bio

causes the gallbladder to release stored bile.

CCK

stimulate the pancreas to release its secretions.

CCK & SECRETIN

Lipids are blank 2 to chemically digest because they are blank 3 and thus tend to aggregate in large spherical droplets within the aqueous fluid in the digestive tract.

DIFFICULT HYDROPHOBIC

stimulates increased production of gastric juice.

GASTRIN

For the stomach protein-digesting enzymes to become active, _____________ is needed.

HCI

he gastric mucosa contains cells that secrete both blank 2

HCI & PEPSIOGEN

when food is taken into the mouth

INJESTION

When bile arrives in the small intestine, the bile salts emulsify the fat droplets into still smaller fat droplets, enabling pancreatic blank 9 to hydrolyze fats into their building blocks: blank 10. Bile salts remain associated with the digested fats to form small spheres of lipids called blank 11.

LIPASE FREE FAATTY AND GLYCEROL MICELLES

Blank 3 reacts with the HCl to become its active form, pepsin. Pepsin hydrolyzes proteins into large blank 4, which then enter the blank 5 (region).

PEPSINOGEN POLYPEPTIDES DUODENUM

The formation of droplets greatly blank 4 the surface area of lipid on which the water-soluble lipases (fat-digesting enzymes) can act, because the enzymes can contact lipid molecules only on the outer surface of the droplets. For the digestion of triglycerides to occur efficiently, large fat droplets in the blank 5 must first be separated by churning and gastric lipases into smaller fat globules.

REDUCES STOMACH

causes the liver to increase its output of bile.

SECRETIN

Most digestion of triglycerides occurs in the blank 6. When chyme entering the duodenum contains fat, intestinal cells release the hormone blank 7, which stimulates the blank 8 to contract and release bile (which contains bile salts).

SMALL INTESTINE CHOLECYSTOKININ cck gallbladder

Lipids include triglycerides, steroids, and phospholipids, in addition to other lipid substances. Blank 1, also called neutral fats, are the most abundant dietary lipids.

TRIGLYCERIDES

The pancreatic enzymes blank 6 chemically break down the large polypeptides to smaller polypeptides and peptides.

TRYPSIN AND CHMOTRYSPIN

pyloric sphincter

a ring of smooth muscle that connects the stomach and small intestine

mouth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine

absorption

movement of nutrients from lumen into into bloodstream

absorption

and its mucosa is quite thick to prevent ____

autodigestion

The small intestine is protected from the corrosive action of hydrochloric acid in chyme by ___________ rich fluid which is ducted in the pancreas.

biacarbonate rich fluid

A nonenzyme substance that causes fat to be dispersed into smaller globules is blank 12.

bile

The churning aids in the digestion of the __________ in the stomach, as well as its movement.

bolus

Important intestinal enzymes are the ______

brush border enzmyes

Finally, blank 7 such as aminopeptidase and dipeptidase cleave the peptides to release the final products: blank 8.

brush border enzymes SMALL OLIGOPEPTIDES & AMINO ACIDS

Blank 8 stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder as well as pancreatic juices. The jejunum and ileum mostly function in blank 9.

cck absorption

The third layer of smooth muscle found in the stomach wall allows mixing and mechanical breakdown by

churning

accumulation of all waste products & INDJESTILBE SUBSTANCES

defecation

large intestine

defecation

stomach is under the

diaphragm

chemical and mechanical breakdown

digestion

mouth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine

digestion

. It contains disaccharidases and peptidases that break down blank 4, respectively. It also works hand-in-hand with blank 5, both of which are hormones that aid in digestion.

disaccharides and peptides secretin and chloecysoki cck

When the stomach is full it is said to be _________

distended

The blank 2 is the first section of the small intestine, and it is primarily involved in blank 3.

duodenum chemicsl digestion

The small intestines is comprised of three major parts: blank 1 (place them in order).

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

oral sphincter

encircles the mouth

This process is the rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle that propels food toward the stomach from the _______ and once in the stomach, peristalsis continues and churns the food into the __________ of the small intestines.

esophagus duodenum

peristalis occurs in the

esophagus stomach anus large int small int

Gastrin, which prods the stomach glands to produce more enzymes and HCl represents a

hormonal stimulus

This organ uses ________ to digest food

hydrochloric acid and enzymes

mouth

injestion

ileocecal sphincter

last portion of small intestin

The pancreas produces protein-digesting enzymes, amylase, and nucleases. It is the only important source of blank 11.

lipases

Many people chew gum to increase saliva formation when their mouth is dry. This type of stimulus is

mechanical stimulus

esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine

motility

movement of GI tract contact by perialisis.

motility

Since living cells of the stomach (and everywhere) are largely protein, it is amazing that they are not digested by the activity of stomach enzymes. The most important means of stomach protection is the_______________it produces.

mucus

Protein foods are largely acted on in the stomach by -----------

pepsin

One of the major processes that begins in the esophagus and continues into the stomach is ...........

peristalsis

The fact that the mere thought of a relished food can make your mouth water is an example of

psychological stimulus

however, when it is empty structures called __________ form in the lining of the stomach.

rugae

Starch digestion begins in the mouth when ___________________ amylase is ducted in by the salivary glands

salivary

Blank 6 stimulates the release of pancreatic juices into the digestive tract, it also causes the liver to increase its production of blank 7.

secretin bile

enzymes and digestive substances to assist in breakdown of food

secretion

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine

secretion

All three have similar function, but it is important to note that it is in the blank 3 where the feces is stored and it is excreted via the blank 4.

sigmoid colon anus

Protein digestion begins in the blank 1

stomach

upper esophageal sphincter

the high-pressure zone located in between the pharynx and the cervical esophagus.

stomach is located

upper left quadrant of abnormal cavity

They are lined with blank 10, which increase the surface area available for absorption.

villi

The large intestine absorbs excess blank 1, forming semi-solid feces. It comprised of the blank 2.

water and sals cecum, colon, and rectum