Bio Chapter 20

How are animals organized? Think about the hierarchy of structural organization.

Cells-> tissue->organ-> organ->system->organism

Stratified squamous epithelium is well-suited for A) exchanging materials by diffusion. B) exchanging materials by active transport. C) lining our lungs. D) lining body surfaces subject to abrasion. E) secreting mucus.

D

Suppose your doctor decides to X-ray your hip. Which would show up more distinctly, the muscles or the bones? A) the muscles, because they are rich in hydrogen B) the muscles, because they are metabolically more active C) the muscles, because they are softer D) the bones, because they are denser E) the bones, because they are rich in hydrogen

D

The liquid part of the blood that consists of water, salts, and dissolved proteins is known as A) serum. B) interstitial fluid. C) lymph. D) plasma. E) platelets.

D

The structural and functional unit of nervous tissue is the A) dendrite. B) axon. C) cell body. D) neuron. E) nerve.

D

Which is the most abundant kind of tissue in an animal, such as a gorilla? A) connective B) epithelial C) blood D) muscle E) nerve

D

Which organ system removes nitrogen-containing waste products from blood? A) lymphatic system B) integumentary system C) muscular system D) excretory system E) reproductive system

D

Smooth muscle is responsible for A) voluntary body activities. B) the pumping action of the heart. C) an athlete's ability to run a 100-meter dash. D) involuntary body activities. E) transmission of information.

D Muscle tissues: Skeletal=voluntary Cardiac= involuntary Smooth=involuntary

Which of the following tissues can currently be produced artificially and has been successfully used in human transplants? A) heart muscle B) esophageal lining C) lining of the small intestine D) skin E) bladder

D & E

Unlike both smooth and skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle A) has cells that contact one another. B) has cells that are striped. C) generally cannot be contracted at will. D) generally can be contracted at will. E) has branched cells.

E

What kind of connective tissue has an extracellular liquid matrix called plasma? A) cartilage B) nerve tissue C) loose connective tissue D) adipose tissue E) blood

E - Blood is a connective tissue!

A physiologist is a biologist who studies A) the structure of living things. B) the structure of body parts. C) the evolution of animals. D) the physics of living things. E) the function of body parts.

E - the FUNCTION of body parts Function = physiology Structure= anatomy

What is a negative feedback loop?

It is the REVERSAL of a stimulus to return the body to normal (homeostasis) Negative Feedback - HOMEOSTATIS DEPENDS ON THIS - control systems detect a change and the negative feedback mechanism keep internal variables (like temperature, etc.) fairly constant with small fluctuations.

Briefly describe how the external environment & organismal structure play a role in maintaining homeostasis. § Does surface area affect the rate at which this occurs?

Living organisms are open systems that exchange energy and matter with its surroundings.

What is meant by the term homeostasis? How is it regulated?

Maintaining an optimal steady state inside! the dynamic maintenance of the normal or optimal steady-state internal environment of a cell or organism by self-regulating mechanisms in response to widely fluctuating changes that occur in the external environment. It is REGULATED by Negative Feedback - HOMEOSTATIS DEPENDS ON THIS - control systems detect a change and the negative feedback mechanism keep internal variables (like temperature, etc.) fairly constant with small fluctuations.

State what is meant by "structure fits function." Does this correlate in any way with natural selection & evolution?

Structure= Function (The structure of a part makes up its function [what it does and is able to do])

What are the two other major components of this system that contains the skin?

THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM PROTECTS THE BODY - Includes the SKIN, NAILS, HAIR

Is it possible to create an artificial tissue? If so how? • What are some examples of ones that have been created?

Use of other animals body parts, 3-D printers, etc. 1. Bladders have been made by growing bladder cells on a balloon 2. Hearts from animal cadavers can be seeded with human adult stem cells can make them beat (but not yet fully function to be used in a human) 3. Some predict decellurized pig hearts will be used to replaced diseased human hearts 4. 3D printers are being used - cells are used to build structures in 3 dimensions to resemble organs - kidneys and hearts have been built that can beat, but they are still unusable - parts with less complicated structure and function are being used like rebuilding a windpipe!

If you hadn't eaten for several hours, which hormone would be responsible for returning your glucose levels to the set point? A) insulin B) glucagon C) liver D) pancreas E) glycogen

B

What are the twelve major vertebrate organ systems? § Where are they primarily found? Think general overall location of the body...e.g. thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, midline of the body.

- Circulatory system - delvers o2 and nutrients to the body cells and transports CO2 to the lungs and metabolic wastes to the kidneys. (includes such things as heart and blood vessels) - muscular system - moves the body, maintains posture, produces HEAT (includes the skeletal muscles) - skeletal system - supports the body, protects organs like the brain and lungs, provides framework for muscle movement. (includes bone and cartilage) - nervous system - coordinates body activities by detecting stimuli, integrating information, and directing responses. (includes, brain, nerves, spinal cord, sensory organs like the ear) - reproductive system - produces gamates and sex hormones, the female system supports the developing embryo) - respiratory system - exchanges gases with the environment and supplies body with o2 (includes things like nasal cavity, lung, pharynx, trachea, bronchus) - immune system - defends against infections and cancer - Integumentary system- Protects against injury, infections, excess heat or cold, and drying out (includes Hair, skin, and nails) - Endocrine system- secretes hormones that regulate body activities - helps to maintain HOMEOSTATIS (pancreas, thymus, pituitary gland, testis, thyroid gland, etc....) - Lymphatic system- returns excess body fluid to circulatory system and functions as part of the IMMUNE SYSTEM (includes thymus, lymphatic vessels, appendix, lymph nodes) - Urinary System - removes wast products from blood and excretes urine. Regulates chemical make up, PH, and water balance of blood. (includes bladder, kidney, ureter, urethra) - Digestive system - ingests and digests food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates undigested materials. (includes mouth, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, anus, large intestine)

State three main functions in which the integumentary system performs.

1. Protection 2. Insulation 3. Oil (sebaceous) glands release oils that: •lubricate hair •condition surrounding skin •inhibit the growth of bacteria

An organ system consists of A) organs that collectively perform a vital body function. B) a group of coordinated tissues. C) a collection of similar cells. D) organs that serve as a backup for a vital nonfunctioning body system. E) blood, lymph, and other body fluids.

A

Assume you have scratched a mosquito bite and, in the process, damaged some of your stratified squamous epithelial cells. What will happen? A) The damaged cells will heal themselves. B) The cells near the base of the epithelium will rapidly replicate to replace the damaged cells. C) Sensory receptors in the skin will become activated. D) Vitamin D synthesis will begin, thus encouraging cell replacement. E) The function of the skin will be totally lost.

A

Homeostasis A) is the maintenance of a constant internal state. B) results from hormone imbalance. C) is a pathological condition. D) results from a hormone imbalance. E) is the way the internal environment influences the external environment.

A

Which of the following is a major category of animal tissue? A) epithelium B) heart C) lymph D) blood serum E) biceps

A

Which of the following is a part of the immune system? A) bone marrow B) liver C) pancreas D) lungs E) endocrine system

A

Which of the following is an example of a tissue? A) heart muscle B) heart C) red blood cell D) circulatory system E) liver

A

Which type of tissue forms a communication and coordination system within the body? A) nervous B) blood C) epithelial D) connective E) muscle

A

The respiratory system includes all of the following structures except the A) esophagus. B) bronchus. C) trachea. D) larynx. E) lung

A - the esophagus is what food goes down.

What is the difference between anatomy & physiology?

Anatomy- study of structure - which is the form Physiology- study of function - what the form does

Cells receive material such as food, minerals, and oxygen from the outside world through A) water. B) interstitial fluid. C) matrix fibers. D) cytoplasm. E) neurons.

B

Connective tissue is different from the other major tissue types in that A) it is made of cells. B) the cells are sparsely scattered through a nonliving matrix. C) it is not made of cells. D) it has no essential function in an animal's body. E) it is found only in humans.

B

Most homeostasis depends on A) positive feedback control. B) negative feedback control. C) hormonal regulation. D) predictable environmental conditions. E) predictable internal conditions.

B

Structure in the living world is organized into hierarchical levels. Which of the following lists these from least inclusive to most inclusive? A) cell, molecule, organ, organ system, tissue, organism B) molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism C) molecule, cell, organ, organ system, tissue, organism D) cell, molecule, tissue, organ, organ system, organism E) molecule, cell, tissue, organ system, organ, organism

B

The vertebrate kidney helps to keep the acidity of the body fluids constant by varying the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) it secretes into the urine. You can confidently predict that this aspect of kidney function will be controlled by A) a positive feedback mechanism. B) a negative feedback mechanism. C) nerve impulses from the brain. D) a hormone ultimately controlled by the brain. E) a hormone produced in the kidney itself.

B

When body temperature is too high, which of the following occurs? A) The brain sends out distress signals. B) Blood vessels in the skin dilate. C) Blood glucose rises significantly. D) Capillaries contract. E) The internal lining of the intestine increases in surface area.

B

Which of the following is closely associated with the digestive, respiratory, and excretory systems? A) the skeletal system B) the circulatory system C) the reproductive system D) the muscular system E) the lymphatic system

B

Which of the following statements regarding skeletal muscle is true? A) Individual skeletal muscle cells are visible to the naked eye. B) Skeletal muscle is attached to bones by tendons. C) Skeletal muscle cells do not contain nuclei. D) Skeletal muscle is largely responsible for involuntary body motions. E) Skeletal muscle coordinates movement of nutrients and oxygen throughout the body.

B

Which of the following tissues would likely be found in the small intestine? A) cardiac muscle B) nervous tissue C) bone tissue D) tendons E) cartilage

B

Which of the following is a type of connective tissue? A) plasma B) adipose tissue C) spinal fluid D) epithelial tissue E) muscle tissue

B (adipose tissue stores fat and insulates/protects the body. the rest are tissues, but not connective tissue)

Fingernails are a component of the ________ system. A) respiratory B) integumentary C) muscular D) skeletal E) excretory

B (integumentary system is nails, skin and hair)

Which of the following statements about the cells of the mucous membrane lining your air tubes is false? A) They manufacture secretory products. B) They are stratified squamous epithelial cells. C) They have a large volume of cytoplasm. D) They are cuboidal or columnar in shape. E) They carry cilia that sweep mucus up and out of the respiratory system.

B (they are actually simple squamous epithelium - remember they are flat and leaky to allow for easy gas exchange)

After reading the following paragraph, answer the question(s) below. Under normal conditions, blood sugar levels are controlled within a narrow range by negative feedback. Two hormones are involved in maintaining blood sugar levels at the set point (about 90 mg of glucose/100 ml of blood). When blood sugar levels rise above the set point, the hormone insulin signals the liver to absorb the excess sugar. When blood sugar levels drop below the set point, the hormone glucagon signals the liver to release its stored glucose to the bloodstream. In juvenile onset diabetes, the body doesn't produce enough insulin and insulin supplements are required. 1) Based on your understanding of homeostasis, for negative feedback control of blood glucose levels to function properly A) the control center for glucose must be somewhere in the digestive system. B) glucose levels must be able to rapidly rise and fall depending on dietary intake. C) there must be sensors that monitor blood glucose levels. D) there must be several other hormones involved (in addition to insulin and glucagon). E) the body must prevent glucose levels from changing even slightly.

C

An organ represents a higher level of structure than the tissue composing it and performs functions that the tissues cannot perform alone. This is an example of the principle of A) structural adaptations. B) cellular regulation. C) emergent properties. D) biotechnology. E) protein scaffolding.

C

Epithelial tissues A) transmit impulses. B) cause body movements. C) cover both external and internal body surfaces. D) sense stimuli. E) form a framework that supports the body.

C

The main function of muscle tissue is A) sensation. B) support. C) contraction. D) covering surfaces. E) absorption.

C

Which of the following best represents an adaptation to increase surface-to-volume ratio? A) the long bones of a giraffe B) the smooth skin of an earthworm C) the multilobed sacs in the lungs D) the striations of skeletal muscle E) the smooth muscle inside the intestine

C

Which of the following is most likely to be responsible if, when your blood sugar level rises, the level of sugar goes back down? A) diabetes insipidus B) the use of the sugar for energy by your cells C) a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback D) type II diabetes E) a homeostatic mechanism based on positive feedback

C

Which of the following items has a shape most like a squamous epithelial cell? A) a watermelon B) a cupcake C) a fried egg D) a spoon E) the letter "S"

C

Which of the following statements about organs is false? A) An organ represents a higher level of structure than the tissues composing it. B) An organ consists of several tissues. C) An organ can only carry out the functions of its component tissues. D) An organ consists of many cells. E) Organs are found in virtually all animals except sponges and some cnidarians.

C

Which of the following is formed from a matrix of collagen fibers embedded in a hard mineral substance? A) blood B) cartilage C) bone D) adipose tissue E) fibrous connective tissue

C (bone is alive and it grows with us/heals when hurt)

The most common type of connective tissue in the human body is A) fibrous connective tissue. B) adipose tissue. C) loose connective tissue. D) bone. E) loose adipose tissue.

C (loose connective tissues hold organs in place and binds epithelia to underlining tissues....we have a lot of organs and epithelia tissue which is how you can remember loose connective tissue is most abundant CONNECTIVE type of tissue!)

2) The connection between structure and ________ is a basic concept of biology. A) species B) adaptation C) function D) sex E) strength

C - Function

Which of the following statements about artificial skin is false? A) Artificial skin has been used on burn victims. B) Artificial skin is grown from human fibroblasts. C) Artificial skin is inexpensive and easy to use. D) Artificial skin has shown such success that other artificial tissues are under investigation. E) Artificial skin may not be used on any animal, just humans.

C - organs are expensive!

What are the names of the three layers of the skin? § Why are the important? § What type of tissues and/or structures do they contain?

1. Epidermis a. Important because has rapid cell division to replace layers that are shed from skin. New cells are pushed up in epidermis by new cells that are continually developed. Waterproof covering protects body from dehydration and penetration of microbes. Old cells die, but stay on you for up to two weeks before being sloughed off by abrasion. So you get new skin every few weeks! b. tissues: stratified squamous epithelium with many layers of flat cells. 2. Dermis - located under the epidermis - it is an inner layer of skin a. Important for tempature regulation and sensory. Also When this layer thins out we get wrinkles and sagging skin - like old people) b. contains: dense elastic tissue with elastic fibers and collagen fibers. Dermis has hair follicles, oil glands and sweat glands Also has sensory receptors! So if you touch something hot or too cold This is the place where vaccine drugs are injected. 3. Hypodermis - Technically, NOT part of the integumentary system; instead it is connective tissue that helps to attach skin to muscles & bone.

Give two examples of negative feedback loops that correlate to a mammal

1. Insulin Control of Blood Glucose - high levels of blood glucose (e.g. after a meal) trigger the release of insulin; insulin signals cells of the body (liver & muscles) to store glucose; blood glucose levels decline to normal. 2. Metabolic Pathways - the end product of metabolic pathways often "feeds back" to either inhibit or stimulate the first enzyme of the pathway. High amounts of end product shut down the production of that product. 3. Labor Positive Feedback - the first mild contractions during childbirth stimulate greater & stronger contractions until birth has occurred. 4. The Formation of a Blood Clot (positive feedback) - the first platelets to arrive at a wound release clotting factors, and signal for more platelets to come help form the clot.

What structures assist in regulation? Provide specific examples. What type of "things" are regulated within an organism? Why is regulation important?

Importance: Regulation maintains an optimal internal environment in the presence of widely fluctuating conditions in the external environment. Structures that help regulation: All organ systems help to maintain an optimal internal environment. Examples: 1. Insulin Control of Blood Glucose - high levels of blood glucose (e.g. after a meal) trigger the release of insulin; insulin signals cells of the body (liver & muscles) to store glucose; blood glucose levels decline to normal. 2. Metabolic Pathways - the end product of metabolic pathways often "feeds back" to either inhibit or stimulate the first enzyme of the pathway. High amounts of end product shut down the production of that product. 3. Labor Positive Feedback - the first mild contractions during childbirth stimulate greater & stronger contractions until birth has occurred. 4. The Formation of a Blood Clot (positive feedback) - the first platelets to arrive at a wound release clotting factors, and signal for more platelets to come help form the clot.

What major body system contains the skin?

Integumentary system

What is an organ?

Organ - Two or more types of tissues that perform a specific task ex: heart (contains 3 types of tissues [nervous, epithelial, connective] and its task is to pump blood.

How do organs differ from one another?

Organs are made up of tissues - a group of tissues that perform specific functions - performs functions tissues couldn't alone

How is a cell different from a tissue different from an organ?

Tissues are a group of cells with a common structure and function. Organs are made up of various tissues.

Why does evolution not lead to perfect?

You may think evolution leads to a perfect animal. NOPE. An animal's structure is often just "good enough" to function and not the ultimate in design.

What are the four major types of tissues? § Where are they found? § What do they do? § Do they have any special feature that assist in their identification? If so what are they? § State two examples of each.

Your body is made up of 4 main categories of tissues: 1. Epithelial Tissue- sheets of closely packed cells that cover body surfaces and line internal organs/cavities a. PINK color indicated epithelial cells b.Named by the number of cell layers they have and the shape of the cells on their apical layer i. Simple epithelium: single layer of cells ii.Stratified epithelium- multiple layers of cells 3 shapes: 1. Squamous-flat (like a fried egg) 2. Cuboidal- cube (dice lined up next to each other) 3. Columnar- column (like columns/bricks placed on end) *THE STUCTURE OF THE CELLS MAKES UP ITS FUNCTION - Ex. Simple squamous epithelium is thin and leaky so it makes up good for exchanging gasses by diffusion so it makes up air sacs. Stratified squamous epithelial is thick and made of many layers so it is good for protection and makes it good for the outer layer of skin. PS: if you know someone with cancer it is very likely they have risen from epithelial cells 2. Connective Tissue - sparse population of cells scattered throughout a matrix - binds and supports other tissues. a. These cells secrete the matrix- web of fibers embedded in jelly, liquid, or solid 6 major types: 1. Loose connective tissue- loose weave of fibers in watery fluid - HOLDS organs in PLACE a.made of collagen (strong ropelike) and elastin (elastic and resilient) 2. Fibrous connective tissue - a. made of collagen fibers (strong ropelike) b.Makes up tendons that attach muscles to bone ligaments and joints 3. Adipose - Stores fat/pads and insulates the body (shrinks when energy is used) 4. Cartilage - Surrounds the ends of bones/provides shock absorbing surface 5. Bone - hard mineral substance made of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. BONE IS ALIVE - contains living cells (grows when you grows and mends when hurt) 6. Blood - Yes, blood is a connective tissue! Transports substances in the body. a. Blood's extracellular matrix is called PLASMA (consists of water, salts and dissolved proteins) i. Suspended in plasma is red blood cells (carried o2), white blood cells (provides defense) and platelets (aids blood clotting) • Why does blood qualify as a type of connective tissue? Because it consists of a population of cells surrounded by a non-cellular matrix, which in this case is fluid called plasma. 3. Muscle Tissue- most abundant type of tissue - consists of long cells called muscle fibers a. Vertebrate muscle types i. Skeletal- striated (striped look) and is responsible for voluntary movements (i.e. hopping, flying) ii. Cardiac- striated (striped) and involuntary movement (we don't think about it ex: heart beating) iii. Smooth- non-striated (no stripes) and involuntary movement (ie. Movement of food through digestive tract/movement of blood in arteries) 4.Nervous tissue- senses stimuli and transmits information - Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves a. Neurons are functional cells in the nervous system i. Dedrites - receive info ii. Axons - transmit signals to other neurons or effector cells like muscle cells iii. Cell body