydrolysis reaction

Phosopholipids have a polar end, where phosphate is found. This polar end is characterized as being __________. Question options: A) saturated. B) unsaturated. C) hydrophilic. D) hydrophobic.

C) hydrophilic.

Osmolarity differs from molarity

C) osmolarity reflects the number of particles in solution

Which of the following represents an ion? Ca2+, He, H2, CO2, KCl

Ca2+

Which one of the following statements about polyunsaturated fatty acids is true?

Carbon atoms in polyunsaturated fats contain the same number of bonds as carbon atoms of saturated fats

Which of the following is a polysaccharide that CANNOT be digested by the human body?

Cellulose

An atom of chlorine has 17 protons and 18 neutrons. Which of the following statements is true?

Chlorine has a mass number of 35

Which of the following is considered to be a lipid?

Cholesterol-a steroid

Which type of fat is readily available in nature?

Cis fats

Which is not a characteristic of triglycerides?

Converted to a steroid in body cells.

Peptide bonds are an example of what type of bonding?

Covalent

Within our body chemistry, which of the following chemical bonds is the strongest?

Covalent bond

______ bonds are sharing of electrons whereas _____ bonds have a complete electron transfer.

Covalent, Ionic

The abbreviation "cAMP" stands for:

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate

Choose the statement(s) that describe lipoproteins: 1 - They are made of fat and proteins 2 - They have hydrophilic ends pointing inward and hydrophobic ends pointing outward 3 - They have hydrophilic ends pointing outward and hydrophobic ends pointing inward 4 - Cholesterol and triglycerides are found inside the lipoprotein structure 5 - They dissolve in water. Question options: A) 1 and 3 B) 1, 2, 5 C) 1, 2, 4, 5 D) 1, 3, 4, 5

D) 1, 3, 4, 5

Glycogen is primarily stored in the __________. 1 - liver 2 - pancreas 3 - brain 4 - skeletal muscle Question options: A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 3, 4 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 4 E) 2, 3

D) 1, 4 ?

Which of the following statements are correct? 1 - Glucose and fructose need to be processed by the liver before entering other body cells. 2 - Glucose can enter nearly every cell of the body. 3 - High fructose corn syrup is 45% fructose and 55% glucose. 4 - High fructose corn syrup may increase the number of triglycerides found in the blood. Question options: A) 1,2,3,4 B) 1,3 C) 1,2,4 D) 2,4 E) 2,3,4

D) 2,4

Why do we need lipoproteins, particularly when research has found that they are associated with atherosclerosis? Question options: A) Lipoproteins help remove fats that adhere to arterial walls B) Lipoproteins help move non-polar compounds around the body C) Lipoproteins help move polar compounds around the body D) A and B E) We don't need lipoproteins

D) A and B ??

Which of the following statements about lipids is true? Question options: A) Lipids are insoluble in water. B) Cholesterol and fats are different varieties of lipids. C) Fat molecules contain C, H, and O. D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which is not a characteristic of triglycerides? Question options: A) Constitutes the majority of the dietary fat in humans B) Stored in adipose tissue C) Cushions and insulates the body when stored as fat. D) Converted to a steroid in body cells.

D) Converted to a steroid in body cells. -

What is a mole?

D) all of the above

Which of the following is a characteristic of an amphipathic molecule? Question options: A) It contains a charged portion B) It contains a hydrophobic portion C) It contains a hydrophillic portion D) all the above

D) all the above

Electrolytes are

D) cations and anions that dissociate in water. -

Ions dissolved in water could be called ________.

D) electrolytes

Which two monosaccharides make up maltose? Question options: A) fructose and galactose B) glucose and fructose C) glucose and galactose D) glucose and glucose

D) glucose and glucose

One calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one __________ of water one degree __________.

D) gram, Celsius

Glucose is the _________. Question options: A) storage carbohydrate in animals. B) storage carbohydrate in plants. C) nondigestible plant polysaccharide D) major nutrient for most body cells. E) sugar found in RNA.

D) major nutrient for most body cells.

Which statement is false concerning the lipids in the human body? Question options: A) fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E and K B) a polyunsaturated fat has 2 or more double covalent bonds between the carbon atoms C) eicosanoids are important regulatory molecules derived from fatty acids D) steroids are similar in chemical structure to other lipid molecules, but their solubility characteristics are different.

D) steroids are similar in chemical structure to other lipid molecules, but their solubility characteristics are different. ??

Which of the following is NOT an example of a negative feedback loop?

During pregnancy, uterine stretching stimulates uterine muscle contraction.

Which is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?

During pregnancy, uterine stretching: stimulates uterine muscle contraction

Lipid function includes Question options: A) providing protection B) structure and support of cells C) use as an energy source D) use as regulatory substance for many physiological processes E) all of the above are functions of lipids

E

Lipoproteins: 1 - Are an assembly of both lipids and proteins. 2 - Form large particles that will have hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends. 3 - Shield cholesterol and triglycerides from water. 4 - HDL and LDL are two of the most common types. Question options: A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 2 C) 1, 3 D) 1, 2, 4 E) 1, 3, 4

E) 1, 3, 4

Which one of the following statements about polysaccharides is true? 1 - Polysaccharides are broken down by hydrolysis reactions. 2 - Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides. 3 - Polysaccharides are only considered complex carbohydrates when they are branched. 4 - Polysaccharides are the products of a process called gluconeogenesis. 5 - Starch is an example of a digestible polysaccharide in humans. Question options: A) 1,2,4,5 B) 1,3,4,5 C) 2,3,4,5 D) 1,2,4 E) 1,2,5 F) 2,3,4 G) 2,3,5

E) 1,2,5

Which of the following will occur if a person doesn't have the enzyme lactase? 1 - Lactose will be absorbed in the large intestine. 2 - Water will enter the lumen of the large intestine by osmosis. 3 - Lactose will pass through the small intestine and enter the colon 4 - Lactose will be broken down into two galactose molecules. 5 - The person will experience symptoms of abdominal bloating, cramps and diarrhea. Question options: A) 1,3,5 B) 1,2,3,4 C) 2,3,4,5 D) 2,4,5 E) 2,3,5

E) 2,3,5

Which of the following statements about water is true?

E) all of the above

Which one of the following statements about lipoproteins is true?

Eating unsaturated fats instead of saturated fats can help lower LDL levels

The most important factor determining chemical properties for an element is?

Electron configuration

C) they cannot be reused after a reaction has taken place.

Enzymes have the following characteristics except _________. Question options: A) they control the rate of most chemical reactions in the body. B) they are sensitive to temperature and pH. C) they cannot be reused after a reaction has taken place. D) they are activated when a reactant binds to the enzyme's active site. E) they may require a cofactor.

Which one of the following statements about glycogen is correct? Question options: A) Glycogen is found in the muscle and liver cells of humans. B) Glycogen is the only storage form of glucose in humans. C) Glycogen is formed exclusively by gluconeogenesis. D) Glycogen is less branched than amylopectin. E) all the above F) a and b G) b, c, d H) c and d

F) a and b

Plants store glucose in which form(s)? Question options: A) Amylose B) Glycogen C) Amylopectin D) Maltose E) all the above F) a and c G) b and d H) a, c and d

F) a and c

You are given two unknown liquids labeled X and Y. You decide to run some experiments to determine what they are. You pour the liquids into separate beakers and begin to heat them up. As the liquids sit on the hot plate you notice that liquid X heats up much faster and begins to boil. Based on this information, what can you conclude about the hydrogen bonds in each liquid?

F) b and d

Which one of the following statements about monomers is true? Question options: A) Monosaccharides are composed of more than one monomer. B) All monomers are monosaccharides. C) All monosaccharides are monomers. D) Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide and a monomer. E) all the above F) c and d G) b and d H) a and b

F) c and d -

Which of the following is a TRUE statement?

Fats with trans bonds can stick together more easily and form solids at room temperature

When fatty acid chains are straight, they are able to pack together tighter. Based on this, which one of the following would pack together the tightest? -Fatty acids containing 1 cis bond -Fatty acids containing multiple cis bonds -Fatty acids containing trans bonds -Fatty acids containing cis and trans bond

Fatty acids containing trans bonds

Which of the following statements are TRUE? Question options: A) Fatty acid and glycerol molecules are bound together through a dehydration synthesis reaction B) A characteristic of steroids are their hydrocarbon rings. C) Cholesterol is used to synthesize steroid hormones D) Glycerol is always the same, while fatty acid chains can vary in length and number of single bonds. E) A & C F) C & D G) B & D H) None of the above are TRUE I) All of the above are TRUE

G) B & D ????

Which of the following carbohydrates provides a way for animals to store energy for later use?

Glycogen

Which graph or graphs above would MOST likely represent positive feedback? (Please note that the X axis label in Graph 4 does change)

Graph 4 Line A

Which of the following is NOT a molecule? H2, H20, CH4, O2, H

H

How does water help to maintain the body's temperature even when the weather is cold?

H) a and d

Which one of the following statements are TRUE? Question options: A) Formation of a triglyceride from glycerol and fatty acids and formation of a disaccharide from two monosaccharides occurs via the same type of reaction. B) The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is greater in glucose than it is in lipids C) The process of hydrogenation produces cis and trans fats. D) Cholesterol is a steroid E) all the above F) a, b, c G) b, c, d H) a and d I) a, c, d

H) a and d -

Why can't the human body breakdown cellulose? Question options: A) The human body lacks the enzymes to digest cellulose. B) Cellulose contains fructose, which is difficult to use in metabolic pathways. C) Cellulose is insoluble in water so it cannot be broken down D) The bond configuration between glucose molecules is different in cellulose than it is in glycogen. E) all the above F) a, b and d G) b and c H) a and d I) c and d

H) a and d -

Important electrolyte(s) in the body include...

H) all of the above

Which one of the following statements about monosaccharides is true? Question options: A) They can be in linear or ring form. B) Different monosaccharides have the same structural formula but different molecular formulas. C) The structural formula for three common monosaccharides is C6H12O6. D) Two monosaccharides are produced when water is removed from a disaccharide. E) all the above F) a, b, c G) b and c H) c and d

H) c and d?

Which of the following dissociations is that of an acid?

HF --> H+ + F-

Which of the following dissociations is that of an acid? (eText Concept 3.3)

HF → H+ + F

Which of the following dissociations is that of an acid?

HF → H+ + F-

Which of the following describes a trans-fat?

Has some carbon-carbon double bonds with hydrogens on opposite sides of the bonds

Why does water have so many of the unique characteristics that it does? Hydrogen Bonds allow it to interact with itself and other polar molecules. Its covalent bonds are easily broken so H and O can interact with other molecules. Having 2 Hydrogen's in one molecule allow it to be extremely reactive. It is able to interact with molecules that are both polar and nonpolar.

Hydrogen Bonds allow it to interact with itself and other polar molecules.

what are the four most abundant elements in living systems?

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon CHON

Ionic compounds tend to be...

Hydrophilic and disassociate in water readily.

What water-related evidence do scientists have that suggests life may exist on other planets? (eText Concept 3.2)

In 2008, the robotic spacecraft Phoenix found ice present just under the material on Mars's surface, and detected sufficient water vapor in the Martian atmosphere for frost to form.

Why are cell membranes composed primarily of hydrophobic molecules

In order to perform their function of separating the aqueous solutions outside of cells from the aqueous solutions inside of cells, cell membranes cannot be soluble in water.

Why are cell membranes composed primarily of hydrophobic molecules? (eText Concept 3.2)

In order to perform their function of separating the aqueous solutions outside of cells from the aqueous solutions inside of cells, cell membranes cannot be soluble in water.

How does fainting due to orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure when standing up) aid in establishing an adequate blood pressure?

Increased blood flow to the heart, increased blood pressure

In water, MgCl2 dissociates into Mg2+ and 2Cl-. Based on this information, what type of bond is involved in the formation of MgCl2?

Ionic

Which is a true statement about positive feedback?

It can create a cycle that leads away from homeostasis

When pH shifts from 7 to 3, how has the hydrogen ion concentration changed?

It has increased by 10,000 times.

When the pH of a solution shifts from 7 to 3, how has the hydrogen ion concentration changed?

It has increased by 10,000 times.

Which of the following statements is true about acid precipitation

It has the most pronounced effect on lakes and streams in the early spring.

Which is TRUE regarding a Hydrogen bond?

It is the weakest type of bond between atoms

Which is true about a pH buffer?

It reduces the amount of H+ in an acidic solution

Which of the following statements is true about acid precipitation? (eText Concept 3.3)

It washes away some minerals that are plant nutrients, and causes some toxic minerals to accumulate.

How would gaining one neutron and one electron alter the charge of a neutral Hydrogen atom?

It would create a negatively charged hydrogen ion

Which statement is TRUE about hydrogen bonds?

It's more of an intermolecular force than a TRUE bond.

High levels of ___can cause atherosclerosis

LDL

Which of the following represents normal/desirable values?

LDL: less than 100 HDL: 60+ Triglycerides: less than 50 Cholesterol: less than 200

Which of the following is a TRUE function or property of lipids?

Lipids are an important component of biological membranes

Which of these would be likely to have a trans bond?

Margarine

What is the difference between molarity and osmolarity? Molarity refers to moles per liter and osmolarity refers to grams per 100 ml Molarity is used for solutes added to water and osmolarity considers any dissociation that may occur in water. Molarity is more accurate to use when referring to solute concentration in body fluids All of the above are TRUE statements

Molarity is used for solutes added to water and osmolarity considers any dissociation that may occur in water.

Which is a fatty acid with one double bond?

Monounsaturated fat

Why is the increasing amount of carbon dioxide being taken up by the oceans a cause for concern? ()

More carbon dioxide causes an increase in carbonic acid (H2CO3), which leads to a decrease in the concentration of carbonate ion (CO32-).

Why is the increasing amount of carbon dioxide being taken up by the oceans a cause for concern? (eText Concept 3.3)

More carbon dioxide causes an increase in carbonic acid (H2CO3), which leads to a decrease in the concentration of carbonate ion (CO32-).

If you were an electron, and your home town was your nucleus, what would you need to do in relation to your home town to emit light (release energy)?

Move closer to your home town.

Which organ system produces heat?

Muscular system

Why does NaCl dissociate in water and not glucose? NaCl is bound by ionic bonds and glucose atoms are covalently bonded. Glucose is bound by ionic bonds and NaCl atoms are covalently bonded. Glucose is a much larger molecule so it can't be broken down by water. Glucose is hydrophobic.

NaCl is bound by ionic bonds and glucose atoms are covalently bonded

Consider the picture below. The Y-axis represents heart rate and the X-axis represents the amount of blood lost. Which of the statements is MOST true for the portion labeled A on the graph?

Negative feedback appears to be active.

The Y-axis represents the liters of blood lost (values further up mean more blood lost). The X-axis represent the heart rate (values further to the right meant a higher heart rate). Which of the following statements is most true?

Negative feedback is being attempted.

Consider this graph: The Y-axis represents the heart rate (values further up the axis represent faster heart rates). The X-axis represents blood loss (values further to the right represent more blood loss). As the heart rate increases, cardiac output increases (which means the heart pumps more blood into the vessels. Now consider this case: Willie Leak was in a bad car accident and he is now bleeding profusely. If this graph represents his physiological responses so far, which of the following statements is MOST true?

Negative feedback is occuring.

Which statement is FALSE regarding ionic bonds?

Neon and Argon would form an ionic bond because they both have full electron shells.

__________ bonds are formed when atoms share electrons equally.

Nonpolar covalent

Portion of the atom that contains both protons and neutrons?

Nucleus

A) Covalent -

Peptide bonds are an example of what type of bonding? Question options: A) Covalent B) Ionic C) Hydrogen D) van der Waals

What type of bonds form from the unequal sharing of electrons?

Polar covalent

Blood pressure decreases and a body system responds in a way that causes the blood pressure to decrease even more. Which of the following would fit this statement the BEST?

Positive feedback must be happening

Consider the picture below. The Y-axis represents heart rate and the X-axis represents the amount of blood lost. Which of the statements is MOST true for the portion labeled B on the graph?

Positive feedback must be happening.

E) store hereditary information.

Proteins can serve all of the following functions EXCEPT _________. Question options: A) catalyze metabolic reactions. B) give structural strength to cells and tissues. C) produce muscular and other forms of movement. D) regulate transport of solutes into and out of cells. E) store hereditary information.

In order to change its charge from H to H+ the H atom would need to?

Remove one electron

Monosaccharides are typically found in which form in the body?

Ring form

Male saltwater crocodiles can reach lengths of 17 feet, with the largest salt water crocodile ever found reaching a length of over 21 feet. These massive animals are loaded with muscle yet they have dramatic insufficiencies in their ability to thermoregulate. In other words, they depend on the sun to warm them up and the water to cool them off. If the crocodile senses a change in temperature it must move to the water or bask in the sun to regulate body temperature. Based on your knowledge of the thermoregulatory systems in humans and the feedback loops involved, which of the following statements MOST likely explains why the crocodiles cannot thermoregulate like humans?

Saltwater crocodiles have the ability to accomplish body temperature homeostasis, but they use different effectors than humans

What is an isotope?

Same element, different number of neutrons.

In a covalent bond, the electrons are?

Shared by two atoms

Some people compare the mechanisms that maintain homeostasis to driving the speed limit. Which set of terms below best match in the analogy?

Stimuli: car travels above or below the speed limit....Effector: gas pedal or brake....Control center: driver

Imagine that organisms consisted of 70-95% alcohol instead of 70-95% water. Alcohol's specific heat is about half that of water. How would living things be different? (eText Concept 3.2)

Systems for temperature regulation would have to be much more efficient.

During delivery the birth canal is stretched, which stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contraction. Based on this information which of the following is true?

The baby will stimulate a positive feedback loop as it descends and stretches the birth canal.

Ben Hitt was involved in a motorcycle accident and suffered severe trauma to his leg resulting in severe blood loss. Initially, Ben's heart rate elevated, but his blood pressure continued to decrease. After the bleeding was stopped and Ben was given a blood transfusion, his blood pressure increased back to set point. Which of the following statements is MOST consistent with the symptoms and results.

The blood transfusion overcame the effects of a likely positive feedback loop

C) amino acids

The building blocks of proteins are _______. Question options: A) triglycerides. B) phospholipids. C) amino acids. D) monosaccharides. E) eicosanoids.

If water were not a polar molecule, how would the effects of global warming differ from what are currently observed or predicted to occur in the future?

The effects would be drastically worse because the loss of the polar nature of water would greatly reduce its specific heat and its ability to moderate temperature.

If water were not a polar molecule, how would the effects of global warming differ from what are currently observed or predicted to occur in the future? (eText Concept 3.2)

The effects would be drastically worse because the loss of the polar nature of water would greatly reduce its specific heat and its ability to moderate temperature.

What do cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion have in common with reference to water?

The extraordinary qualities of water are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding.

Which of the following best describes the quaternary structure of a protein?

The interaction of the subunits of the protein

Choose the correct statement.

The neck is caudal to the head.

Which of these statements is incorrect?

The right ear is medial to the right eye.

In order to produce two equal halves that are mirror images of each other, the human body would need to be split along which plane?

The sagittal plane

Which of the following BEST explains why a person with a fever is shivering but is hot to the touch?

The set point for the homeostatic temperature has been increased and their body is trying to match the new set point.

Which of the following accurately relates the emergent properties of water to the effects of global warming in the Arctic? (eText Concept 3.2)

The significant increase in Arctic air temperature over the past 50 years is causing sea ice to form later in the year, to melt earlier, and to cover a smaller area each year.

Consider the previous question again. If 3 moles of MgCl2 are put in a Liter of water then which of the following statements is TRUE? (Mark all that are TRUE...there may be more than one). The solution would have a molarity of 1 The solution would have a molarity of 3 The solution would have an osmolarity of 3 The solution would have an osmolarity of 6 The solution would have a molarity of 6 The solution would have a molarity of 1.5 The solution would have an osmolarity of 1.5 The solution would have an osmolarity of 9

The solution would have an osmolarity of 9 The solution would have a molarity of 3

Tom is in his chemistry class and notices that the water in his test tube forms a "U" shape (meniscus) on the top surface. What reasonable conclusion can be made based on this information? The test tube is made of polar molecules. Atmospheric pressure is pushing down more on the center than on the sides. Test tubes are rounded at the bottom so the center of the water column will be lower than the sides. The test tube needs more water to make it level.

The test tube is made of polar molecules

What are saturated fats?

They are fatty acid chains with no double bonds

Which one of the following statements about monosaccharides is true?

They can be in linear or ring form

Which of the following is true concerning glucose and fructose?

They have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas

___constitute over 90% of the fats in the human body

Triglycerides

Physiology is the study of the processes or functions of living things.

True

Why don't oil and water mix?

Water is polar and oil is nonpolar

What is the role of van der Waals interactions in biological molecules?

Weak bonds are important in the three-dimensional structure of most large biological molecules, and they play a role in molecular interactions.

C) helix and pleated sheet

What are the two secondary structures of a protein? Question options: A) globular and spiral B) helix and globular C) helix and pleated sheet D) pleated sheet and globular

D) The interaction of the subunits of the protein.

Which of the following best describes the quaternary structure of a protein? Question options: A) The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. B) The regular repeating segments of the polypeptide chain. C) The functional shape of the protein. D) The interaction of the subunits of the protein.

D) the bonds between the "R" groups

Which part of the amino acid structure gives the protein its shape? Question options: A) the C-C bond B) the C-N bond C) the hydrogen bonds D) the bonds between the "R" groups

With regard to an element, which statement is most TRUE?

While a particular element has a certain number of protons, atoms of the same element may have different numbers of neutrons.

Tritiated hydrogen(^3H) differs from hydrogen(^1H) in that

^3H has 2 more neutrons than ^1H

Which of the following can be found in hydrophilic compounds?

a and b

Which of the following influence the physical state of water? number of intermolecular bonds temperature size of the water molecules a and b a and c all of the above

a and b

How does water help to maintain the body's temperature even when the weather is cold? As water molecules slow down they form more hydrogen bonds and release energy. When the body experiences a large drop in temperature it forces the water molecules to move faster in order to break hydrogen bonds and release energy as heat. As the temperature decreases the water molecules lose kinetic energy, this allows them to form more stable polar covalent bonds. Since water has a high heat capacity it retains heat longer. a, c, d b, c, d a and c a and d

a and d

This is formed when an atom loses one electron from its outer shell.

a cation

An acid is _____.

a compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution

An acid is _____. (eText Concept 3.3)

a compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution

Water molecules have _____ than molecules of similar size, such as ammonia and methane, reflecting its capacity to absorb large amounts of heat. (eText Concept 3.2)

a higher boiling point

The molarity of a solution is

a measure of solute concentration

The osmolarity of a solution is _________. a measure of solute concentration. a measure of solute type. the weight of a solid substance. reflects a measure of the amount of oil dissolved in a water. a scientific term for determining the solubility of a substance in water.

a measure of solute concentration

what type of bond is a hydrogen bond?

a weak chemical bond

The attraction of unlike substances is termed _____.

adhesion

Important electrolyte(s) in the body include... K+ Na+ Ca2+ Cl- HC03- H+ Mg2+ all of the above only a through f

all of the above

Why is it important to drink adequate amounts of water each day? Water helps to regulate body temperature. Water helps to lubricate the joints. Water dissolves solutes, which allows chemical reactions to occur. all of the above

all of the above

The building blocks of proteins are___

amino acids

A researcher discovered a receptor that is activated when oxygen concentrations in the blood decrease below normal. According to the principles of negative feedback, it is likely that stimulation of this receptor will produce which of the following responses?

an increase in breathing rate

when the proton number and electron number are unequal, the atom or molecules is what?

an ion

In water, hydrogen bonding occurs between the hydrogen atom in one molecule and __________. an oxygen atom in the same molecule an oxygen atom in a different molecule a hydrogen atom in the same molecule a hydrogen atom in a different molecule

an oxygen atom in a different molecule

In water, hydrogen bonding occurs between the hydrogen atom in one molecule and __________:

an oxygen atom in a different molecule.

A negatively charged ion is also referred to as a ?

anion

Molecules

are derived from the chemical bonding of two or more atoms, differ in their physical properties from the atoms from which they were derived, are important to biological processes, can form from the covalent bonding of two or more atoms (all)

Sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolves in water because water molecules _____.

are polar

Which term best describes the accumulation of plaque on the inner walls of arteries?

atherosclerosis

isotopes of an element will always differ in what?

atomic mass

These are the smallest functional units of matter that form all chemical substances and that cannot be further broken down by ordinary chemical or physical means

atoms

Which of the following represents the smallest functional unit of living organisms

atoms

ionic bonds are formed as a result of what?

attraction between ions that have opposite charges

You are given two unknown liquids labeled X and Y. You decide to run some experiments to determine what they are. You pour the liquids into separate beakers and begin to heat them up. As the liquids sit on the hot plate you notice that liquid X heats up much faster and begins to boil. Based on this information, what can you conclude about the hydrogen bonds in each liquid? Liquid X can form more hydrogen bonds. Liquid Y can form more hydrogen bonds. Liquid X has a higher heat of vaporization. Liquid Y has a higher heat of vaporization. a and d b and d a and c b and c

b and d

A researcher was studying the control of the level of Hormone W in rats. If the level of hormone W in the blood is controlled by a negative feedback loop, then injecting a rat with a small amount of Hormone W would have the following effect:

block the release of more Hormone W into the blood.

A researcher discovered a new hormone in the human body that raises blood calcium levels. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when

blood calcium levels decrease.

A researcher discovered a new hormone in the human body that decreases blood potassium levels. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when

blood potassium levels increase.

Two Nitrogen atoms are Measured and weighed. The atomic number of Nitrogen is 7 and we find that the first Nitrogen atom has an atomic mass of 14 while the second Nitrogen atom has an atomic mass of 13. Which statement/s is/are TRUE about the Nitrogen atoms?

both b and c

The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and water's ability to dissolve substances that have charges or partial charges are _____.

both caused by water's partial charges

The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and water's ability to dissolve substances that have charges or partial charges are _____. (eText Concept 3.2)

both caused by water's partial charges

Water molecules are known for forming hydrogen bonds between themselves and for their ability to dissolve a great variety of substances that have charges or partial charges on their molecules. These two properties are ___________.

both caused by water's partial charges

For water to vaporize

both energy must be supplied and hydrogen bonds broken

Based on the colligative properties of water, what would happen if on were to add a solute to water?

both the freezing point of water would decrease and the boiling point of water would increase

A substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution is a _____.

buffer

A substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH-in a solution is a _____. (eText Concept 3.3)

buffer

Lipids...

can be dissolved in nonpolar organic solvents such as alcohol or acetone

The first, inner-most energy shell of an atom

can have a maximum of 2 electrons

A carbon atom (atomic number 6, atomic weight 12) is bombarded with neutron radiation and captures 2 new neutrons. This carbon atom is...

carbon 14, an isotope of carbon.

This is formed when an atom loses an electron to another atom

cations and anions that can form ionic bonds

Electrolytes are nonpolar molecules. substances that usually don't dissolve in water. found in solutions that do not conduct electricity. cations and anions that dissociate in water.

cations and anions that dissociate in water

If lipids were placed in blood without being bound as lipoproteins they would...

clump together to form fat droplets

Surface tension involves _____.

cohesion

The phenomenon responsible for maintaining the upward movement of water through a vessel is _____. (eText Concept 3.2)

cohesion

Which action would involve the greatest transfer of heat?

condensing 5 g of steam to liquid water

Which action would involve the greatest transfer of heat? (eText Concept 3.2)

condensing 5 g of steam to liquid water

"Cutting off your nose" would be a section in the _____ plane.

coronal

Which of the following chemical bonds is the strongest?

covalent

when one or more pairs of valence electrons are shared by two neutral atoms, what type of bond is formed?

covalent bond

Polyunsaturated vegetable oils can be changed from liquids to solids by___

decreasing the number of double covalent bonds in their fatty acids

Glucose is also known as___

dextrose

Isotopes are different forms of the same element that

differ in their number of neutrons, have the same number of protons, are often used in medicine to track biological processes, can be found in nature (all)

In a person whose body makes lactase, where would you expect lactose to be digested and absorbed?

digested and absorbed in the small intestine

When ionic compounds are placed in water, their ions ________.

dissociate or separate from one another.

Cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves consist of about 70 to 95% water. As a result, _____. (eText Concept 3.1)

dissolved substances can be easily transported within a cell or between cells in multicellular organisms ,the temperature of living things tends to change relatively slowly ,waste products produced by cell metabolism can be easily removed ,a variety of nutrient molecules is readily available as dissolved solutes ,All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following sets of directional terms are most appropriately referred to as opposites?

distal and proximal

When one oxygen atom shares two pairs of electrons with another oxygen atom, O2 is formed via a(n) _________.

double covalent bond.

Ions disassociated in water could be called ________.

electrolytes

which of the following has negligible mass?

electron

what does the number of protons in an uncharged atom equal?

equals the number of electrons

Feedback mechanisms contain all of the following EXCEPT a(n) ________. set point control center effector equilibrator

equilibrator

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?

excessive diarrhea occurring with dehydration

___________ is an example of a hydrophobic molecule, whereas ___________ is an example of a hydrophilic molecule. Fat, sugar Oil, fat salt, oil salt, sugar

fat, sugar

Pure water has a pH of 7. Why does uncontaminated rainwater have a pH of 5.6? (eText Concept 3.3)

formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water

Which one of the following planes divides the crural (shin) and sural (calf) regions of the body?

frontal plane

An element with 6 electrons in its outer shell will want to...

gain 2 electrons

Which monosaccharide is found in the three primary disaccharides?

glucose

Which two monosaccharides make up sucrose?

glucose + fructose

Which two monosaccharides make up lactose?

glucose and galactose

Which two monosaccharides make up maltose?

glucose and glucose

Amylopectin is to faster digestion as ___is to faster rise of blood sugar

glycogen

The polysaccharide used for energy storage in the human body is...

glycogen

What is the difference between glycogen and starch?

glycogen is from animals, starch is from plants

In order to produce a 9% solution of glucose, I should add 9 __________ of glucose to 100 __________ of water. milligrams, milliliters milligrams, deciliters grams, milliliters grams, liters

grams, milliliters

A polyunsaturated fat:

has 2 or more double bonds

A saturated fat

has only single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms

a polar covalent bond is a bond that what?

has shared electrons pulled closer to the more electronegative atom

Hydrophilic substances, but not hydrophobic substances, _____.

have charges and partial charges to which water molecules can adhere

Hydrophilic substances, but not hydrophobic substances, _____. (eText Concept 3.2)

have charges and partial charges to which water molecules can adhere

Sweating has a cooling effect because of water's high _____. (eText Concept 3.2)

heat of vaporization

Water resists temperature change because _____.

heating water absorbs energy by disrupting the hydrogen bonds before evaporation can occur Hydrogen bonding makes water molecules more cohesive.

What are the two secondary structures of a protein?

helix and pleated sheet

Which of the following is an example of a "beneficial" deviation from normal set point in homeostasis?

high blood pressure during exercise

What type of bonding is likely to occur between two water molecules or strands of DNA?

hydrogen

Which of the following represents an abundant element found in living organisms?

hydrogen

The attraction between a negatively charged molecule and a hydrogen in a polar covalent bond is called a:

hydrogen bond

Which of the following would be most easily broken?

hydrogen bond

The process by which polymers are broken down to monomers is called...

hydrolysis

Phospholipids have a polar end, where phosphate is found. This polar end is characterized as being___.

hydrophilic

Ionic compounds tend to be... Hydrophobic and dissolve in water readily Hydrophobic and don't dissolve in water Hydrophilic and don't dissolve in water Hydrophilic and dissolve in water readily.

hydrophilic and dissolve in water readily

A molecule that has all nonpolar covalent bonds would be _____.

hydrophobic

A molecule that has all nonpolar covalent bonds would be _____. (eText Concept 3.2)

hydrophobic

Nonpolar molecules that cluster away from water molecules are called _____ molecules

hydrophobic

Nonpolar molecules that cluster away from water molecules are called _____ molecules. (eText Concept 3.2)

hydrophobic

A molecule that has all nonpolar covalent bonds would be _____.

hydrophobic Hydrophilic substances are polar.

Because molecules of water are farther apart in ice than in liquid water, _____. (eText Concept 3.2)

ice floats

Because the molecules of water are farther apart in ice than in liquid water, _____.

ice floats

Because molecules of water are farther apart in ice than in liquid water, _____.

ice floats Because water molecules in ice are farther apart than in liquid water, ice is less dense, and therefore, it floats.

Positive Feedback

in certain conditions, may result in death

water is a polar molecule, which means what?

in the case of water, the oxygen is slightly negative and the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive

Adding acid tends to _____ of a solution.

increase the hydrogen ion concentration and lower the pH

Adding acid tends to _____ of a solution. (eText Concept 3.3)

increase the hydrogen ion concentration and lower the pH

Adding acid tends to ____ of a solution.

increase the hydrogen ion concentration and lower the pH As the hydrogen ion concentration increases, the pH declines.

The absorption of human-generated CO2 by the oceans _____. (eText Concept 3.3)

increases the hydrogen ion concentration in the oceans but decreases the carbonate ion concentration and threatens the livability of the oceans for calcifying organisms

Bob has just finished donating blood at a local blood drive. Donating blood took longer than he thought and he is in a hurry to meet up with some friends. As he stands up and starts to walk toward the door he begins to get dizzy, a volunteer at the blood drive catches him just as he faints. When Bob awakes he is told that he fainted due to orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure). Fainting helps Bob's body restore homeostasis by __________.

increasing blood pressure and blood flow to the heart

A milliosmole is 1/10 of an osmole is 1/100 of an osmole is 1/1000 of an osmole is 1/10,000 of an osmole

is 1/1000 of an osmole

Cellulose

is not broken down in the human body due to lack of the proper digestive enzymes

A disaccharide

is sucrose (table sugar)

What statement is true about homeostasis?

is the maintenance of a variable around a set point

Glucose

is the major nutrient for most cells of the body

Which of the following is TRUE of a chemical reaction?

it changes a substance from one form to another

When the pH of a solution shifts from 7 to 3, how has the hydrogen ion concentration changed? (eText Concept 3.3)

it has increased by 10,000 times.

Which of the following is not true of water?

it is a relatively poor solvent

If orange juice has a pH of 4 then

it is an acidic solution

Which of the following is a characteristic of an amphipathic molecule?

it would dissolve in water

Iodine atoms usually have equal numbers of electrons and protons. What would happen if an iodine atom gains one electron?

it would have a negative charge

Potassium atoms usually have equal numbers of electrons and protons. What would happen if a potassium atom loses one electron?

it would have a positive charge

The anatomical term that means "away from the midline of the body" is

lateral.

What is NOT an example of the body systems trying to maintain homeostasis?

laughter

Which of the following correlates the highest with deposition of fatty plaques on the arterial walls?

low density lipoprotein

Adding a base tends to _____ of a solution.

lower hydrogen ion concentration and increase the pH A lower pH means a higher hydrogen ion concentration.

Adding a base tends to _____ of a solution

lower the hydrogen ion concentration and increase the pH

Adding a base tends to _____ of a solution. (eText Concept 3.3)

lower the hydrogen ion concentration and increase the pH

Glucose is the ___

major nutrient for most body cells

An Element is the simplest type of _______, while still having unique chemical________?

matter, properties

pH buffers

minimize fluctuations in the pH of solutions, are usually weak acids and bases, are common in biological fluids, limit major shifts in the amount of H+ and OH- in solution (all)

If we were to add an electron to a neutrally charged atom, the charge would then become?

more negative

Which characteristic of an atom defines its relationship and/or interaction with other atoms?

number of electrons in outer most shell

Which of the following is LEAST hydrophilic? Na+, HCO3-, oil, amphipathic molecules, CO2

oil

Triglycerides and cholesterol are hydrophobic along with...

oils and waxes

a covalent bond is likely to be polar if what?

one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative

Most of water's unique features (for example, its versatility as a solvent, ability to moderate temperature, and cohesive behavior) result from the fact that _____.

oxygen attracts electrons more than hydrogen does

Most of water's unique features (for example, its versatility as a solvent, ability to moderate temperature, and cohesive behavior) result from the fact that _____. (eText Concept 3.2)

oxygen attracts electrons more than hydrogen does

Oxygen has an atomic mass of 16 and an atomic number of 8

oxygen has 8 electrons and can form two bonds with other atoms

Which of the following is most inferior in location? Correct Response

pelvic cavity

The most widely effective solvent is a material that is _____.

polar

Water is a very versatile solvent because water molecules are _____. (eText Concept 3.2)

polar

Water is a very versatile solvent because water molecules are _____.

polar Because molecules of polar solvents have a positive and a negative pole, polar solvents are excellent solvents for ions and for other polar materials. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hydrogen bonding is a type of ___________.

polar covalent bonding.

Amphipathic molecules

possess both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

The nucleus of an atom is composed of

protons and neutrons

The tendency of water molecules to stay close to each other as a result of hydrogen bonding _____. (eText Concept 3.2)

provides the surface tension that allows leaves to float on water , acts to moderate temperature , keeps water moving through the vessels in a tree trunk , is called cohesion

In anatomical position the patella (knee cap) is __________ to the tibia (shin) and __________ to the femur (thigh).

proximal, distal

A term that means nearer the attached end of a limb is

proximal.

Which of the following contains three components of the homeostatic control system?

receptor, integrating (control), effector organ

What is NOT a biological function of water? protection and lubrication regulation of blood volume involved in many chemical reactions necessary for life stabilizing body temperature

regulation of blood volume

Hydrophobic molecules are _____ water. (eText Concept 3.2)

repelled by

A vertical plane that separates the body into right and left portions is called a _____ plane.

sagittal

Substances dissolved in water are called _________.

solutes

Substances dissolved in water are called _________. solutes. solvents. catalysts. osmoles. insoluble.

solutes

The reason that coastal climates are more moderate than inland climates is due primarily to water's high _____. (eText Concept 3.2)

specific heat

A researcher was studying the control of the level of Hormone X in rats. If the level of hormone X in the blood is controlled by a positive feedback loop, then injecting a rat with a small amount of Hormone X would have the following effect:

stimulate the release of more Hormone X into the blood

Sucrose has a molecular mass of 342 daltons. To make a 2-molar (2 M) solution of sucrose, _____. (eText Concept 3.2)

stir 342 g of sucrose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 0.5 L

Sucrose has a molecular weight of 342 daltons. To make a 2-molar (2 M) solution of sucrose, _____.

stir 342 grams of sucrose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 0.5

Which of these directional terms is correctly paired with it's opposite?

superficial and deep

Which of the following describes the position of the nose?

superior to the mouth

You can fill a glass of water to just slightly above the rim without it spilling over the glass. What property of water best explains this phenomenon? (eText Concept 3.2)

surface tension

A glass of grapefruit juice, at pH 3, contains _____ H+ as a glass of tomato juice, at pH 4

ten times as much

A glass of grapefruit juice, at pH 3, contains _____ H+ as a glass of tomato juice, at pH 4. (eText Concept 3.3)

ten times as much

Which part of the amino acid structure gives the protein its shape?

the bonds between the "R" groups

Adhesion is best described as _____.

the clinging of one substance to another substance

Adhesion is best described as _____. (eText Concept 3.2)

the clinging of one substance to another substance

The amount of heat required to convert 1 g of any substance from the liquid to the gaseous state is defined as _____. (eText Concept 3.2)

the heat of vaporization of that substance

the chemical characteristics or reactivity of an element depend mostly on what?

the number of electrons in the outer most shell

The atomic number of an atom is

the number of protons in the atom

Water is a polar molecule. This means that _____. (eText Concept 3.1)

the opposite ends of the molecule have opposite electrical charges

In a group of water molecules, hydrogen bonds form between _____.

the oxygen atom in one molecule and a hydrogen atom in another molecule

In a group of water molecules, hydrogen bonds form between _____. (eText Concept 3.1)

the oxygen atom in one water molecule and a hydrogen atom in another water molecule

In a group of water molecules, hydrogen bonds form between what?

the oxygen atom in one water molecule and a hydrogen atom in another water molecule

The amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 g of any substance by one °C is defined as _____. (eText Concept 3.2)

the specific heat of that substance

The partial charges on a water molecule occur because of _____.

the unequal sharing of electrons between hydrogen and oxygen Consider the nature of the type of covalent bonds found within a water molecule.

the partial charges on a water molecule occur because of what?

the unequal sharing of electrons between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms Because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, electrons of the polar bond spend more time closer to the oxygen atom, resulting in a slight negative charge on the oxygen atom and slight positive charges on the hydrogen atoms.

The partial charges on a water molecule occur because of _____. (eText Concept 3.1)

the unequal sharing of electrons between the hydrogen and the oxygen atoms of a water molecule

Some substances, such as oil and gasoline, will not dissolve in water because _____.

their molecules have no charges or partial charges to which water molecules can adhere

Some substances, such as oil and gasoline, will not dissolve in water because _____. (eText Concept 3.2)

their molecules have no charges or partial charges to which water molecules can adhere

Enzymes have the following characteristics except___

they cannot be reused after a reaction has taken place

Which of the following statements is true about chemical reactions? (

they involve the making and breaking of chemical bonds

The cavity of the body immediately superior to the diaphragm is the _____ cavity.

thoracic

Amputation of the leg at the knee would involve a cut in the _____ plane.

transverse

Captain Jack Sparrow is in a sword fight with an evil skeleton pirate. If Jack were to cut off the skeleton's head, his sword would be following which body plane:

transverse

If a subject were sawed in half at the waist during a magic show leaving superior and inferior portions then they were cut along the __________ plane.

transverse

Which statement is NOT true about water? Pure water is a non-electrolyte The attraction of water molecules to each other is called cohesion Water is a nonpolar solvent Approximately 92% of plasma is water

water is a non polar solvent

Hydrogen bonds cause surface tension in water, allowing some small organisms, like water striders, to move around on the surface of the water without getting wet. If you introduce soap (a large compound made up of polar covalent bonds) to the water, the surface tension disappears, and the water striders will sink into the water. This is because... Water striders can't swim Water makes hydrogen bonds with the soap instead of with itself, disrupting the surface tension Soap dissociates in the water, becoming an electrolyte, and disrupting the surface tension Soap creates new covalent bonds with water, becoming non-polar so surface tension disappears None of the above.

water makes hydrogen bonds with the soap instead of with itself, disrupting the surface tension