Bio Chapter 3

What is the difference between FATS and OILS?

Fats = solid at room temp, used for long-term energy storage, insulation, and protective layers Oils = liquid at room temp *FATS AND OILS ARE MADE UP OF GLYCEROL AND 3 FATTY ACIDS

What is the function of PEPTIDOGLYCAN and which organisms use it?

Forms the cell wall in bacteria

What is the function of CHITIN and which organisms use it?

Forms the cell wall in fungi

What is the function of CELLULOSE and which organisms use it?

Forms the cell wall in plants

What are the 5 types of LIPIDS?

1. Fats, 2. Oils, 3. Phospholipids, 4. Steroids, 5. Waxes

What is a POLYPEPTIDE?

2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds formed by dehydration reactions

What type of reaction is used to join monomers together to form polymers?

A DEHYDRATION REACTION (Water is removed as monomers are joined). monomer + monomer --> polymer + H2O

What type of reaction is used to breakdown large molecules into monomers?

A HYDROLYSIS REACTION ("to break with water", water is used to split bonds between monomers). polymer + H2O --> monomer + monomer

What is an ENZYME?

A class of protein that speeds up chemical reactions in cells by bringing reactants together. Usually end in -ase and are shown over the arrow in a chemical reaction because they are neither a reactant nor a product.

What is a TRIGLYCERIDE?

A fat or oil (referred to as such because it is composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids)

Describe STEROIDS

A form of communication in terms of secondary sex characteristics

What is a FUNCTIONAL GROUP?

A group of atoms bound together that always behaves a certain way

What is a MONOSACCHARIDE?

A single sugar molecule

What are proteins used for in food?

A source of amino acids for building new proteins

What functional group is: N-H \ H

AMINO

What is the subunit for PROTEINS and what are their primary function?

AMINO ACIDS, MANY functions: structural support, enzymes, hormones, transport, defense, motion (cilia/flagella).

What is ATP?

Adenosine triphosphate

What is an AMINO ACID?

An AMINE on one end and a CARBOXYL group (-COOH) on the other.

What are TRANS FATS?

An isomer often found in processed foods

What is a carbon chain of a biomolecule called?

CARBON SKELETON/BACKBONE

What functional group is C=O or H-C=OH?

CARBONYL

What functional group is O=C-OH?

CARBOXYL

What are the four types of MACROMOLECULES?

CARBS, PROTEINS, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS

What is a HYDROCARBON?

Chains of carbon atoms bonded exclusively to hydrogen atoms; can be branched or circular

What is the function of GLYCOGEN and which organisms use it?

Energy storage (form of glucose), Animals

What is the function of STARCH and which organisms use it?

Energy storage (form of glucose), Plants

What functional group is OH?

HYDROXYL

What NITROGEN-CONTAINING BASES pair with each other?

In DNA, A with T, C with G In RNA, A with U, C with G

What is the subunit for CARBS and what are their primary function?

Monosaccharides (simple sugars), short-term energy storage

What are NUCLEOTIDES made of?

NITROGEN-CONTAINING BASE, 5-CARBON SUGAR (Pentose), PHOSPHATE

What is the subunit for NUCLEIC ACIDS and what are their primary function?

NUCLEOTIDES, information coding

What is a SATURATED fatty acid?

No double bonds between carbon atoms

What is an UNSATURATED fatty acid?

One or more double bonds between carbon atoms

What is an ISOMER?

Organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but a different arrangement of atoms. Isomers with different functional groups will react differently in chemical reactions.

What functional group is: O || O-P-OH | OH

PHOSPHATE

What is the subunit for LIPIDS and what are their primary function?

Phospholipids, long-term energy storage

Describe PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Polar and therefore water soluble (although LIPIDS are insoluble in water), with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Made when a NITROGEN-CONTAINING GROUP is bound to a PHOSPHATE which is bound to GLYCEROL (these make the polar head), which is bound to 2 fatty acids (the nonpolar tail). PLASMA MEMBRANES are made of 2 layers of phospholipids

What functional group is SH?

SULFHYDRYL

What is the TERTIARY level of structure?

The globular 3D shape a protein achieves through hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges

What is the PRIMARY level of structure?

The sequence of amino acids

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

The sugar (deoxyribose versus ribose) and the shape (double helix versus single strand)

What is the SECONDARY level of structure?

The way a protein winds or folds through hydrogen bonds

What are the unique properties of Carbon atoms?

They can covalently bond with as many as 4 other atoms (the maximum), including other carbon atoms, or form double or triple bonds with fewer. It can form chains or rings and these can, in turn, join together to form other compounds.

How are proteins made?

Through information transported by mRNA, which is a partial copy of the DNA

What is the QUATERNARY level of structure?

When more than one polypeptide chain makes up the final protein