bio exam 1

Carbohydrates

Are simple monomer sugars and polymers of simple sugars

Chloroplasts

capture energy from sunlight and use it to manufacture sugar molecules via photosynthesis

Which of the following macromolecules is not made of monomers

lipid

Active transport

movement of substances across a membrane requiring energy (ATP)

Phospholipids

•Have a hydrophilic (polar) head and a hydrophobic (nonpolar) tail •Are the main component of all cellular membranes

catabolism

•Releases chemical energy •Example: Cellular respiration

A scientific hypothesis is

An informed, logical, and plausible explanation for observations of the natural worldA statement, not a question

The central element found in organic molecules is

Carbon

Amino Acids

Class of small molecule that are the building blocks of proteins

Which of the following statements is true of proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids?

Each of these molecules is built from a common set of monomers.

Which of the following is a part of accepted cell theory?

Every living organism is composed of one or more cells, and all living cells arise from preexisting cells.

A scientific hypothesis must be constructed with which of the following characteristics?

It provides a reasonable explanation to a question and is consistent with current observations; it must also be testable and falsifiable.

LUCA

Last Universal Common Ancestor

anabolism

Makes the basic building blocks of the cell •Requires an energy input •Example: Photosynthesis

Triglycerides

Provide long-term energy storage in both plants (as oils) and animals (as fats) and serve as insulation against the cold in animals

During exercise, the increase in respiration rate and heart rate are driven by the need to replenish the oxygen used to support

Respiration in muscle cell mitochondria

What is made during photosynthesis that is transported around the plant to provide fuel for respiration

Sugars

Eukaryotes

Their cells typically possess many membrane-enclosed compartments called organelles

The function of all macromolecules is most determined by

Their size and structure

Polar molecules

When electrons are unequally shared between atoms, partial electrical charges result within a molecule

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

a lipid bilayer membrane network continuous with the nuclear envelope

Golgi apparatus

a lipid bilayer, membrane-enclosed packaging center that directs protein and lipid products from the ER to other membranes

Cytoskeleton

a network of protein cylinders and filaments•Forms the framework of a cell•Organizes the interior of a eukaryotic cell •Supports the intracellular movement of organelles •Enables whole-cell movement in some cell types •Gives shape to cells without cell walls

Scientific claim

a statement about how the world works that can be tested using the scientific methodWe are exposed to many each day that are NOT true.

Hydrogen bond

a weak electrical attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative end of a polar molecule

Metabolism

all the chemical reactions that occur inside living cells, including those that store or release energy

Enzymes

are biological catalysts (molecules that speed up chemical reactions).

Prokaryotes

are single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus and complex internal compartments

atomic mass

bottom. protons and neutrons

What type of reactions release energy by breaking down complex molecules?

catabolic

chlorophyll

chlorophyll (pigment that absorbs light energy)

Rough ER

covered with ribosomes that make proteins for export from the cell

Facilitated diffusion

diffusion through a membrane that requires transport proteins

Simple diffusion

direct diffusion through a membrane (No transport proteins required)

Fermentation

enables cells to generate ATP without oxygen.•Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

Liposome

forms when a phospholipid bilayer forms a sphere

Lipids

fourth category of biomolecules, better known as fats, oils, and steroids

Transport proteins

gates, channels, and pumps that allow molecules through the membrane -makes it selectively permeable

New medications undergo extensive human testing before receiving FDA approval. These tests represent an experiment, and variations in the dosage given to participants represents the

independent variable

A scientific theory

is a hypothesis, or a group of related hypotheses, that has been repeatedly confirmed by diverse independent researchers

A scientific fact

is a repeatable observation of the natural world. May change as observations become more accurate

Organelles

lipid bilayer, membrane-enclosed internal compartments

Vesicles

lipid bilayer, membrane-enclosed sacs that bud from the ER and the Golgi

A solid waste (garbage) transfer facility that sorts and breaks down garbage into recyclables and waste to be thrown away in the landfill would be a suitable analogy for which cellular organelle?

lysosome

Smooth ER

manufactures lipids and hormones•Breaks down toxic compounds

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are primarily distinguished by the absence or presence of internal

membrane-enclosed organelles

Human muscle cells need large amounts of ATP to function in the movement of the body, which is why ________ are especially abundant in muscle cells

mitochondria

Passive transport

movement of substances across a membrane without the addition of energy

The reliability of primary scientific literature is strengthened by the ________ process, in which the work is examined by other leaders in the same field. For instance, a scientific paper examining the evolution of tetrapods would be reviewed by other evolutionary biologists and paleontologists.

peer-review

Living cells have an intact phospholipid bilayer that separates the cell from its external environment; this structure is commonly referred to as the

plasma membrane.

Proteins

polymers of the 20 amino acid monomers

Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming

sugars

Diffusion

the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration of that substance

Cellular respiration

the process of breaking down sugars into energy for cellular use

Photosynthesis

the process of gathering energy from the sun to create carbohydrates

Photosynthesis

the way our planet stores energy from the sun and produces oxygen for animals to breathe.•Occurs in cells of some bacteria, all algae, and all plants•Takes place inside chloroplast organelles

atomic number

top

molecule

two or more elements connected by covalent bonds

Mitochondria

use chemical reactions to transform the energy of food molecules into ATP in a process called cellular respiration

carbon atom

valence of 4 bond w 4 other molecules

In living systems, a critical component of many reactions is

water