Bio 4

Name two examples of leaves that do not look like regular plants. How does their difference in appearance relate to their survival?

- Cacti spines: defense and water absorption - Pine needles - Venus Fly Traps: to get the food and nutrients that it needs - leaves that have holes in them: they receive too much water and need to get rid of some/ receive to much sunlight

Plants can have meristems in multiple locations. What is the function of the meristem?

- Meristems are a plant's version of "stem cells" or undifferentiated cells that have the potential to divide by mitosis and specialize to form any of the cells found in the plant. - It triggers the growth of new cells

What are the two organelles present in plant cells that are involved in energy processes? Which process does each participate in?

- The chloroplast participates in photosynthesis, converting simple inorganic compounds to glucose. - The mitochondria participate in the process of cellular respiration, using the glucose produced by photosynthesis to produce ATP.

What other materials do plants need other than the materials needed for photosynthesis?

- amino acids (proteins) to do the work in the cells - phospholipids to form the cell membranes

What are some ways that the process of transpiration supports a plants survival?

- causes photosynthesis - drives the transportation of nutrients to the phloem - the water that it obtains causes the opening/closing of the guard cells - the water that it obtains creates turger pressure which causes the leaves to stay turgid and upright

Is the stomata more likely to be open during the day or night?

- day because of the sunlight and nutrients available - more sunlight= photosynthesis= glucose= water pulled into the guard cell= gas exchange through the stomata (O2 out, CO2 in)

Will a desert plant have a lower or higher concentration of stomata compared to a tropical rainforest plant?

- desert plants close the stomata so that less water is lost - jungle plants have a higher concentration to get rid of some water

What role does the stomata play in supporting the needs for a plant?

- gas exchange to get materials needed for photosynthesis (CO2) - involved in transpiration which provides the plant with the water that it needs

What are the guard cells filled with?

- guard cells are filled with water when the stomata is open - water enters cells through osmosis, and water is forced into the cells when the environment in the cells is hypertonic.

What is cohesion?

- hydrogen bonding between water molecules (sticking to each other) - causes materials to move against gravity during transpiration

How does light, temperature, amount of water, and CO2 affect the opening and closing of the stomata?

- light: light will cause the stomata to open so that carbon dioxide can be brought into the cell through gas exchange. This will happen because light is one of the materials for photosynthesis, so the plant will want to obtain the other materials. - temperature: An increase in temperature will cause the stomata to open because more materials will be needed so that the plant can get the nutrients that it needs - CO2: low CO2 levels will cause the stomata to open so that gas exchange can happen so that the plant can obtain more CO2. High levels of CO2 will cause the stomata to close so that more CO2 does not get brought into the cell because there is already to much. - amount of water: Low water levels will cause the stomata to close to avoid water loss. High water levels will cause the stomata to open to get rid of some water.

How do transport mechanisms control the opening and closing of the stomata?

- potassium pumps= potassium in the guard cells (active transport)= pulls water into the cell - guard cells have chloroplast which increases glucose through photosynthesis, creating a hypertonic environment, forcing water into the guard cells

How does a plant obtain water?

- roots

What are examples of roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive structures in food?

- roots: potatoes, carrots, radishes - stems: celery, asparagus, broccoli stems - leaves: lettuce, kale, cabbage - reproductive structures: fruit (peppers and tomatoes), berries, nuts

What are environmental conditions that might affect the opening and closing of these pores?

- temperature, CO2 levels, humidity/water availability, amount of light/time of day - light affects the opening of the stomata - high temp causes the stomata to open

What is capillarity?

- the ability for a fluid (like water) to move up a small tube (like a plant) - the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the use of any forces like gravity - the tendency of a liquid to rise and fall due to surface tension - cohesion + adhesion = capillarity

What is adhesion?

- the attraction of water molecules to a surface (wall of the xylem) - causes materials to move against gravity during transpiration

What is transpiration?

- water enters the plant through the roots, moves up through the xylem, and is evaporated out of the leaves - when the water climbs up the plant from the roots to the leaves through narrow tubes - gets to the leaves, creates turger pressure, photosynthesis, gas exchange

What percent of water taken in can exit a plant via transpiration?

90%

A flower is actually a modified version of another plant structure? What is that structure? What characteristics do they have in common?

Flowers are modified leaves. They too have vascular tissue and are arranged around the plant stem. They typically do not perform photosynthesis.

What is the function of the waxy cuticle?

It prevents water loss and allows water run off during precipitation. It can also defend the plant against dirt particles and microbes.

Is stomata found on the upper or lower side of the plant leaf?

Leaves usually have stomata on the lower side to prevent too much water loss

How does CO2 levels affect the opening of the stomata?

Low CO2 causes the stomata to open

Do all cells in a plant preform photosynthesis?

No, photosynthesis happens only in cells that contain chloroplast (leaves, guard cells)

Stem

Plant stems have many functions. They support the leaves and reproductive structures. They contain the vascular tissue which transports substances between the roots, the leaves and all plant structures. In some plants they play a role in defense by carrying thorns, spines or toxic chemicals. In woody stems like tree bark they form a strong physical protective barrier.

Root

Roots also have many functions. They absorb water and minerals (phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, potassium, etc.). They provide anchorage and structural support (typically larger plants have a larger, stronger root system. They hold soil in place. They form mutualistic relationships with bacteria and fungi in the soil. In some plants the roots can store excess nutrients (potatoes, carrots, onions, etc.).

Plant cells are composed of the same macromolecules that are found in all cells. Where do plants obtain each of the elements (SPONCH) needed to form organic compounds?

S, P and N are absorbed into the plant roots from surrounding soil or water. C, H and O are obtained from water and air.

What are the pores on the bottom of leaves called and what are their functions?

Stoma (plural=stomata) are the openings that allow for gas exchange with the environment. They also play a role in transpiration as they are the final point where water evaporates out of leaves, supporting the water gradient from the xylem starting with the roots.

What is the role of the large central vacuole in a plant cell?

Storage of water and solutes

Describe the physical arrangement of the epithelial cells and how that allows them to perform their function.

The cells have tightly fitted junctions that prevent outside substances from entering

What is the function of the epidermis layers?

The epidermis forms a tightly sealed protective layer of cells around the entire leaf structure. Allows light to pass through and reach chloroplasts.

In what part of the plant does the majority of photosynthesis take place?

The leaf

Leaf

The main role of the leaf is to perform the process of photosynthesis. They collect and absorb energy from sunlight. They also participate in gas exchange and the process of transpiration. They can regulate water loss through stomata and by secretion of a waxy cuticle.

Flowers, seeds, nuts

These are a plant's reproductive structures.

What is the main function of the mesophyll cells?

They contain most of the chloroplasts and perform most of the photosynthesis work. Notice that the epidermal cells do not contain chloroplasts. The guard cells may contain some chloroplasts.

How do guard cells play a role in homeostasis?

They maintain a stable internal environment by adjusting whether they should be open or closed based on the situations and by obtaining water through the fact that it creates a hypertonic environment

What is the "common name" used to describe the vascular bundle when we see it in a leaf and why is that common name appropriate?

We call it the vein. It is an appropriate common name because it contains the xylem and phloem which transport substances throughout a plant similar to how the blood vessels (including veins) carry substances throughout animal bodies.

What are the two types of vascular tissue in plants?

Xylem and Phloem

What type of transport brings these materials into the plant cells?

active transport

What are the names of the vascular structures in animals?

blood cells (artery+vein)

Phloem

carries dissolved nutrients from leaves to all plant parts/cells. They are tubes formed by highly porous living cells.

Xylem

carries water from the roots to all plant parts/cells. They are tubes formed by the death of mature cells that leave behind their thick cell wall.

What structures appear in the plant cell that would not be present in an animal cell?

cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplasts

When the plant cells die, what is left?

cell walls= cellulose= long chains of glucose= polar (water sticks to it)

What do guard cells do?

cells that control the opening and closing of the pores (stomata)

Which organic molecule forms this outer structure?

cellulose (a carbohydrate polymer/ polysaccharide)

What is some evidence of transpiration?

dew

What is happening in the guard cells to increase their solute concentration so that water rushes in?

glucose is being produced by photosynthesis using chloroplast in the guard cell. The glucose creates a hypertonic environment, forcing water to move from high to low into the cell.

How can the stomata have a negative impact on a plant?

it can cause the plant to lose to much water

When these substances enter a plant cell, what type of environment do the create and how will that affect osmosis?

it creates a concentration gradient, forcing water into the cell

What are some substances other than water that is taken in my the roots?

minerals, vitamins, nutrients, and protons

Technically, what's another word for a fruit?

ovary

What important process occurs in the leaves of plants?

photosynthesis

What do plants do with the stuff that they do not need?

plants use what they need and release what they do not need through the stomata

What process drives gas exchange through the stomata?

simple diffusion

What is the common name for the analogous structure to the epidermis in animals (like humans)?

skin

What is the outermost layer of a plant cell called?

the cell wall

Transpiration is an important component of what biogeochemical cycle?

the water cycle

What else do guard cells contain other than glucose that make them hypertonic?

they contain potassium pumps that pumps potassium into the cells which plays a role in keeping the guard cells open

Where is glucose carried in the plant?

through the phloem

What are the "starting ingredients" needed from the environment for this process?

water, CO2 (from air) and sunlight