BIO-4
Which of the following are examples of density-independent limiting factors? Select all that apply.
-A tsunami wipes out most individuals of a tidal ecosystem. -An extreme drought negatively impacts a population of plants
.Which of the following are contributions of deforestation to global climate change? Select all that apply.
-Conversion of forest to cropland or pasture decreases the rate at which carbon is taken up by plants. -Cut trees are often burned, and this releases carbon into the atmosphere.
Which life history traits are typically associated with an insect such as a housefly? select all that apply
-High mortality rates early in life -little to no parental care
Which of the following describes a boreal forest?
A biome occurring at high northern latitudes that is dominated by conifers that can withstand the long, cold winters
The vegetation pictured here is predominantly:
A mixture of woody shrubs and nonwoody plants
What defines the postindustrial stage of the demographic transition model?
A population's growth rate becomes negative and the population size slowly decreases.
The most extensive of the biomes is the
Boreal forest
Which of the following fire-adapted biomes is dominated by shrubs with cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers?
Chaparral
Which of the following is an example of species potentially benefiting from global climate change?
Climate change is causing some species to expand their range to higher latitudes or elevations that were previously too cool to sustain them.
For a biological community to survive, it is important that the biome maintains which of the following?
Climate pattern
Which of the following is the dominant factor in the boreal climate?
Cold
Resource partitioning is the result of ____.
Competition
What factor can lead to a near-uniform population distribution?
Competition for resources
The biome pictured here is
Desert
Which characteristic is associated with r-selected strategists?
Early reproductiion
Solar radiation warms the air near the ____. Warm air is _______ , and so this equatorial air rises. In the upper atmosphere, this air radiates some of its heat into space. The air therefore cools and becomes ________ Near 30° N and S latitudes, this air then falls back toward Earth's surface, where it either flows back toward the equator (where it undergoes the same process again) or toward the poles (where it might participate in a similar process of warming, rising, cooling, and falling).
Equator;less dense;denser
The colors in the image form bands that are roughly
Horizontal
Which of the following is the biggest contributor to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere?
Human activities
Which of the following aquatic ecosystems support extremophiles such as archaea and tube worms?
Hydrothermal vents
The countries of _____ and ________have the worlds highest human population
India; China
What happens to air as it warmed?
It rises
The lichen shown here is an example of ____.
Mutualism
Which of the following species interactions always has a positive effect on both species?
Mutualism
In _______________the two interacting species both benefit, while in______both species are harmed because they have to work harder for the resource they are trying to get.
Mutualism; competition
Shark
Nautral
Plants are able to use nitrogen from the soil when it is in the form of_______ which are formed by microbes capable of ______
Nitrates; Nitrification
Temperatures change dramatically as you move in a ___________ direction
North-South
The biome pictured here is:
Temperate forest
Changes in climate patterns are usually driven by changes in which of the following?
Temperature
What is albedo?
The ability of the Earth's surface to reflect solar energy
In the Hadley convective cell described earlier, consider the air that rises above the equator. As that air cools, what happens with respect to water?
The water vapor is released, and it rains.
Greenhouse gases ___ energy from the sun, and the _____ greenhouse gases accumulate in the atmosphere the More energy is trapped.
Trap;More
Which of the following biomes is the most productive and species rich?
Tropical rain forest
Which of the following is the biome with the coldest temperature?
Tundra
Latitudinal differences in surface warming give rise to global patterns of air circulation and rainfall. At the equator and the latitudes of 60°__________________.At the poles and the latitudes of 30°___________.
Warm, moist air rises and loses moisture as rain; Cold, dry air sicks
A plant pathologist, a scientist who studies plant diseases, examines a tree that has burnt leaves, is mineral deficient, and has several diseases. The plant pathologist concludes the tree's symptoms are most likely the direct result of ____.
acid rain
The survival of individuals within a population is least dependent upon ___
an increase in population size
.Intensive agriculture has in some cases led to _________, a rapid shit from ________to desert.
desertification; grassland
It appears that over time, this population of rabbits_______ reach a state of equilibrium.
does
In contrast to predation, a parasite usually
does not kill its host
The study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment is known as ____.
ecology
_____are currently at high risk of extinction in the wild._______are particularly sensitive to environmental changes and can be monitored to assess whether an ecosystem is threatened.
endangered species; indicator species
During phase "2" in the given figure, the growth is _________ as long as resources are plentiful
exponential
Which North American biome has mostly disappeared because of extensive farming of wheat and corn?
grasslands
The best way to reclaim an ecosystem that is extensively damaged is to ____
implement ecological restoration
Competition between members of different species is called ______.In ________members of one species actively prevent members of another species from using a resource.
interspecific competition; interference competition
Temperature are ______ the farther you are from the equator
lower
Plastic pollution has had serious ecological consequences in ____.
oceans
Desertification is mainly caused by
poor agricultural practices
The species diversity of a community is made up of two components. The first component species______ is the number of species present in the community._______ the relative abundance of each species in the community.
richness; Species evenness
In the simplified prairie food chain illustrated by the following pictures, letter C represents a
secondary consumer
Acid rain is the result of
the burning of fossil fuels
Species richness and the relative abundance of each species determine ____.
the species diversity of a community
What is the main function of the ozone layer?
to block most of the sun's damaging rays from reaching Earth
What is the name of the process by which nitrogen gas is converted into ammonia or ammonium by bacteria and lightning?
Nitrogen fixation
Pilot
Positive
Which biome is pictured here?
Temperate deciduous forest
A cohort is
a collection of same-aged individuals of the same species
This orchid attached to a tree branch is an example of ____
commensalism
Permafrost is
permanently frozen layer of ground in the tundra
__________is an example of a density independent factor limiting population growth in sea turtle
polution
On a newly created artificial reef made of concrete rubble, many marine organisms have started to accumulate. Two of these are a species of octopus and a species of moray eel. Both use crevices in the rubble to hide, either to evade larger predators or to surprise passing prey. As the population of octopuses and eels on this reef increases, fewer and fewer suitable crevices are available. Since both the eels and the octopuses are predators that utilize reef crevices, they occupy the same
ecological niche
In an Arctic food web, the organisms in these pictures represent the ____.
first trophic level
It has been estimated that if everyone in the world had the same lifestyle as the average American, it would require_______ more Earths
four
The age structure diagram for rapidly growing population
is in the form of a pyramid with a very broad base indicating a large number of young
To a person studying utilization of cage space for lions in a zoo, the most useful data would be expressed by the number of
lions per square foot
Hoverflies like to drop in at outdoor picnics to sample the sweets, but the reaction of humans is to flee the scene because of the flies' uncanny resemblance to bees. Thus, the survival of hoverflies is enhanced by ____.
mimicry
Many species of terns nest on the ground in seabird colonies. However, if nests are to close together; aggression will break to. This tends to produce a(n)
near-uniform population distribution
the number of individuals of the same species in some specified area or volume of habitat is the
population density
What advancements in human history led to large decreases in the death rates of human populations? Select all that apply.
-Improved understanding of the link between certain microbes and human diseases -Improved sanitation of living environments and medical practices -The development of vaccines and antibiotics
What are characteristics of an opportunistic life history? Select all that apply.
-Individuals have a shorter development time. -Individuals have fewer breeding episodes, and many young are produced per episode. -Individuals reproduce early in their lifetime.
Which of the following are stages in the process of primary succession? Select all that apply.
-After the buildup of organic matter and nutrients from generations of pioneer and shrubby species, tall trees establish in the habitat -Shrubby species take root and overgrow the pioneer species. -The initial habitat has no soil and lacks multicellular organisms. -Pioneer species colonize the habitat and help build the soil.
What are trends that promoted large increases in the human population? Select all that apply.
-Humans migrated into new habitats and expanded into new climate zones. -Humans sidestepped some limiting factors that typically restrain population growth. -Humans developed technologies that increased the carrying capacity of existing habitats.
What are the assumptions of the exponential model of population growth? Select all that apply.
-Unlimited resources -Constant per capita growth rate
________is an example of a density independent factor that can limit population growth
Severe weather
Remember that you are conducting your study in an area of about 5 square miles. According to the distribution shown, this area contains a population size of ___ individual coyotes. The population density of coyotes in this study area, therefore, is __coyotes per square mile.
20; 4
An example of a specific adaptation against predation is ____.
A skunk squirting foul-smelling, irritating repellents
Which of the following describes a food web?
A system of cross-connecting food chains
-How much of the energy in one trophic level is stored in the bodies of the next trophic level?
About 10 percent
What is the distribution of individuals among various age groups in a population?
Age structure
Which of the following compounds of the nitrogen cycle is the main source of bioavailable nitrogen for plants?
Ammonium
Which of the following is an example of a biological factor that can affect community structure?
An insect herbivore inhibits the population growth of a tree species.
Which statement best describes the effects of population size and density on resource availability?
As population size and density increase, resource availability decreases
Which of the following is not a stage in the water cycle?
Surface and groundwater reserves on land are replenished by the flow of water from the ocean to the land.
Why might a population distribution such as this occur?
Because the coyotes are all gathering around sources of food
Based on the effects discussed, you would classify this interaction as an example of
Commensalism
Which factor is not an example of a density independent factor that can limit population growth?
Competition
Which of the following happens in a food web?
Consumers eat many foods from different trophic levels.
Most topics in genetics, evolution, ecology, and conservation come down to populations of organisms. A population is a group of organisms of the same species that all reside in a specific area. To understand and predict how a population changes and interacts with its environment, scientists first have to understand the basic details and statistics of that population. This information is referred to as the population
Demographics
After 10 years, food resources suddenly become more common in the environment of the population undergoing exponential growth. As a result, the per capita birth rate goes up. This means that the value of the per capita growth rate, or r, will____for this population.
Increase
wo species trying to obtain the same resource is an example of what kind of interaction?
Interspecific competition
Why is the monarch butterfly so sensitive to environmental changes?
It has a long-distance, multigenerational migration that crosses many ecosystems.
A population that is growing exponentially in the absence in the of limiting factors can be illustrated by which shaped curb
J-shaped
_______are species that have a disproportionately large effect on a community structure relative to their abundance. ___________ are introduced species that disrupt the structure of their adopted community.
Keystone species
Global air circulation patterns are produced by ____ differences in the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth.
Latitudinal
Which of the following defines the biotic potential of a species?
Maximum possible population growth under optimal conditions
Which of the following prey defensive adaptations involves two or more prey species coming to resemble one another?
Mimicry
What trend in mortality is characteristic of a type II survivorship curve?
Mortality does not vary with age.
Which of these populations appears to be undergoing exponential growth?
Northern population
_______is a symbiosis in which one organism draws nutrients from a living individual. A ____________ is an animal that tricks another species into raising its young.
Parasitism; Brood parasite
According to the figure, which of the following is the first (lowest) trophic level?
Producer
Which of the following stages of the carbon cycle is contributing the most to the rise in atmospheric CO2 levels and global climate change?
The burning of fossil fuels
Which of the following defines the carrying capacity of a population?
The maximum number of individuals of a species that a specific environment can sustain
Based on the interactions just discussed, which of the following statements describes a habitat that sea otters have been removed from?
The population of purple sea urchins is high, and they have been feeding heavily on the kelp. The kelp forest is thin or nonexistent, and the species richness of the habitat is very low.
What do you expect will happen to growth in this population?
The population will continue to increase exponentially, but now at an even higher rate than before.
If the death rate of a population exceeds the birth rate of a population_______
The population will decrease in size
Who are the pre-reproductive individuals in the age structure of a population?
The proportion of individuals in a population who are below the reproductive age of a species
Which of the following defines the niche of a species?
The role of a species in its community as well as the conditions it requires and the interactions it takes part in
Which of the following is an action that decreases the amount of available phosphates stored in soil, lakes, or rivers?
The uptake of phosphates by producers
Which of the following defines a population distribution?
The way in which members of a population are dispersed in their environment
Which of the following characteristics is associated with organisms that provide significant parental care to offspring?
reproduction later in life
Which element is a density-dependent factor that controls the size of a population?
resource availability
Two species of closely related squirrels both feed on acorns produced by oak trees. One species feeds exclusively near the top of the tree and the other feeds exclusively toward the bottom of the tree. This is an example of ____.
resource partitioning
Which of the following are greenhouse gases? Select all that apply.
-Carbon dioxide -Water vapor -Methane -Nitrogen dioxide
Which of the following are reasons that the ozone layer has not fully recovered? Select all that apply.
-Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are highly stable and break down slowly in the atmosphere. -Banned CFCs are continuing to be used illegally.
Which of the following are variables in the direct calculation of per capita growth rate? Select all that apply.
-Per capita death rate -Initial population size -Per capita birth rate
The graph describes how much water vapor air can hold at different temperatures. According to the graph, which of the following statements are valid? Check all that apply.
-Warm air holds more water than cool air holds. -Air holds less water as it cools.
The vegetation pictured here is predominantly:
:A dense canopy of tall trees and a lush understory
Which of the following most accurately reflects the boreal forest?
A coniferous (evergreen) forest
Which of the following defines conservation biology?
A field of applied biology that surveys biodiversity and seeks ways to maintain it
Which of the following defines an estuary?
A highly productive ecosystem where nutrient-rich water from a river mixes with seawater
Which of the following defines a biome?
A region in which specific physical conditions support a distinctive biological community adapted to those conditions.
Which of the following situations would be a density-dependent factor that might affect the rabbit population?
A species of tick that spreads disease appears in the meadow.
The image represents where you caught each of the coyotes within your 5-square-mile study area. Based on this, what pattern of population distribution does the local population appear to have?
Clumped distribution
.Which of the following is a method to reverse human impacts on the environment?
Ecological restoration
What appears to be the limiting factor in the growth of this rabbit population?
Food supply
Which of the following organisms capture energy and use it to make their own food from nonbiological materials in the environment?
Producers
-Which of the following are sources of nitrogen entering aquatic ecosystems? Select all that apply.
Runoff -Nitrogen fixation -Rain
Which event is most likely to occur in a population as its size and density increase
There will be increased competition for resources
In a particular ecosystem, there are populations of two species of bees and four species of flowering plants. What would you predict is the set of relationships among these organisms?
There would probably be intraspecific and interspecific competition among the bees for nectar from the flowers, interspecific and intraspecific competition among the plants for resources like water and light. There would be mutualisms between the bees and flowering plants.
According to the table, which of the following is true in most North American biomes regarding temperature and precipitation?
They vary seasonally
What is the average number of children born to females of a population over the course of their lifetimes?
Total fertility rate
Evergreen broadleaf trees, along with abundant rain, warm temperatures, and consistent day length, characterize the ____ biome.
Tropical rain forest
The most common type of population distribution is
clumped
The interaction in which one species benefits and the second species is neither harmed nor benefited is ____.
commensalism
The interaction between two species in which both species may be harmed is known as
competition
The photos of the Muir Glacier taken in 1941 (left) and 2004 (right) demonstrate the consequences of____.
global climate change
