Bio ch 5.3

Humans and animals stock their energy storage in

adipose cells

Glycerol is an

alcohol

Lipids

are hydrophobic, not large enough to be called a macromolecule. Includes fats, phospholipids, steroids and waxes.

The major function of fat is

energy storage. A gram of fat stores 2x as much as a polysaccharide such as starch

a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group

ester linkage

The carbon attatched to the carboxyl group is the functional group that gives these molecules the name

fatty acid

In making fat, three____ _____ are joined by to a glycerol by a ___linkage

fatty acid, ester

Unsaturated fatty acid

has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each doube-bonded carbon

2. Why are human sex hormones considered lipids

human sex hormose are steroids, a type of hydrophobic compound

In a Phospholpid the hydrocarbon tail is__ in regaurds to water

hydrophobic

Saturated

if there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton. Saturated with hydrogen

Cholesterol is needed because

it inserts iteself into the phospholipid membrane & gives rigidity, integrity, structure

Steroids

lipids characterized by a caarbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Phospholipids

make up cell membranes. Has two fatty acids attatched to glycerol. The 3rd hydroxyl group of glycerol is joined to a phosphate group.

Most animal fats are

saturated

Cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) may be cause by a diet high in

saturated fat

The process hydrogenating vegetable oil produce

saturated fats and unsaturated fats with trans double bonds

When phospholipids are added to water they

self assemble into double layered structures called "bilayers" This protects the hydrophobic tails

Cholesterol rings inteh phospholipid membrane helps to regulate

tempature

Why does and unsaturated fat stay liquid at room temp

the kinks in the cis double bonds prevent the molecules from packing together closely enough

Saturated fatty acid

they hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid is saturated with hydrogen. This fat is called a saturated fat

Hydrogenated vegetable oils mean

unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding carbon.

Plants stock their energy stores in the form of

starch, found in places such as their seeds.

Adipose cells

swell and shrink when fat is deposited or withdrawn. Stores energy, provides cushion to vital organs, insulates body

Fats of plants and fish are generally

unsaturated. Meaning built of one or more types of unsaturated fatty acids. Usually liquid at room temp

1.Compare the structure of a fat (triglyceride) with that of a phosphollipid

A triglyceride (fat) is made of a glycerol head and 3 molecules of fatty acid. A Phosphollipid is made of a Phosphate group, glycerol and 2 fatty acids.

Triglyceride

Fat or lipid with 3 fatty acids linked to one clycerol. Also called a triacylglycerol

Fat

constructed of glycerol and fatty acids

Examples of unsaturated plant fats are

oils, olive oil, cod liver oil

In vertebrates cholesterol is synthesized in

the liver and obtained from the diet

Saturated fat and Unsaturated fat refer to

the structure of teh hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids

Trans fat

unsaturated fat formed artifically during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds

Cis double bonds cause a

kink in the hydrocarbon chain wherever they occur

Examples of saturated animal fats are

lard and butter and are solid at room temp

Lipids are not

linked together

Fatty acid

Has a long hydrocarbon skeleton 16-18 carbons in length. The carbon at one end attatched to a carboxyl group, the rest is a hydrocarbon chain.

The phosphate group on the Phospholipid is ___ in regaurds to water.

Hydrophilic

What are some examples of products that use hydrogenated vegetable oil

Penut butter, margarine. It prevents lipids from separating out in liquid (oil) form.

The phospholipid bilayer forms

a boundary between the cell and it's external environment

Triacylglycerol

a fat that consists of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule. Also called a Triglyceride.

Cholesterol

a steroid, component of animal cell membranes and precursor from which other steroids are synthesized.

The fatty acids in fat can be the same or

2 or 3 diffrent kinds. The glycerol may be attatched to 3 diffrent kinds of fatty acids.