BIO 355: Chapter 9 DNA structure and replication

In the context of DNA replication, a replication fork is a ________.

a site where the DNA is locally opened

opposing orientation of the two nucleotide chains in a DNA molecule is called a _____

antiparallelism

A human chromosome replicated simultaneously at hundreds of points, called replication ____________. Then the pieces are joined.

bubbles

The method of DNA sequencing developed by Sanger uses an approach called _______.

chain termination

The specific purine-pyrimidine couples in a DNA molecule are called _______ base pairs.

complementary

Identify the components of a DNA nucleotide

deoxyribose sugar one phosphate group one nitrogenous base.

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty are credited with the _____.

discovering that the "transforming principle" was DNA

A nucleosome is composed of _________, plus the 147 nucleotides of DNA wrapped around them.

eight histone proteins (a pair of each of four types)

The section of a DNA molecule whose sequence of building blocks specifies the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein is called a ________

gene

DNA replication begins when unwinding protein called a ________ breaks the hydrogen bonds that connect a base pair.

helicase

Several types of proteins compress DNA without damaging or tangling it. As a first level of condensation, the DNA double helix binds to and wraps around proteins known as ________.

histones

Experimentally, the semiconservative mechanism of DNA replication was demonstrated by showing that the DNA with a higher-density nitrogen label was ___________.

incorporated into one strand of each daughter double helix.

The purpose of the sugar-phosphate backbone in a DNA molecule is to _______.

join nucleotides into long chains

When chromatin is loose (not condensed into chromosomes that are visible upon staining), it forms _______ at about 10,000 places in the genome.

loops

A _______ is a DNA-protein complex

nucleosome

For compaction, DNA coils around proteins to form structures that resemble beads on a string. A DNA "bead" is called a ________

nucleosome

A single building block of DNA is called a ________.

nucleotide

During replication of DNA, one strand is replicated in small pieces from the inner part of the fork outward. The sugar-phosphate backbones of the pieces are then sealed together to build a new DNA strand. These pieces are called _______ ______, after their discover.

okazaki fragments

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase proved that DNA is the hereditary material when they discovered that the part of the virus that entered bacteria and directed them to mass produce more virus contained _______.

phosphorus

Fredrick Griffith discovered bacterial transformation when he was studying: __________

pneumonia using mice

DNA polymerase is used to rapidly replicate a specific DNA sequence in a test tube in the technique called ____ ____ ____.

polymerase chain reaction

At the start of each segment of DNA to be replicated, an enzyme called _______ builds a short piece of RNA on the DNA template

primase

the process of DNA replication requires a short piece of RNA called a __________ because the enzyme polymerase an only add bases to an existing nucleic acid strand.

primer

The nitrogenous bases that have a two-ring structure are called ________.

purines

The nitrogenous bases that have a single-ring structure are called ________

pyrimidines

Two identical double helices form from one original, parental double helix. Each new helix has one strand from the parent paired with a new complementary strand. This route to replication is _________

semiconservative

To determine if protein is the hereditary material, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used radioactive ______ to label proteins.

sulfur

Type S

the strain had a polysaccharide capsule was virulent.

Type R

the strain lacked a polysaccharide capsule was nonvirulent.

When Griffith injected mice with a mix of type R bacteria plus heart-killed type S bacteria, the mice died of pneumonia. Their bodies contained live type S bacteria, encased in a capsule. Griffith used the term ______ to describe the apparent conversion of one bacterial type into another.

transformation

It was confirmed that DNA was the material that transformed the bacteria used in Griffith's experiment when Avery, MacLoed, and McCarty observed that transformation was disrupted when cells were ___________.

treated with deoxyribonuclease

In a DNA double helix, an adenine on one strand is joined to a thymine on the other strand via ______ hydrogen bonds.

two

In a DNA double helix, an adenine on one strand is joined to a thymine on the other strand via __________ hydrogen bonds.

two

What ingredients are required for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

-DNA nucleotides -DNA primers -Taq1 polymerase

How many bases of DNA is a kilobase (kb)?

1,000

List the activities occurring at the replication fork in order from the beginning until the end of the DNA replication process.

1: Helicase binds to origin and separates strands. 2: binding proteins keep strands apart 3: primase makes a short stretch of RNA on the DNA template 4: dna polymerase adds DNa nucleotides to the RNA primer 5: enzymes remove RNA primers. Ligase seals sugar-phosphate backbone.

List the steps in DNA replication in order from the beginning until the end of the replication process.

1: Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds that connect a base pair. 2: Helicase opens up a localized area, enabling other enzymes to guide assembly of a new DNA strand 3: Binding proteins hold two single strands apart and primase attracts complementary RNA nucleotides to build an RNA primer 4: RNA primer attracts DNAP. 5: New bases are added one at a time, starting at the RNA primer. 6: DNA polymerase removes RNA primer.

In a DNA double helix, one strand runs in a ________ direction, and the other strand runs in a _______ direction.

5' to 3'; 3' to 5'

DNA replication

A- Helicase B- binding proteins c-primase d- dna polymerase e-ligase

What is NOT a component of chromatin?

DNA polymerase

Who showed that DNA in several species contains equal amounts of the bases adenine (A) and thymine (T) and equal amounts of the bases guanine (G) and cytosine (C)?

Erwin Chargaff

what did microbial Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase use to show that protein does not transmit genetic information?

Escherichia coli bacteria infected with a virus

When Swiss physician and biochemist was the first to describe DNA in the mid-nineteenth century, when he isolated nuclei from white blood cells in pus on soiled bandages.

Friedrich Miescher

Given the following base compositions, determine which double-stranded DNA molecule is expected to be the MOST thermodynamically stable.

G + C= 75%

The term "inborn error of metabolism" is associated with the English physician ______

Garrod

The chemical attractions that hold the base pairs in a DNA molecule together are called ______ bonds.

Hydrogen

_____, an English physicist, and _____, an English chemist, deduced the overall structure of the DNA molecule using x-rays

Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin

what are the steps of a polymerase chain reaction order?

Preparation Temp shift Hybridization Amplification

Which English chemist distinguished two forms of DNA-the dry, crystalline A form and the wetter type called the B form?

Rosalind Franklin

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA get replicated?

S phase

What is the function of the enzyme ligase during DNA replication?

To seal

In the context of Frederick Griffith's experiment, which of the following experimental steps lead to the death of the mouse after developing pneumonia?

Type R and heat-killed type S bacteria injected into a mouse and type S bacteria injected into a mouse.

The three-dimensional double-helical structure of DNA was finally elucidated in 1953 by _______ and ________.

Watson and Crick