bio chapter 9

Hamilton's Rule reveals that the more closely related two individuals are:

the more likely they are to act altruistically towards each other.

In mammals, as well as many other species, males generally compete for females. The best explanation for this phenomenon is:

females have higher parental investment.

In a random study of 1000 wills, it was shown that ___________________ received the smallest share of a deceased's estate.

friends.

Which of the following best illustrates an instinctive behavior in cats?

hunting and killing.

The main differences between mammals and birds that affect their mating systems are:

in mammals, the fertilized egg develops internally and the female lactates, while in birds, the fertilized egg develops externally and there is no lactation.

The genetic contribution of an individual to subsequent individuals through its own offspring and its influence on the survival of other relatives is referred to as:

inclusive fitness.

The sum of an individual's indirect and direct fitness is called _______.

inclusive fitness.

Which of the following is NOT typically a form of animal communication?

increased heart rate and metabolic rate.

In most animal species, the female:

invests substantial energy in carrying and tending to offspring.

Polygamy and monogamy are two types of:

mating systems.

The sex with the greater energetic investment in reproduction will be ___________________ when it comes to mating.

more discriminating.

__________ selection is the type of natural selection that acts on characteristics that determine reproductive success.

Sexual.

Why is this goose rolling a beer can back to her nest?

She's exhibiting a fixed action pattern that directs her to retrieve any item that even vaguely resembles an egg.

Exclusive male parental care is much more prevalent in fish than mammals because:

most fish reproduce by external fertilization while most mammals do not.

In a polygynous mating system:

multiple females tend to mate with the same male.

In amphibians, it is generally the case that:

neither the female nor the male invest much energy in the care of offspring.

When a goose spots an egg outside of its nest, the goose gets out of the nest and rolls the egg back. Once started, a goose continues the egg-retrieval movement all the way back to the nest, even if the egg is taken away during the process. This is called:

a fixed action pattern.

The Belding's ground squirrel giving off an alarm signal in the picture above would most commonly be:

an older female in the colony in which she was born.

Researchers transplanted older female Belding's ground squirrels from their original colonies to new colonies where they had no relatives. These transplanted older females were shown to:

be likely to make alarm calls when they saw predators.

Incest avoidance evolved in humans:

because breeding among close relatives leads to a higher proportion of offspring with genetic defects and, consequently, reduced fitness.

Molecules released by an individual into the environment that trigger behavioral responses in other individuals are called:

pheromones.

Tirso de Molina is credited with launching the fictional character Don Juan in a play he wrote called El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra (The Trickster of Seville). Many authors and playwrights, including W. A. Mozart, have written further accounts of this notorious seducer of women. Don Juan's "mating style" can best be characterized as _________ and ________.

polygamous, polygynous

Two types of polygamy are:

polygyny and polyandry.

A young goose, who sees only a human in the first several days after birth, will follow that human around as if it were its mother. What behavioral concept best describes this?

prepared learning.

Behavior that involves giving up something of relatively low value in exchange for getting something of great value in the future is best described as:

reciprocal altruism.

The energy that a parent puts into the growth, feeding, and care of offspring is called:

reproductive investment.

When the sexes of a species differ in size or appearance, it is called:

sexual dimorphism.

Male dance flies produce elaborate gifts that they present to females. The evolution of this behavior is best described as due to:

sexual selection.

Song and bright colors make male birds conspicuous to predators. The large, gaudy tail of the peacock may be a hindrance in activities such as feeding and flight. Yet these features evolved because of:

sexual selection.

In the "Ultimatum Game," one player (the proposer) proposes a way to split $100 and the other player (the decider) either accepts it—in which case both players get the amount proposed for them—or rejects it and neither player gets any of the cash. Deciders will nearly always reject offers of $90 for the proposer and $10 for them because:

the evolution of reciprocal altruism has led to human brains being very sensitive to detecting and punishing stingy/selfish people.

If two alleles exist at the same gene locus in a population, one for a selfish behavior and one for a selfless behavior, regardless of the initial frequencies, over time:

the selfish behavior allele will increase its percentage in the population to near fixation.

Sexual monomorphism refers to:

the situation in which males and females are physically and behaviorally similar.

Sexual dimorphism refers to:

the situation in which males and females differ physically and/or behaviorally.

The graph above shows reproductive output data for male and female fruit flies. What information about the difference in number of offspring is indicated by the orange lines running across each graph?

the trend, or trajectory, of how the number of offspring relates to the number of mates.

Female Belding's ground squirrels have evolved to follow a simple rule that translates into:

"if I am an older female, I should behave as if I have many close relatives around me."

Nearly every type of canine, including dogs of both genders, walks in a tight circle before lying down. This circling behavior occurs wherever the dog is, including on a kitchen or concrete floor. How might this behavior have evolved?

Circling in nature may better prepare a "bed" and serve as a check for predators.

______________________ is an action or signal on the part of one organism that alters the behavior of another organism.

Communication.

Babies in the U.S. quickly and easily develop a fear of snakes. Yet they don't easily develop a fear of guns. Why?

Evolution can be slow in producing populations that are adapted to their environments.

In Belding's ground squirrels, why are females much more likely than males to engage in altruistic behavior by sounding alarm calls?

Females tend to remain in the area in which they were born, so the females that call are warning their own kin.

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that females manifest their choosiness in mating?

Females will mate with males that ensure their paternity by mate guarding.

In black widow spider mating, the male ___________________________ and the female ___________________________.

breaks off his sexual organ inside the female ; kills and eats the male.