Bio CH 19

The gas exchange mechanism of birds is much more efficient than that of humans. What is different about this mechanism? a. Air never completely leaves the lungs. b. Air is obtained during both inhalation and exhalation. c. Air flows into lung alveoli via the trachea. d. The thoracic diaphragm moves up as it relaxes.

Air is obtained during both inhalation and exhalation.

Most aquatic animals excrete ammonia, whereas land animals excrete urea or uric acid. What is the most likely explanation for this difference? a. They have different diets. b. Ammonia is very toxic, and it takes lots of water to dilute it. c. Land animals can get the energy needed to make urea or uric acid. d. Land animals cannot afford the energy needed to make ammonia.

Ammonia is very toxic, and it takes lots of water to dilute it.

Which of the following statements about uric acid is true? a. The darker material in bird droppings is mostly uric acid. b. Uric acid is more soluble in water than urea. c. Uric acid cannot be excreted because of its toxicity. d. Animals that excrete uric acid avoid the problem of water loss associated with excretion of urea.

Animals that excrete uric acid avoid the problem of water loss associated with excretion of urea.

_____ transport blood to capillaries, and _____ transport blood away from capillaries. a. Venules ... arteries b. Arteries ... arterioles c. Veins ... arteries d. Arterioles ... venules

Arterioles ... venules

Which of the following statements best describes the current scientific view of birds? a. A group of feathered, endothermic dinosaurs that survived the Cretaceous mass extinction. b. A group of flying, endothermic reptiles that have lost teeth, the amniotic egg, and other heavy body features as an adaptation for flight. c. A group of feathered, ectothermic lizards that lack teeth. d. A group of flying mammals that is derived from monotremes, which also lay amniotic eggs.

A group of feathered, endothermic dinosaurs that survived the Cretaceous mass extinction.

Why do cigarette smokers cough more than nonsmokers? a. Cigarette smoke harms the cilia that normally move debris out of the lungs, and coughing is the remaining way to clean the lungs. b. The tar in cigarette smoke tends to make alveoli stick together, and coughing separates them. c. By raising the pressure in the lungs, coughing forces more oxygen into the blood. d. Cigarette smoking partially paralyzes the muscles in the lungs, resulting in an increased residual volume, and coughing exchanges this "dead air."

Cigarette smoke harms the cilia that normally move debris out of the lungs, and coughing is the remaining way to clean the lungs.

Which of the following organisms is a monotreme? a. kangaroo b. whale c. zebra d. echidna

echidna

A typical red blood cell contains about 270 million hemoglobin molecules. If one red blood cell bound the maximum amount of O2 as it passed through the lungs, how many molecules of oxygen could it theoretically carry to the tissues? a. 1,080 million b. 1 million c. 270 million d. 4 million

1,080 million

About how many years after quitting smoking does it take for the risk of heart disease and death to return to levels similar to those seen in people who never smoked? a. 20 b. 10 c. 15 d. 5

15

All humans alive today have inherited their mitochondrial DNA from some individual female common ancestor. Studies indicate this woman probably lived about ________ years ago, when fossil evidence indicates Homo sapiens was restricted to ________. a. 500,000 . . . Africa, Asia, and Europe b. 180,000 . . . Africa c. 50,000 . . . Africa and Asia d. 20,000 . . . Africa

180,000 . . . Africa

What is the cardiac output of a person whose pulse is 80 beats per minute with a stroke volume of 60 milliliters per beat? a. 140 b. 4,000 ml c. 4,800 ml d. 60

4,800 ml

At any given time, what percentage of the body's capillaries have blood flowing through them? a. 40-50% b. 5-10% c. 85-90% d. 20-25%

5-10%

Which of the following correctly lists possible ancestors of humans from the oldest to the most recent? a. Homo erectus, Australopithecus, Homo habilis b. Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus c. Australopithecus, Homo erectus, Homo habilis d. Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis

Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus

Why do water and solutes leave capillaries at the arterial end? a. The blood has a higher velocity in arteries than in veins. b. Osmotic pressure is greater than blood pressure at the arterial end. c. Blood pressure is greater than osmotic pressure at the arterial end. d. There are clefts present at the arterial end.

Blood pressure is greater than osmotic pressure at the arterial end.

Which part of the nephron is most directly involved in the filtration of blood? a. Bowman's capsule b. the proximal tubule c. the loop of Henle d. the distal tubule

Bowman's capsule

Which of the following statements best summarizes the difference between ectothermic and endothermic organisms? a. Ectotherms absorb external heat, but endotherms use metabolic heat to maintain a warm, steady body temperature. b. Endotherms are warm-blooded, but ectotherms are cold-blooded. c. Ectotherms are warm-blooded, but endotherms are cold-blooded. d. Endotherms control their temperature, but ectotherms have no control over their temperature.

Ectotherms absorb external heat, but endotherms use metabolic heat to maintain a warm, steady body temperature.

How do feathers help thermoregulation by birds? a. Feathers are metabolically active and thus generate metabolic heat. b. Feathers return heat to the body by a countercurrent mechanism. c. Feathers can trap a layer of insulating air next to the skin. d. Feathers are very warm and help retain heat

Feathers can trap a layer of insulating air next to the skin.

_____ is the leading cause of death in the United States. a. Homicide b. Stroke c. Heart attack d. Cancer

Heart attack

Studies of DNA support which of the following? a. Members of the group called australopiths were the first to migrate from Africa b. Homo sapiens originated in Africa c. Sahelanthropus was the earliest hominin d. Chimpanzees are more similar to gorillas and orangutans than to humans

Homo sapiens originated in Africa

Fetal hemoglobin binds _____. a. O2 with a higher affinity than adult hemoglobin b. CO2 instead of O2 c. O2 from the air in fetal lungs d. O2 with a lower affinity than adult hemoglobin

O2 with a higher affinity than adult hemoglobin

What is unique about blood in pulmonary arteries compared with blood in other arteries? a. It is moving away from the heart. b. Blood in pulmonary arteries is always blue; it is red in all other arteries. c. It is loaded with carbon dioxide. d. It is moving toward the heart.

It is loaded with carbon dioxide.

In fish, what is the advantage of countercurrent exchange in the gills? a. It removes a high percentage of oxygen from water. b. It helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood. c. It increases the flow of water over the gills. d. It helps keep fish cooler.

It removes a high percentage of oxygen from water.

According to this figure, which species lived concurrently with Homo ergaster? a. Australopithecus anamensis b. Homo sapiens c. Australopithecus africanus d. Paranthropus boisei

Paranthropus boisei

Which of the following statements is true regarding tobacco smoke and cigarette smoking? a. Children are not as seriously affected by secondhand smoke as adults. b. Once smoking has damaged the respiratory system, the damage is irreversible. c. Smoking and secondhand smoke account for approximately 4,000 deaths per year in the United States. d. Smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disease as well as cancer.

Smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disease as well as cancer.

What is a major difference between filtrate in the nephron and urine leaving the bladder? a. Filtrate is formed from blood, whereas urine is formed from food and beverage in the digestive tract. b. The filtrate contains amino acids and vitamins, but urine does not. c. The urine has a greater volume than the filtrate. d. Urine contains amino acids and vitamins, but the filtrate does not.

The filtrate contains amino acids and vitamins, but urine does not.

A key derived character of sharks and rays that distinguishes them from ray-finned fishes is a. vertebrae. b. jaws and a swim bladder. c. a skeleton made of cartilage d. calcified (hard) bones.

a skeleton made of cartilage

Which of the following statements best describes how flight and feathers are related in the evolution of birds? a. Feathers and flight evolved at the same time. b. The first flying birds did not have feathers, which evolved later. c. The first feathered ancestors to birds did not fly, but may have used their feathers for insulation and display. d. Feathers are soft and do not leave fossils or fossil traces, so it is unknown which organisms first had feathers.

The first feathered ancestors to birds did not fly, but may have used their feathers for insulation and display.

Why were the Tiktaaklik fossils an exciting discovery for scientists studying tetrapod evolution? a. They are the earliest frog-like animal discovered to date b. They show that tetrapods that successfully colonized land much earlier than previously thought c. They have a roughly equal combination of fishlike and tetrapod-like characteristics d. They demonstrate conclusively that limbs evolved as lobe-fins dragged themselves from pond to pond during droughts.

They have a roughly equal combination of fishlike and tetrapod-like characteristics

Which of the following is the main difference between your cardiovascular system and that of a fish? a. Your heart has two chambers; a fish heart has four b. Your circulation has two circuits; fish circulation has one c. Your heart chambers are called atria and ventricles d. Yours is a closed system; the fish's is an open system

Your circulation has two circuits; fish circulation has one

What is the physiological cause of a heart attack? a. a blood clot moving through the heart b. severe angina c. a blood clot lodging in a blood vessel supplying the heart d. rupture of coronary arteries

a blood clot lodging in a blood vessel supplying the heart

The transfer of heat from arteries carrying warm blood past veins returning cooler blood is an example of a. evaporative cooling. b. a countercurrent heat exchanger. c. behavioral thermoregulation. d. insulation

a countercurrent heat exchanger.

When the doctor listened to Janet's heart, he heard "lub-hiss lub-hiss" instead of the normal "lub - hiss" instead of the normal "lub-dup" sounds. The hiss is most likely due to _______. a. a defective atrioventricular (AV) valve b. a damaged pacemaker (SA node) c. a defective semilunar valve d. high blood pressure

a defective semilunar valve

Which of the following is not a true statement about open and closed circulatory systems? a. both systems have some sort of a heart that pumps a circulatory fluid through the body b. a frog has an open circulatory system; other vertebraes have closed circulatory systems c. the blood and interstitial fluid are separate in a closed system but are indistinguishable in an open system d. some of are circulation of blood in both systems results from body movements

a frog has an open circulatory system; other vertebraes have closed circulatory systems

Compared to other primates, anthropoids have a. a stronger reliance upon smell. b. smaller total body size in most cases. c. a fully opposable thumb. d. a decreased reliance upon vision.

a fully opposable thumb.

In which of the following organisms does oxygen diffuse directly across a respiratory surface to cells, without being carried by the blood? a. a grasshopper b. a whale c. an earthworm d. a mouse

a grasshopper

What do the alveoli of mammalian lungs, the gill filaments of fish, and the tracheal tubes of insects have in common?a. use of a circulatory system to transport gases b. respiratory surfaces that are inholdings of the body wall c. countercurrent exchange d. a large, moist surface area for gas exchange

a large, moist surface area for gas exchange

The fossil "hobbits" discovered in Indonesia may be _______ that lived ________. a. a lineage of early hominins . . . about 5 million years ago b. a newly discovered species of Homo . . . as recently as 18,000 years ago c. a dwarf lineage of Australopithecus . . . around the same time as "Lucy" d. a population of Homo sapiens with a genetic disorder . . . at the same time as the Neanderthals

a newly discovered species of Homo . . . as recently as 18,000 years ago

Two features of ray-finned fish NOT found in sharks are _____. a. a swim bladder and opercula b. gills and a lateral line system c. muscular fins supported by stout bones and lungs d. a lateral line system and electrosensors on the head

a swim bladder and opercula

How does a zygote differ from a mature egg? a. a zygote has more chromosomes b. a zygote is smaller c. a zygote consists of more than one cell d. zygote divides by meiosis

a zygote has more chromosomes

Which of the following traits support(s) advanced flight capabilities in modern birds? a. presence of teeth and strong, solid bones b. absence of teeth, honeycombed bones, and acute sight c. presence of feathers d. muscles that do not require oxygen

absence of teeth, honeycombed bones, and acute sight

Fossil and genetic evidence strongly support the idea that modern humans a. derive from an African lineage but also have genes derived from mixing with several Eurasian descendants of Homo erectus. b. all derive from a single African lineage that spread from there into other parts of the world starting relocation about 50,000 years ago. c. independently arose from three different ancestral Homo species in Africa and Eurasia. d. derive from Neanderthals that independently evolved the features of modern humans in Europe and Africa.

all derive from a single African lineage that spread from there into other parts of the world starting relocation about 50,000 years ago.

The open circulatory system _____. a. allows interstitial fluid to mix freely with vascular fluid b. restricts the backflow of blood by valves in the trachea c. does not rely on muscle contraction d. is less common in grasshoppers and other insects than in mice and snakes

allows interstitial fluid to mix freely with vascular fluid

Fish have gill lamellae, whereas humans have _____. a. bronchioles b. a tracheaa c. diaphragm d. alveoli

alveoli

Which of the following options correctly lists the direction of carbon dioxide travel as it leaves the body? a. alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, pharynx, larynx b. alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx c. alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, larynx, pharynx d. alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, pharynx, larynx

alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx

Within the lungs, gas exchange occurs across a. bronchi. b. diaphragms. c. bronchioles. d. alveoli.

alveoli.

The primary functional unit for gas exchange in the human lung is a(n) _____. a. alveolus b. bronchiole c. capillary d. trachea

alveolus

Which of the following by-products of metabolism is most toxic? a. ammonia b. lactic acid c. carbon monoxide d. urea

ammonia

Which of the following nitrogenous wastes requires the greatest amount of water to excrete? a. uric acid b. protein c. urea d. ammonia

ammonia

Which of the following adaptations allowed reptiles to complete their life cycles on land? a. ectothermic metabolism b.an amniotic egg c. four legs d. lungs

an amniotic egg

Unlike sharks and rays, ray-finned fishes have a. an operculum. b. a flexible skeleton made of cartilage. c. a lateral line system. d. hinged jaws.

an operculum.

The term endotherm refers specifically to a(n) _____. a. cold-blooded animal b. animal that gets most of its body heat from its metabolism c. warm-blooded animal d. animal that regulates its body temperature by its behavior

animal that gets most of its body heat from its metabolism

Which of the following animal groups is characterized by the absence of tails? a. lemurs b. Old World monkeys c. apes d. New World monkeys

apes

Your blood pressure is 120/70. The "120" indicates _____, and the "70" indicates _____. a. pressure in the left ventricle ... pressure in the right ventricle b. arterial pressure during heart contraction ... arterial pressure during heart relaxation c. arterial pressure ... venous pressure d. pressure in the left ventricle ... pressure in the left atrium

arterial pressure during heart contraction ... arterial pressure during heart relaxation

Blood pressure is highest in ______, and blood moves most slowly in __________. a. veins; capillaries b. arteries; capillaries c. veins; arteries d. arteries; veins

arteries; capillaries

Which of the following animals are endotherms? a. all animals b. reptiles, birds, and mammals c. birds and mammals d. amphibians and reptiles

birds and mammals

Secretion is the movement of substances such as drugs or toxic molecules from the ________ into the ________. a. glomerulus . . . nephron tubule b. nephron tubule . . . glomerulus c. blood . . . filtrate d. urinary bladder . . . outside

blood . . . filtrate

Gases diffuse across a capillary wall, moving between the _____ and _____. a. oxygen ... carbon dioxide b. blood ... water c. blood ... interstitial fluid d. blood ... body tissue

blood ... interstitial fluid

In the countercurrent exchange system of fish gills, a. blood flow in the gills reverses direction with every heartbeat. b. blood and water flow in opposite directions. c. blood and water flow in the same direction. d. blood and water are separated by a thick polysaccharide barrier.

blood and water flow in opposite directions.

The fluid that enters the nephrons is called the filtrate. Where does the filtrate come from? a. urine b. cells of the kidney c. the loop of Henle d. blood capillaries

blood capillaries

What is the primary feedback used by the brain to control breathing? a. heart rate b. partial pressure of o2 c. blood pH, which indicates o2 level d. blood pH, which indicates CO2 level

blood pH, which indicates CO2 level

Oxygen is mostly transported through the body in which of the following ways? a. dissolved in red blood cells b. bound to dissolved iron c. dissolved in the blood d. bound to hemoglobin

bound to hemoglobin

What is the correct sequence of filtrate processing in the nephron? a. secretion, reabsorption, filtration, excretion b. filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion c. filtration, reabsorption, secretion d. excretion, secretion, reabsorption, filtration

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion

The blood vessels with the thinnest walls are the _____. a. arteries b. arterioles c. venules d. capillaries

capillaries

Which kind of vessel has the lowest blood velocity? a. vein b. artery c. capillary d. venule

capillary

The function of the pulmonary circuit is to _____. a. carry oxygen and nutrients to tissues where they are needed b. carry carbon dioxide to the lungs and pick up oxygen from the lungs c. retrieve waste products from the body tissues d. carry blood through the heart, lungs, and all of the body tissues

carry carbon dioxide to the lungs and pick up oxygen from the lungs

Blood flows more slowly in the arterioles than in the eatery that supplies them because the arterioles a. have thoroughfare channels to venules that are often closed off, slowing the flow of blood b. have sphincters that restrict flow to capillary beds c. are narrower than the artery d. collectively have a larger cross-sectional area than does the artery

collectively have a larger cross-sectional area than does the artery

The transfer of thermal motion between molecules of objects that are in direct contact is called _____. a. evaporation b. radiation c. conduction d. convection

conduction

On a cold day, blood vessels in the skin _____. a. constrict, reducing heat loss from blood at the surface b. dilate, allowing blood to keep the skin warm c. constrict, forcing blood to flow through vessels in the skin d. dilate, causing blood to pass through the cold skin more quickly

constrict, reducing heat loss from blood at the surface

Inhalation in humans is achieved by a. relaxation of the diaphragm and chest muscles. b. contraction of muscles in the lungs. c. contraction of the diaphragm and chest muscles. d. contraction of the diaphragm.

contraction of the diaphragm and chest muscles.

When you inhale, the diaphragm a. relaxes and moves upward b. relaxes and downward c. contracts and moves upward d. contracts and moves downward

contracts and moves downward

Which of the following kinds of animals excrete their nitrogenous waste entirely as ammonia? a. insects b. fish c. garden snails d. birds

fish

The first step in the formation of urine is the a. secretion of hydrogen ions into the kidney tubules. b. secretion of urea into the renal pelvis. c. formation of filtrate that enters Bowman's capsule. d. reabsorption of nutrients by Bowman's capsule.

formation of filtrate that enters Bowman's capsule.

Which of the following initiates the process of blood clotting? a. damage to the lining of a blood vessel b. conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin c. attraction of white blood cells to a site of infection d. conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen

damage to the lining of a blood vessel

The forward-facing eyes shared by all primates help them in a. swinging from tree branches. b. manipulating small objects. c. depth perception as they navigate through forests. d. seeing in the dark.

depth perception as they navigate through forests.

What name is given to the sheet of muscle that helps move air in and out of the lungs? a. alveolus b. diaphragm c. trachea d. bronchus

diaphragm

In kidney dialysis, what process substitutes for secretion and reabsorption of solutes? a. diffusion b. osmosis c. active transport d. excretion

diffusion

Animals that maintain internal body temperature using heat generated by their own metabolism are called a. hermoregulators. b. dormants. c. endotherms. d. aerophiles.

endotherms.

Fossils suggest that the first major trait distinguishing hominids from other primates was a. a larger brain b. erect posture c. forward-facing eyes with depth perception d. tool making

erect posture

Which of the following helps cool animal bodies? a. evaporation b. countercurrent heat exchanger c. skeletal muscle contraction d. a thick layer of fat

evaporation

To enhance heat loss, humans sweat, an adaptation known as a. the maintenance principle. b. homeostasis. c. evaporative cooling. d. a behavioral response.

evaporative cooling.

Breathing is the _____. a. exchange of gases between the circulatory system and interstitial fluid (and then body tissues) b. transportation of gases by the circulatory system c. exchange of gases in the mitochondria d. exchange of gases in the lungs

exchange of gases in the lungs

The organization of blood and water flow in a fish's gills increases the fish's ability to a. extract oxygen from the water. b. detect toxic materials in the water. c. transport blood throughout the fish's body. d. extract carbon dioxide from the water.

extract oxygen from the water.

When you hold your breath, which of the following first leads to the urge to breathe? a. falling CO2 b. falling O2 c. falling pH of the blood d. rising pH of the blood

falling pH of the blood

In each nephron of the kidney, the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule a. filter the blood and capture the filtrate b. reabsorb water into the blood c. break down harmful toxins and poisons d. refine and concentrate the urine for excretion

filter the blood and capture the filtrate

Which process in the nephron is least selective? a. secretion b. reabsorption c. filtration d. passive diffusion of salt

filtration

Natural selection is nature's mechanism for selecting characteristics that best adapt the animal to its environment. Mammals have evolved a sophisticated mechanism for eliminating nitrogenous wastes that involves a. forming urea and storing it in concentrated solution. b. producing uric acid and excreting it with feces. c. recycling urea and using it as an energy source. d. secretion through cell membranes.

forming urea and storing it in concentrated solution.

Many birds, insects, and terrestrial reptiles excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid, which _____. a. is synthesized in the kidneys from ammonia and CO2 b. readily decomposes on exposure to air c. forms solids that are relatively insoluble and nontoxic d. can be recycled and utilized as an additional energy source

forms solids that are relatively insoluble and nontoxic

Which of the following organisms has a respiratory system that does not require assistance from a circulatory system for gas exchange? a. carp b. crayfish c. grasshopper d. mouse

grasshopper

The earliest members of the genus of Homo a. had a larger brain compared to other hominins b. probably hunted dinosaurs c. lived about 4 million years ago d. were the first hominins to be bipedal

had a larger brain compared to other hominins

Animals that effectively use their body surface for gas exchange must a. have a low ratio of body surface area to volume. b. have a special kind of hemoglobin. c. have a high ratio of body surface area to volume. d. be terrestrial.

have a high ratio of body surface area to volume.

Closed circulatory systems _____. a. lack veins b. lack blood c. have capillaries d. lack a heart

have capillaries

Mammals a. have hair and mammary glands. b. all lay eggs. c. all give birth to live young. d. evolved from birds.

have hair and mammary glands.

A lamprey, a shark, a lizard, and a rabbit share all the following characteristics except a. phranyngeal slits in the embryo or adult b. vertebrae c. hinged jaws d. dorsal, hollow nerve cord

hinged jaws

Which bird adaptation is probably less well-developed in flightless birds such as penguins and ostriches? a. presence of feathers b. vertebrae c. honeycombed bone structure d. amniotic egg

honeycombed bone structure

Eutherians include _____. a. kangaroos b. duck-billed platypuses c. humans d. most of the native mammals of Australia

humans

Most fishes can live either in freshwater or saltwater habitats, but not both. If you move a marine fish from the ocean to a lake, it will quickly die, and vice versa. However, a small number of fish species are capable of moving between the two environments. Salmon are osmoregulators that hatch in rivers, spend most of their lives in the ocean, and return to the river where they were born in order to breed. When a salmon moves from the ocean to a freshwater environment, you would expect its urine volume to ________ and its rate of salt absorption to ________. a. decrease . . . decrease b. decrease . . . increase c. increase . . . remain the same d. increase . . . increase

increase . . . increase

Which of the following is not an adaptation for reducing the rate of heat loss to the environment? a. feathers or fur b. increasing blood flow to surface blood vessels c. huddling behavior of penguins d. countercurrent yea exchange

increasing blood flow to surface blood vessels

Humid weather makes you feel warmer because humid air _____. a. prevents countercurrent heat exchange from occurring b. interferes with heat loss by evaporative cooling c. interferes with heat loss by conduction d. holds warm water vapor

interferes with heat loss by evaporative cooling

Oxygen moves from blood into the interstitial fluid and then to body cells because a. it diffuses from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure. b. it diffuses from a higher to a lower pH. c. it diffuses from a region of lower partial pressure to a region of higher partial pressure. d. it descends down an osmotic gradient, following the movement of water.

it diffuses from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure.

An aquatic animal that has the same solute concentration as its environment is a(n) _____. a. freshwater osmoregulator b. osmoconformer c. saltwater osmoregulator d. amniote

osmoconformer

One advantage of gas exchange in water is that a. water can contain more oxygen than air. b. carbon dioxide is easier to eliminate in water than in air. c. ventilating gills in water requires very little energy. d. it is easy to keep the exchange surface wet.

it is easy to keep the exchange surface wet.

Which of the following organisms is a marsupial? a. whale b. echidna c. zebra d. kangaroo

kangaroo

Heart valves function to _____. a. control the amount of blood pumped by the heart b. slow blood down as it passes through the heart c. mix blood thoroughly as it passes through the heart d. keep blood moving forward through the heart

keep blood moving forward through the heart

Lampreys differ from fishes in that lampreys a. lack jaws. b. lack an endoskeleton. c. lack a backbone. d. possess a backbone and skull.

lack jaws.

The land animals that evolved from earlier aquatic forms had to change their mechanisms for excreting nitrogenous wastes because a. land animals had a more difficult time with water balance than aquatic species since water was not always available on land. b. land animals found better food sources. c. land animals concurrently developed a more efficient reproduction system. d. aquatic animals did not have as much protein in their diets as did land animals.

land animals had a more difficult time with water balance than aquatic species since water was not always available on land.

The duck-billed platypus and other monotremes differ from other mammals in that they a. have hair. b. lay eggs. c. have mammary glands. d. are aquatic.

lay eggs.

Birds and insects excrete uric acid, whereas mammals and most amphibians excrete mainly urea. What is the chief advantage of uric acid over urea as a waste product? a. Uric acid is a much simpler molecule b. it takes less energy to make uric acid c. less water is required to excrete uric acid d. More solutes are removed excreting uric acid

less water is required to excrete uric acid

According to this figure, which group includes the closest living relatives to tetrapods such as amphibians, reptiles, and mammals? a. ray-finned fishes b. lobe-finned fishes c. tunicates d. sharks and rays

lobe-finned fishes

The first vertebrates to live on land were most likely derived from _____. a. lobe-finned fishes b. agnathansray-finned fishescartilaginous fish Submit

lobe-finned fishes

A woman had several miscarriages. Her doctor suspected that a hormonal insufficiency was causing the lining of the uterus to break down, as it does during menstruation, terminating her pregnancies. Treatment with which of the following might help her remain pregnant? a. oxytocin b. follicle-stimulating hormone c. luteinizing hormone d. prolactin

luteinizing hormone

Countercurrent exchange, which occurs in the gills of fish, _____. a. speeds up the flow of water through the gills b. means that blood and water flow in the same direction c. maintains a concentration gradient that enhances diffusion of O2 d. interferes with the efficient absorption of oxygen

maintains a concentration gradient that enhances diffusion of O2

Countercurrent gas exchange in the gills of a fish. a. maintains a gradient that enhances diffusion b. enables the fish to obtain oxygen without swimming c. means that blood and water flow at different rates d. allows O2 to diffuse against its partial pressure gradient

maintains a gradient that enhances diffusion

What part of the human brain contains the primary breathing control center? a. medulla oblongata b. neocortex c. cerebellum d. thalamus

medulla oblongata

Respiratory surfaces are all _____. a. internal b. a series of air "pipes" c. moist d. external

moist

Which of the following traits tend(s) to tie amphibians to wet or moist habitats? a. the amniotic egg b. moist skin and soft, unprotected eggs c. small body size d. tetrapod body form and lack of lungs

moist skin and soft, unprotected eggs

What is the name of the functional unit of the kidney? a. glomerulus b. renal unit c. nephron d. Bowman's capsule

nephron

The reason animals need a continuous supply of oxygen is to a. dispose of carbon dioxide. b. obtain energy from their food. c. make carbon dioxide. d. carry out glycolysis.

obtain energy from their food.

There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their _____. a. method of locomotion b. presence or absence of hair c. patterns of reproduction and development d. size

patterns of reproduction and development

The function of passageways for gas exchange in birds is to a. lighten the bird. b. adjust the temperature of air. c. permit one-way ventilation of the lungs. d. store air for times of physical exertion.

permit one-way ventilation of the lungs.

Paul's blood pressure is 150/90. The 150 indicates __________, and the 90 indicates __________. a. pressure in the ventricle; pressure in the right ventricle b. pressuring during ventricular contraction; pressure during heart relaxation c. systemic circuit pressure; pulmonary circuit pressure d. pressure in the arteries; pressure in the veins

pressuring during ventricular contraction; pressure during heart relaxation

After a sperm penetrates an egg, it is important that the vielline layer separate from the egg so that it can a. secrete important hormones b. enable the fertilized egg to implant in the uterus c. prevent more than one sperm from entering the egg d. attract additional sperm to the egg

prevent more than one sperm from entering the egg

Which of the following is a function of the human kidney? a. conversion of ammonia to uric acid b. processing of blood to form filtrate material, from which metabolic wastes are discarded c. thermoregulation d. excretion of urine

processing of blood to form filtrate material, from which metabolic wastes are discarded

A freshwater fish would be expected to a. pump salt out through its gills b. produce copious quantities of dilute urine c. have scales and a covering of mucus that reduce water loss to the environment d. all of the above

produce copious quantities of dilute urine

Most of our nitrogen-containing waste products are a result of _____. a. the body's attempts to maintain pH homeostasis b. drug use c. consumption of foods high in nitrates, such as green vegetables d. protein metabolism

protein metabolism

You are in a room of empty chairs. As the chairs fill with people, you become hotter and hotter. A ceiling fan is turned on, and you feel cooler. You gained heat by _______ and lost heat to the environment by ___________ a. conduction ... convection b. radiation ... convection c. radiation ... conduction d. convection ... radiation

radiation ... convection

As filtrate passes through the loop of Henle, salt is reabsorbed and concentrated in the interstitial fluid of the medulla. This high solute concentration in the medulla enables nephrons to a. excrete the maximum amount of salt b. neutralize toxins that might be found in the kidney. c. excrete large amount of water d. reabsorb water from the filtrate very efficiently

reabsorb water from the filtrate very efficiently

What is the main function of the loop of Henle? a. active transport of amino acids and glucose b. excretion c. reabsorption d. secretion of H+ and reabsorption of HCO3-

reabsorption

The overall process that refines the filtrate and ultimately returns water and valuable solutes to the blood is known as a. collection. b. purification. c. reabsorption. d. excretion.

reabsorption.

Precapillary sphincters _____. a. regulate the distribution of blood b. control how much blood leaves a capillary bed c. control how much blood enters digestive tissues d. adjust the rate at which blood enters a capillary bed

regulate the distribution of blood

During gas exchange, body cells a. take up CO2 from red blood cells. b. release CO2 and take up O2. c. increase in size to accommodate the reuptake of O2. d. release O2 to red blood cells.

release CO2 and take up O2.

The body structure where gas exchange occurs is called the a. integumentary surface. b. respiratory surface. c. exchange network. d. capillary network.

respiratory surface.

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to the urge to breathe again? a. rising oxygen concentration b. falling carbon dioxide concentration c. falling oxygen concentration d. rising carbon dioxide concentration

rising carbon dioxide concentration

Recall that cuticle seals plant surfaces and helps plants conserve water and that the seed helps derived plant groups to reproduce effectively on dry land. The analogous adaptations in reptiles are ________ (analogous to cuticle) and ________ (analogous to the seed). a. claws . . . lungs b. scales . . . jellylike egg masses c. scales . . . the amniotic egg d. scales . . . aquatic larvae

scales . . . the amniotic egg

Jaws appear to have evolved from a. the fusion of many bony elements found in the skin of the neck region of jawless ancestors. b. skeletal rods that supported gill slits near the mouth. c. modification of a disk of bones surrounding the mouth in lampreys. d. a large, bony shield that protruded from between the base of the pectoral fins.

skeletal rods that supported gill slits near the mouth.

In earthworms, gas exchange occurs in the _____. a. gills b. skin c. tracheae d. lungs

skin

Which of these increases your risk of cardiovascular disease? a. a diet low in saturated fat b. smoking c. exercise d. a diet low in cholesterol

smoking

Which of these is not a member of the anthropoids? a. chimpanzee b. tarsier c. human d. New World monkey

tarsier

Which of the following has the highest blood pressure? a. the aorta b. the capillaries c. the arterioles d. the venules

the aorta

High-flying birds are able to obtain enough oxygen even when the air is very thin because a. they have reduced amounts of hemoglobin in their blood. b. they have more efficient lungs than other vertebrates. c. their heart can increase or decrease in size as altitude changes. d. their mitochondria are more efficient than those of other vertebrates.

they have more efficient lungs than other vertebrates.

In order for gas exchange to occur, a respiratory surface must be _____. a. thin and moist b. thick, dry, and covered with hair c. moist and glandular d. expansive

thin and moist

In an experiment, a researcher colored a bit of tissue on the outside of a frog gastrula with an orange fluorescent dye. The embryo developed normally. When the tadpole was placed under an ultraviolet light, which of the following glowed bright orange? a. the heart b. the pancreas c. the brain d. the stomach

the brain

In humans, CO2 and O2 are exchanged across which membranous structure? a. the skeletal muscle of the diaphragm b. the ciliated cells of the bronchioles c. the epithelial cells of the bronchi d. the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.

the capillaries surrounding the alveoli

What is meant by the term stroke? a. the death of brain tissue as a result of the blockage of blood flow to the head b. the death of heart muscle as a result of the blockage of coronary arteries c. the spread of cancer cells from the site of a tumor to other sites in the body d. an abnormally low number of red blood cell

the death of brain tissue as a result of the blockage of blood flow to the head

In a mammal, blood leaving the lungs goes to a. the brain. b. the heart. c. the liver. d. the limbs.

the heart.

From your knowledge of the function of the loops of Henle, you might infer that the reason the loops of Henle in the kidneys of a desert kangaroo rat are much longer than those in a white laboratory rat is because _____. a. the white rat's diet is much less varied than the kangaroo rat's b. the kangaroo rat cannot always find food c. the kangaroo rat produces more body wastes d. the kangaroo rat is adapted to living in an environment where water is scarce

the kangaroo rat is adapted to living in an environment where water is scarce

Thermoregulation, an important part of homeostasis, is defined as a. the mechanisms that allow an animal to hibernate without food or drink. b. a mechanism for utilizing body fat. c. reduced blood flow to an animal's extremities. d. the maintenance of internal body temperature within a tolerable range.

the maintenance of internal body temperature within a tolerable range.

When you are breathing normally, exhalation results mainly from a. the relaxation of the chest muscles and diaphragm. b. low pressure in the lungs. c. the contraction of the diaphragm. d. the contraction of muscles in the chest.

the relaxation of the chest muscles and diaphragm.

Emphysema is _____. a. a type of heart disease that involves enlargement of the heart b. the result of the destruction of alveoli c. the coughing that results from the accumulation of mucus in the airways to the lungs d. a type of cancer

the result of the destruction of alveoli

In 2004, researchers unearthed an 18,000-year-old fossil skeleton on an Indonesian island. The researchers named this find Homo floresiensis. One surprising feature of this and other related fossils found on the same island was that _____. a. the feet of this species have all of the hallmarks of modern human feet b. the brain size is comparable to modern humans c. the size of the adult members of the species is only about one meter tall d. the skeletons resemble Neanderthal fossils from about the same period in the fossil record

the size of the adult members of the species is only about one meter tall

What is the function of the cilia in the trachea and bronchi? a. to sweep air into and out of the lungs b. to increase the surface area for gas exchange c. to dislodge foods that may have slipped past the epiglottis d. to sweep mucus with trapped particles up and out of the respiratory tract

to sweep mucus with trapped particles up and out of the respiratory tract

Cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke cause cancer due to the a. effects they have on our breathing mechanisms. b. toxins in the smoke. c. immunosuppressive effects they display. d. resistance they have for products of our immune system.

toxins in the smoke.

A series of air tubes that branch throughout the body describes which gas exchange system? a. lungs b. skin c. chitin d. tracheae

tracheae

Which animals are ectothermic? a. birds and mammals b. frogs and mammals c. lizards and birds d. turtles and lizards

turtles and lizards

The primary nitrogen-containing compound excreted by kidneys of mammals is _____. a. urea b. amino acid c. ammonia d. uric acid

urea

Through which of the following structures does urine leave the bladder? a. urethra b. distal convoluted tubule c. renal medulla d. ureter

urethra

The most effective molecule for nitrogenous waste disposal in desert animals would be _____. a. urea because it is less toxic than uric acid b. uric acid because it does not require water for excretion c. ammonia because it uses less energy to make than uric acid or urea d. uric acid because it takes less energy to make than urea

uric acid because it does not require water for excretion

Birds, like other animals, must eliminate ammonia or urea, and do so by converting them to a. sodium chloride. b. amino acids. c. uric acid. d. ammonium ions.

uric acid.

Which of the following is a function of the nasal cavities in humans? a. secreting excess carbon dioxide into exhaled air b. determining O2 content in inhaled air c. secreting enzymes for digestion d. warming inhaled air

warming inhaled air

Most fishes can live either in freshwater or saltwater habitats, but not both. If you move a marine fish from the ocean to a lake, it will quickly die, and vice versa. However, a small number of fish species are capable of moving between the two environments. Salmon are osmoregulators that hatch in rivers, spend most of their lives in the ocean, and return to the river where they were born in order to breed. When a salmon leaves the river and moves out to sea, you would expect ________ to leave its body by osmosis and that excess ________ would need to be pumped out. a. salt . . . water b. salt . . . salt c. water . . . salt d. water . . . water

water . . . salt