BIO 354 Human Anatomy (Exam 6: Digestive, Urinary, Endocrine, and Reproductive Systems)

What is a target cell? What is the relationship between a hormone and its target cell?

A target cell is a peripheral cell that responds to the presence of a specific hormone. Hormones change cellular metabolic activities.

What is the function of the lipase from the pancreas? A) An enzyme that breaks down dietary fats into smaller molecules called fatty acids and glycerol B) An enzyme that breaks down protein into its building blocks, amino acids C) A digestive enzyme that acts on starch in food, breaking it down into smaller carbohydrate molecules D) None of the above

A) An enzyme that breaks down dietary fats into smaller molecules called fatty acids and glycerol

Peyer's Patches are located in the lamina propria of the mucosal lining of the Ileum. A) True B) False

A) True

The Distal Convoluting Tubule is lined with Simple Cuboidal Epithelium. A) True B) False

A) True

The Macula Densa receptors for osmolality are located on the Distal Convoluted Tubule. A) True B) False

A) True

The actions involved in the mechanical processing of food include all but which of the following? A) absorption B) squashing foods with the tongue C) tearing or crushing foods with the teeth D) churning or swirling of the foods by the stomach

A) absorption

Hormones released by the kidneys include: A) calcitriol and erythropoietin B) ADH and aldosterone C) epinephrine and norepinephrine D) cortisol and cortisone norepinephrine

A) calcitriol and erythropoietin

In elderly individuals, the function of the digestive tract: A) changes in ways that parallel age-related changes of most other systems of the body B) is independent of the changes that occur in other systems C) can be determined by a study of liver function D) improves in efficiency, but not in the rate of digestion

A) changes in ways that parallel age-related changes of most other systems of the body

The LES: A) is also called the Cardiac sphincter B) is between the pyloric antrum and the Duodenum C) is between the ileum and the Cecum D) is regulated by the SNS

A) is also called the Cardiac sphincter

Glomerulus: (Choose all correct answers) A) is part of the renal corpuscle B) is a continuous capillary bed C) has baroreceptors within their walls D) easily filtrates Glucose from their fenestrations E) are surrounded by podocytes, a secondary filtration system

A) is part of the renal corpuscle D) easily filtrates Glucose from their fenestrations E) are surrounded by podocytes, a secondary filtration system

The mesentery that suspends most of the small intestine is the: A) mesentery proper B) transverse mesentery C) lesser omentum D) greater omentum

A) mesentery proper

The urinary system does all of the following except A) secrete excess glucose molecules B) regulate blood volume C) contribute to stabilizing blood pH D) eliminate organic waste products

A) secrete excess glucose molecules

What is the function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter?

Also called the sphincter of Oddi or Glisson's sphincter, it is a muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices (bile and pancreatic juice) through the ampulla of Vater into the second part of the duodenum.

The Collecting Tube or Duct is lined with Cuboid Epithelium. A) True B) False

B) False

The meissner's plexus is located in the muscularis layer of the small intestine. A) True B) False

B) False

The proximal convoluted tubules are lined with simple squamous epithelium and microvilli. A) True B) False

B) False

The proximal urethra in the female and the membranous urethra in the male contain Dome Cells. A) True B) False

B) False

How will kidney function be altered in an individual who has more than one renal artery and vein per side, with the same overall volume of possible lumen space entering the kidney at the hilum? A) these kidneys will be able to handle blood at higher pressures in this individual than in others B) as long as the arteries and veins in the individual are normal, kidney function will be normal C) greater blood flow will occur through these kidneys D) these kidneys will be more flexible in the amounts of urine they can produce at any given time

B) as long as the arteries and veins in the individual are normal, kidney function will be normal

The ureter: A) enters the bladder anteriorly and laterally B) contains transitional epithelium C) contains skeletal muscle layers D) is surrounded by serosa E) Answer A and B

B) contains transitional epithelium

The Arcuate vein: A) drains into the cortical radiate veins B) drains into the interlobar veins C) follows the tissue in the renal columns D) Answers B and C E) none of the above

B) drains into the interlobar veins

The passageway between the oral cavity and the pharynx is the: A) uvula B) fauces C) palatoglossal arch D) palatopharyngeal arch

B) fauces

When blood glucose levels fall: A) insulin is released B) glucagon is released C) peripheral cells quit taking up glucose D) aldosterone is released to stimulate these cells

B) glucagon is released

The liver lobule: (Choose all correct answers) A) Triad contains the bile ductile, hepatic vein and hepatic portal venule B) is the functional unit of the liver C) collects bile from the canaliculi D) is the location of Kuppfer cells E) is located in all 4 lobes: Right, Coronary, Left and Quadrate

B) is the functional unit of the liver C) collects bile from the canaliculi D) is the location of Kuppfer cells

Which vessels form the plexus that supplies the proximal and distal convoluted tubules? A) segmental arteries B) peritubular capillaries C) cortical radiate arteries D) arcuate arteries

B) peritubular capillaries

A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes: A) testosterone B) progesterone C) aldosterone D) cortisone

B) progesterone

The process of filtration occurs at the A) proximal convoluted tubule B) renal corpuscle C) collecting duct D) nephron loop

B) renal corpuscle

Reductions in cardiac activity, blood pressure, ability to process glycogen, blood glucose level, and release of lipids by adipose tissues are collectively symptoms of a defective: A) pituitary gland B) suprarenal cortex C) pancreas D) suprarenal medulla

B) suprarenal cortex

What is the significance of the slit-like, rather than rounded, openings of the entrance of the ureters into the bladder? A) they can distort more easily to permit urine to move in or out B) the shape prevents urine backflow toward the ureters when the urinary bladder contracts C) the opening is compressed between the middle and lateral umbilical ligaments because these structures support this part of the ureter D) there is no significance; the shape occurs because of the position only

B) the shape prevents urine backflow toward the ureters when the urinary bladder contracts

If a person has too few or defective lymphocytes, which gland might be at fault? A) thyroid B) thymus C) pituitary D) pineal

B) thymus

The hormone that targets the thyroid gland and triggers the release of thyroid hormone is: A) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) B) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) D) luteinizing hormone (LH)

B) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Problems with the micturition reflex in older individuals include: A) increased tone in the sphincter muscles, preventing easy emptying of the urinary bladder B) urinary retention in males because of prostate enlargement C) increased sensitivity to ADH D) increased retention of sodium ions

B) urinary retention in males because of prostate enlargement

The fundus of the stomach is located between the: A) Cardia and the Pyloric antrum B) Body and the Pylorus canal C) Body and the Cardia D) inferior to the LES E) Lateral to the Pyloric sphincter

C) Body and the Cardia

Reduced fluid losses in the urine due to retention of sodium ions and water are a result of the action of: A) antidiuretic hormone B) calcitonin C) aldosterone D) cortisone

C) aldosterone

The renal sinus is A) the innermost layer of kidney tissue B) a conical structure located in the renal medulla C) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule and located inside the hilum D) a large branch of the renal pelvis

C) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule and located inside the hilum

The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the: A) nephron loop B) proximal convoluted tubule C) distal convoluted tubule D) glomerular capillaries

C) distal convoluted tubule

How does aging affect the function of the endocrine system? A) it is relatively much less affected than most other systems B) hormone production increases to offset diminished response by receptors C) endocrine function of the reproductive system is the most affected by increasing age D) hormone production by the thyroid gland suffers the greatest decline with age

C) endocrine function of the reproductive system is the most affected by increasing age

The colon's Mucosa: A) has a very high density of Peyers Patches B) has crypts or gullies between the villi C) has a very high density of specialized columnar epithelium that secretes mucus D) is the site of final digestion in the GI tract E) all of the above are true

C) has a very high density of specialized columnar epithelium that secretes mucus

The element required for normal thyroid function is: A) magnesium B) potassium C) iodine D) calcium

C) iodine

The Detrusor muscle: (There are 2 correct answers to this question) A) is located in the urogenital diaphragm B) surrounds the prostate gland in the male C) is located within the wall of the urinary bladder D) contracts during urination E) is located between the mucosa and submucosa of the bladder

C) is located within the wall of the urinary bladder D) contracts during urination

Which of the following does not apply to the entire small intestine? A) it is the primary site of digestion and the absorption of approximately 80 percent of nutrients B) it averages 6 meters in length C) it is retroperitoneal D) it bears a series of transverse folds called plicae circulares

C) it is retroperitoneal

Each of the following is a normal component of urine except: A) hydrogen ions B) urea C) large proteins D) salts

C) large proteins

A ligament that extends from the anterior and superior border of the bladder to the umbilicus is the: A) round ligament B) square ligament C) median umbilical ligament D) lateral umbilical ligament

C) median umbilical ligament

The _____ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold some of the visceral organs in their proper position. A) serosa B) adventitia C) mesenteries D) fibrosa

C) mesenteries

The ridges of the Duodenum which exhibit distensibility are called: A) plica duodeniae B) Kupffer zones C) plica circulares D) Auerbach's plexus E) biliary ridges

C) plica circulares

Blood vessels that supply or drain the thyroid gland include which of the following? A) superior thyroid artery B) inferior thyroid artery C) superior, inferior, and middle thyroid veins D) all of the above

C) superior, inferior, and middle thyroid veins

How would damage or removal of parts of the mesentery interfere with normal function of the small intestine? A) it would cause an increase in peristalsis B) hormone secretion would increase C) the blood and nerve supply would suffer interference D) the intestines would lose some of their motility

C) the blood and nerve supply would suffer interference

Digestion refers to: A) the progressive dehydration of indigestible residue B) the input of food into the digestive tract C) the chemical breakdown of food D) the absorption of nutrients into the gut

C) the chemical breakdown of food

The activities of the digestive system are regulated by: A) hormones B) parasympathetic neurons C) sympathetic neurons D) all of the above

D) all of the above

The reproductive system includes: A) gonads and external genitalia B) ducts that receive and transport the gametes C) accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids D) all of the above

D) all of the above

Endocrine organs can be controlled by: A) hormones from other endocrine glands B) direct neural stimulation C) changes in the composition of extracellular fluid D) all of the above are correct

D) all of the above are correct

The cortical nephrons: A) have a vasa recta B) have long loops of Henle C) are 15% of all nephron types D) are 80% of all nephron types E) have their renal corpuscle in the medullary zone

D) are 80% of all nephron types

Afferent arteriole: A) contains Macula Densa cells B) contain osmolality receptors C) brings filtered blood into the peritubular capillaries D) arise from the cortical radiate arteries E) communicate with the vasa recta

D) arise from the cortical radiate arteries

Each kidney is protected/stabilized by the A) fibrous capsule only B) perinephric fat and fibrous capsule only C) perinephric fat only D) fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, and renal fascia

D) fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, and renal fascia

Final digestion and absorption occurs in the: A) liver B) colon C) ileum D) jejunum E) duodenum

D) jejunum

Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the: A) mucosa B) submucosa C) muscularis mucosa D) myenteric plexus

D) myenteric plexus

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of the A) proximal convoluted tubule B) distal convoluted tubule C) glomerular capillaries D) nephron loop

D) nephron loop

The ventral mesentery: A) becomes the main attachment point for digestive organs in the peritoneal cavity in the adult B) is highly glandular, but not vascular C) contains and forms a pathway for the hepatic portal vein and its tributaries D) none of the above

D) none of the above

Most of the digestive tract is lined by: A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium B) cuboidal epithelium C) stratified squamous epithelium D) simple columnar epithelium

D) simple columnar epithelium

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by epithelium. A) stratified squamous B) pseudostratified columnar C) simple cuboidal D) transitional

D) transitional

The external anal sphincter is: A) voluntary smooth muscle B) involuntary skeletal muscle C) connective tissue D) voluntary skeletal muscle E) involuntary smooth muscle

D) voluntary skeletal muscle

Chapter 25

Digestive System

A murder suspect claims to have had dinner with the victim four hours before the latter was killed. The forensic scientist who performed the autopsy states that the suspect is lying, as it is clear that the victim had not eaten in more than 10 hours. How does the forensic specialist know this?

During the autopsy, the forensic scientist examined the stomach contents of the murder victim and found the stomach visually empty. As a full meal usually takes more than four hours to leave the stomach completely, it was obvious that the victim had not eaten dinner at the time indicated by the murder suspect.

The protection of the kidneys includes the following: A) part of the floater ribs B) renal fascia C) renal capsule D) renal adipose tissue E) all of the above

E) all of the above

The Pancreas: A) communicates with the Common Hepatic Duct of the Biliary Tree B) produces digestive enzymes within the Islets of Langerhans C) empties secretions into the Duodenum via the major opening called the Sphincter of Oddi D) has a secondary duct called the Duct of Wirsung E) has its main duct enters the Duodenum through the Major Duodenal Papilla, which lies inferior to the Minor Duodenal Papilla

E) has its main duct enters the Duodenum through the Major Duodenal Papilla, which lies inferior to the Minor Duodenal Papilla

The Gall Bladder: A) has a one way Cystic Duct that allows bile to enter the Gall Bladder from the Liver B) contracts and sends bile into the R. and L. Hepatic Ducts C) makes Bile in order to emulsifiy fats D) is located on the inferior surface between the quadrate and right lobe E) is located lateral to the liver hilum

E) is located lateral to the liver hilum

Palatopharyngeal arch: A) is the location for the parotid gland and duct B) is part of the laryngopharynx C) is part of the nasopharynx D) is the location of the lingual tonsils E) is the location of the palatine tonsils

E) is the location of the palatine tonsils

EPO is a hormone that is often used by endurance athletes in "doping" in order to obtain a competitive advantage. How might increased levels of EPO help an endurance athlete?

EPO is used by some endurance athletes in "blood doping" in an attempt to increase red blood cell production and maturation, thus increasing the blood volume and its oxygencarrying capacity.

Chapter 19

Endocrine System

What triggers the release of gastrin?

Gastrin is released by G cells when triggered by food entering the stomach.

The Liver TRIAD consists of _________________, _______________ and ________________. (fill in the blanks)

Hepatic venule, Hepatic arteriole, Bile ductule

What is unique about the glomerular epithelium?

It consists of large cells (podocytes) with "feet" that wrap around the glomerular capillaries.

What is the function of Kupffer cells?

Kupffer cells engulf pathogens, cell debris, and damaged blood cells in the liver.

What is the function of the lacteals in the small intestine?

Lacteals transport materials that could not enter local capillaries. These materials eventually reach the circulation via the thoracic duct.

When a person's thyroid gland is removed, signs of decreased thyroid hormone concentration do not appear until about one week later. Why?

Most of the thyroid hormone in the blood is bound to proteins called thyroid-binding globulins. This represents a large reservoir of thyroxine that guards against rapid fluctuations in the level of this important hormone. Because such a large amount is stored in this way, it takes several days to deplete the supply of hormone, even after the thyroid gland has been removed.

Why is normal parathyroid function essential in maintaining normal calcium ion levels?

Parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to low calcium concentrations. PTH increases calcium ion concentrations in body fluids by stimulating osteoclasts, inhibiting osteoblasts, reducing urinary excretion of calcium ions, and promoting intestinal absorption of calcium (through stimulation of calcitriol production by the kidneys) until blood calcium ion concentrations return to normal.

Removal of the parathyroid glands would result in a decrease in the blood of what important mineral?

Removal of the parathyroid glands would result in a decrease in the blood levels of calcium ions. This can be counteracted by increasing the amount of vitamin D and calcium in the diet.

Although neural control of the external urethral sphincter does not completely develop until 2 to 3 years of age, the internal urethral sphincter is functional at birth. Why is premature toilet training often a fruitless and frustrating experience for both parents and child?

Since the external urethral sphincter provides the only conscious, voluntary control of micturition, it is physically impossible for a child to restrict urine release by choice until the neural control of the muscle matures. The internal urethral sphincter is not under voluntary, somatic nervous system control. Before age 2 successful toilet training usually amounts to little more than the parents' learning to anticipate the timing of the child's micturition reflex.

Jennifer was a champion marathon runner until renal failure forced her to retire from running. During her last two marathons, lab tests confirmed she experienced acute kidney dysfunction. How could long-distance running cause this condition?

Strenuous exercise, such as long-distance running, causes sympathetic activation, which stimulates powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles in the kidneys. Because these vessels deliver blood to the renal corpuscles, their constriction decreases the rate of glomerular filtration. Blood flow to the kidneys declines further as dilated peripheral blood vessels shunt blood away from the kidneys and to skeletal muscle during running. As the passage of blood through the kidney continues to fall due to water loss during exercise, the potential for renal dysfunction increases as a result of the prolonged periods of exercise associated with running marathons

From the oral cavity to the anus, what six sphincters control movement of materials through the digestive tract? Over which do you have conscious, voluntary control, and why?

The (1) upper esophageal, (2) lower esophageal, (3) pyloric, (4) ileocecal valve, (5) internal anal, and (6) external anal sphincters constrict the lumen of the digestive tract to control movement of materials through it. Only the last, the external anal sphincter, is composed of skeletal muscle with somatic motor innervation, and therefore is under conscious, voluntary control

Which urethral sphincter is under voluntary control?

The external urethral sphincter is under voluntary control

From the lumen outward, what six histological layers form the wall of the digestive tube?

The following six histological layers form the wall of the digestive tube: (1) mucosal epithelium, (2) lamina propria, (3) muscularis mucosae, (4) submucosa, (5) muscularis externa, and (6) serosa or adventitia.

Hormones can be divided into four groups on the basis of chemical structure. What are these four groups?

The four types of chemical structure of hormones are amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and eicosanoids.

What does the gallbladder do with bile?

The gallbladder holds bile produced in the liver until it is needed for digesting fatty foods in the duodenum of the small intestine.

Where is the glomerulus located in a nephron?

The glomerulus is contained within the expanded chamber of the nephron (glomerular capsule)

Which brain region controls production of hormones in the pituitary gland?

The hypothalamus is the region of the brain responsible for regulating hormone secretion by the pituitary gland.

Why does a pregnant woman have a greater need to urinate frequently than she does when she is not pregnant?

The increased mass of the uterus, which is located superior and posterior to the urinary bladder in females, presses downward on the bladder, increasing the feeling of pressure and triggering the micturition reflex, even when the bladder is only partially full. Also, as a woman comes closer to delivery of her infant, the baby might kick her in the bladder, which would stimulate the micturition reflex.

Hormones are released from what portion of the pancreas (often termed the endocrine pancreas?)

The islets of Langerhans (also termed pancreatic islets) compose the endocrine pancreas. The primary hormones released there are glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin.

What is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is absorption

Describe the primary targets and effects of testosterone.

The primary targets are most cells in the body. The effects include supporting functional maturation of sperm, protein synthesis in skeletal muscles, male secondary sex characteristics, and associated behaviors.

What does the juxtaglomerular complex secrete?

The juxtaglomerular complex secretes two hormones—renin and erythropoietin.

What is the last region of the colon before it reaches the rectum?

The last region of the colon before the rectum is the sigmoid colon.

Discuss the functional differences between the endocrine and the nervous systems.

The nervous system has localized, immediate, short-term effects on neurons, gland cells, muscle cells, and fat cells. The endocrine system has widespread, gradual, long-term effects on all tissues.

Identify the two regions of the pituitary gland and describe how hormone release is controlled for each.

The neurohypophysis contains axon terminals of neurons whose cell bodies are in the hypothalamus. When these neurons are stimulated, their axon terminals release neurosecretions (oxytocin or ADH). Most endocrine cells of the adenohypophysis are controlled by the secretion of regulatory factors by the hypothalamus.

A disorder of the suprarenal gland prevents Bill from retaining sodium ions in body fluids. Which region of the gland is affected, and what hormone is deficient?

The region of the gland affected is the zona glomerulosa. The deficient hormone is aldosterone.

Which hormone(s) of the endocrine system show the most dramatic decline in concentration as a result of aging?

The reproductive hormones.

Identify the purpose of rugae in the urinary bladder.

The rugae in the urinary bladder allow it to expand as it fills with urine.

What is the anatomical location of the thymus?

The thymus is located within the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.

What is the trigone of the urinary bladder?

The trigone is the triangular area of the urinary bladder bounded by the ureteral openings and the entrance to the urethra.

What effects do thyroid hormones have on body tissues?

Thyroid hormones increase energy utilization, oxygen consumption, and growth and development of cells.

Chapter 26

Urinary System