Bio Ch 1-5

What differentiates an organic compound from an inorganic compound?

An organic compound contains carbon.

The American robin, Turdus migratorius, belongs to which kingdom?

Animalia

Which is a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

It is falsifiable.

Which statement best describes the product of a chemical reaction?

It is the substance generated by the reaction.

Which statement concerning a scientific theory is FALSE?

It is unchangeable.

During an experiment, what is the purpose of a control group?

To ensure that the results observed in the experimental group is due to the variable being tested

What are inherited characteristics that enhance an organismʼs ability to survive in its environment?

adaptations

A salt is a compound in which the hydrogen ion of ____ is replaced by some other cation.

an acid

A cell recognizes that two ______ are mirror images of one another, but uses only one of those molecules.

enantiomers

The atomic mass determines the identity of an element.

false

What carbohydrate energy storage molecule is found in animal liver and muscle cells?

glycogen

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined most directly by the:

number of valence electrons

Which carbohydrate is the most structurally complex?

polysaccharide

The mass of an atom is determined by the total number of ______________ it has.

protons and neutrons

What is the correct order of taxonomic classification from least to most inclusive?

species - genus - family - order - class - phylum - kingdom - domain

A chlorine atom has 17 protons and 18 neutrons. What is its atomic mass?

35 AMU (tip just add together)

What is the correct sequence of biological organization, going from smallest to largest?

organelle - cell - tissue - organ - organ system

Assume that the shaded portions of the molecule in the accompanying figure each represent different polypeptide chains. What does this represent?

The quaternary structure of a protein

Most animals convert carotenoids to which vitamin?

Vitamin A

Plants are capable of moving water up and against gravity because of ______________.

capillary action

Which element forms the backbone of organic molecules?

carbon

All life processes require a continuous input of ______________.

energy

An organism can be considered living without having the ability to _____.

move

A liquid with a pH of 7 is considered a(n) ____ solution.

neutral

Many fish are able to survive during winter beneath a layer of ice. This is because their blood contains a high percentage of what type of organic molecule that prevents freezing?

unsaturated fat

What substance is removed during a condensation reaction?

water

Which substance is a reactant in the following chemical equation? CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3

water

Which statement best describes an atom?

A substance that cannot be broken into a simpler substance

Which of the following solutions has a pH value of 9.0?

Bleach

What is the first step in the scientific method?

Make an observation.

Which scenario best describes a double-blind study?

Neither the investigator nor the subjects know who is in the experimental or control groups.

Within the structure of DNA, which nucleotides are pyrimidines?

a. guanine and thymine/ e. thymine and cytosine

Which substance is an example of a very strong acid?

lemon juice

Suppose we want to examine the effect of a fertilizer on the size of zucchini produced, and therefore, we need to establish the experimental and control groups. The control group for this experiment would be defined under which conditions?

soil, water, sun, and zucchini seeds

A cell strives to maintain homeostasis, meaning that it ______________.

will keep its conditions constant and unchanging

The cohesiveness between water molecules is due largely to _________.

Hydrogen bonds

Carolus Linneaus created a system to name organisms known as the _____.

binomial system of nomenclature

What bond forms between two amino acids?

peptide bond

What group of molecules is represented in this structure?

phospholipids

You design an experiment to test the effects of high levels of nitrogen on the growth rate of a tomato plant. What could you use as a control?

plants grown in soil with normal levels of nitrogen

Athletes often drink Gatorade to replace electrolytes, which are ______________ in the human body that are important in cell function.

salts

Baking soda has a pH of about ______________.

9

Which of the following describes an amphipathic molecule?

A phospholipid with both a hydrophobic end and a hydrophilic end

How can we identify a particular element?

By its number of protons

___________ in the muscle cell are required for muscle contraction.

Calcium ions

As water boils and turns to steam, what happens to the hydrogen bonds?

The hydrogen bonds break.

Which statement about van der Waal interactions is false?

They are very strong

Which is the main structural component of the walls that surround plant cells?

cellulose

Which is the most abundant carbohydrate on Earth?

cellulose

Water molecules have a strong tendency to stick to one another, a property known as ___________.

cohesion

What is the functionality of regulatory proteins?

control the activities of proteins, genes, cells, and tissues

The helical coil shape of an α-helix fibrous protein provides what type of property to that protein?

elasticity

A solution having a pH of 8 is slightly acidic.

false

An example of an anion is K+.

false

When atoms react to form an ionic bond, electrons are shared between those atoms.

false

One end of a phospholipid is hydrophobic because it is composed of _____.

fatty acids

How many covalent bonds are formed by carbon atoms, producing a wide variety of molecular shapes and sizes?

four

When we know what kinds of ____ are present in an organic compound, we can predict its chemical behavior.

functional groups

What kind of bond forms between water molecules?

hydrogen

Consider the aquatic insects pictured in the accompanying figure. Which characteristic of water molecules directly contributes to their remarkable "water walking" success?

hydrogen bonds

Your mom was right when she said to eat your carrots for healthy eyes. Beta carotene, a carotenoid found in carrots, is a molecule that the body easily changes into vitamin A. In which group of organic molecules do carotenoids belong?

lipids

What is the purpose of a buffer?

minimize change in pH

The products of the process in the accompanying figure are:

monosaccharides

Isotopes differ from each other with respect to the number of:

neutrons only

Which element is a component of all proteins, all nucleic acids, chlorophyll, and is the primary component of air?

nitrogen

A base is defined as a(n) _____ acceptor.

proton

The left-hand side of a chemical equation is composed of ______________.

reactants

Which type of polypeptide structure has a pleated sheet that is strong and flexible, but not elastic?

secondary

A polar covalent bond is different from an ionic bond because the polar covalent bond ______________.

shares electrons

What is one purpose of the genetic code found in DNA, whose structure was determine by James Watson and Francis Crick?

to provide instructions on how to make a new organism