bio exam 2

Which of the following is mismatched: Kelp: algae Slime-mold: fungus-like Amoeba: protozoan Diatom: protozoan Chlorophyta: algae

Diatom: protozoan

Which term(s) apply to the following prokaryotes: bacteria that live inside the stomach of cows and consume cellulose in the cow's food and release fatty acids as waste products, which can be digested by the cow. commensals mutualists parasites photoheterotroph photoautotroph chemoheterotroph chemoautotroph

Mutualists and chemoheterotrophs

Diploid cells undergo _______ to produce ________ cells.

meiosis, haploid

Prokaryotic cells do NOT contain which of the following? nuclear membrane DNA one or more chromosomes cell membrane all of the above

nuclear membrane

Why do seed plants have an advantage in colonizing very dry habitats? 1.Sperm reaches the egg without the need for water 2.Seed walls are tough and protect the developing embryo from dry conditions while providing food 3.Seed plants have low dispersal potential, which means the offspring remain the same kind of habitat that its parents lived in—therefore they thrived once they colonized dry habitats

1 & 2

True of false: Cyanobacteria take in CO2 and release O2 through photosynthesis

True

What kind of life cycle has mitosis in the haploid (n) section?

Zygotic

Are all land plants multicellular photosynthesizers?

Yes

Which of the following is/are an autotroph? (check all that apply) -A prokaryote that lives near deep-sea hydrothermal vents and uses energy from hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to create organic molecules using CO2 as the source of carbon -Treponema pallidum, the spiral-shaped bacterium that causes syphilis and uses sugars as a food source -Rhizobium leguminosarum, bacteria that lives in the root nodules of peas which take in atmospheric nitrogen (N2) and turn it into ammonia (NH3), which is then used by the pea plant to build amino acids and nucleotides. R. leguminosarum in return obtain organic acids from the plant, as a source of carbon and energy -A bacterium that lives in a lake and obtains its nutrition and energy by absorbing organic molecules that are dissolved in water -Prochlorococcus marinus, an extremely abundant marine cyanobacterium

-A prokaryote that lives near deep-sea hydrothermal vents and uses energy from hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to create organic molecules using CO2 as the source of carbon -Prochlorococcus marinus, an extremely abundant marine cyanobacterium

Autotrophic prokaryote characteristics?

-Autotrophic prokaryotes create their own organic molecules from inorganic components -Photoautotrophs use the sun's energy -Chemoautotrophs use energy contained in certain inorganic molecules

Characteristics of angiosperm?

-Flowers increase the efficiency of pollen transfer -Fruit helps seed dispersal -Triploid endosperm tissue in seeds in a food supply for the embryo.

What is Kingdom made up of?

-Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) -seedless vascular plants -seed plants

Characteristics of eukaryotes?

-Nucleus surrounded by a membrane -Membrane-bound organelles -cytoskeleton -cell division occurs through mitosis -mitochondria -DNA inside membrane-bound nucleus -sexual reproduction

Heterotrophic prokaryote characteristics?

-Obtain organic molecules from other organisms -chemoheterotrophs obtain energy from organic molecules they ingest -Photoheterotrophs build their organic molecules from what they ingest -photoheterotrophs obtain their energy from sunlight

Movement of protists?

-Pseudopodia: extensions -cilia on the cell surface -flagella for propulsion

Similarities between bacteria and archaea

-They do contain prokaryotes -They do not contain a monophyletic group

Cyanobacteria firsts?

-appeared in oceans -photosynthesized before other organisms -acquired genetic material for photosynthesis through evolution

Characteristics of seaweed?

-bathes in water -less tissue specialization -attach to rocks -grow upward without roots -no strong stem or trunk -all cells photosynthesize -no apical meristems, they grow tissue from the base

Reproduction features for land adaption?

-sporic life cycle with desiccation resistant spores -embryos dependent on maternal tissue -specialized features for generation, protection, and dispersion of reproductive cells

A eukaryotic organism with primary plastids is expected to have _______ membranes around its plastids

2

When did life first appear in oceand?

3.8 billion years ago

When did plants first colonize land?

500 million years ago

What kind of group are prokaryotes?

A paraphyletic group

When did seed plants become dominant?

After cooler and drier conditions led to the disappearance of the extensive lycophyte forests of the carboniferous This is because seeds and pollen in seed plants give them a strong adaptive advantage in dry conditions.

Which of the following terms/characteristics apply to Paramoeba invadens, a protist that moves with extensions of the cytoplasm and can be a disease agent for green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis? (check all that apply) Stramenopila Rhizaria Amoebozoa filose pseudopodia lobe-shaped pseudopodia alveoli algae protozoan

Amoebozoa lobe-shaped pseudopodia protozoan

Seagrasses are aquatic, have roots and leaves, and reduced flowers with hydrophilous pollination (pollen is carried from one flower to another by water currents). What are they? Chlorophytes Charophytes Lycophytes Angiosperms Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

What are the two main groups of seed plants?

Angiosperms (apple) and gymnosperms (pinecone)

Which of the following about seed plants is true? Gymnosperms have become the dominant land plants recently, in the Cenozoic period Gymnosperms produce flowers Angiosperms have "naked seeds" Angiosperms have endosperm

Angiosperms have endosperm

Which of the following prokaryotes is most likely the cause of this photosynthetic bloom that is coloring the water of this lake green? Proteobacteria Archaea Actinobacteria Cyanobacteria

Archaea

What supergroup are land plants in? What did they evolve from

Archaeplastida, green algae

Protists use what kind of reproduction?

Asexual reproduction

Which of the following processes release carbon dioxide? Respiration Decomposition Photosynthesis Both respiration and decomposition

Both respiration and decomposition

You've found a new species of plant. It has a dominant gametophyte generation, along with no true roots or leaves. This organism is most likely a ___________. Lycophyte Bryophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm

Bryophyte

Protists are all _________ that are not plants, animals, and fungi.

eukaryotes

All protists... Are microscopic Can photosynthesize at some stage in their life cycle Can reproduce asexually Are prokaryotic

Can produce asexually

Which of these characteristics are found in both Charophytes and land plants? Embryos Cellulose Alternation of generations All of the above

Cellulose

What are the closest relative to land plants?

Charophytes

You find something green growing in water. You figure out that its tissues grow from its apical meristems. Armed with this fact, you can confidently rule out the possibility of this green thing being a... Chlorophyte Lycophyte Bryophyte Monilophyte

Chlorophyte

Plastids and photosynthetic pigments of lands plants are most similar to Rhodophytes Chlorophytes Dinoflagellates Diatoms

Chlorophytes

Vibrio shape?

Comma

What were the first photosynthetic organisms? Cyanobacteria, which first appeared in oceans Cyanobacteria, which first appeared on land Chlorophytes, which first appeared in oceans Chlorophytes, which first appeared in freshwater

Cyanobacteria, which first appeared in oceans

What are prokaryotic cells made up of?

DNA, chromosomes, and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall

Prokaryotic cells have _____ that is not stored in their nucleus. They also do not have __________.

DNA, organelles

Oaks produce high amounts of tannins, which play no role in growth, photosynthesis or reproduction. What do they likely do? Help increase scent in flowers Deter herbivores Regulate the production of pollen All of the above

Deter herbivores

A peanut (the seed of an angiosperm) that has been removed from its shell is made up of Haploid and diploid tissue Haploid and triploid tissue Diploid and triploid tissue Diploid tissue only

Diploid and triploid tissue

Which is true of the life cycle of land plants? Diploid sporophytes produce haploid spores through meiosis Diploid sporophytes produce diploid spores which undergo meiosis Haploid sporophytes produce haploid spores which divide through mitosis Haploid gametophytes produce haploid spores which divide through mitosis

Diploid sporophytes produce haploid spores through meiosis

What are land plants also called?

Embryophytes

You find a plant with the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, alternation of generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to mosses gymnosperms flowering plants ferns Charophytes

Ferns

What colonized first on land?

First autotrophs (land plants appeared 500 million years ago) then heterotrophs

What kind of life cycle has mitosis in the diploid (2n) section?

Gametic

Which of the following statement about seed plant life cycle is true? Sporocytes are multicellular structure where spores are formed Microspores give rise to female gametophytes Seed plants exhibit homospory Gametophytes are highly reduced in size Spores are diploid

Gametophytes are highly reduced in size

Foraminiferas and radiolarians are... Heterotrophs and protozoans Heterotrophs and algae Autotrophs and protozoans Autotrophs and algae

Heterotrophs and protozoans

The group Opisthokonta... Is monophyletic, and includes only protists Is monophyletic, and includes protists, animals and fungi Is paraphyletic and includes only protists Is polyphyletic and includes protists, animals and fungi Is polyphyletic and includes animals and fungi

Is monophyletic, and includes protists, animals and fungi

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Archaea? Possess unique cell membranes with ether bonds and branched hydrocarbons Prokaryotic Possess histones More closely related to bacteria than they are to Eukaryotes

More closely related to bacteria than they are to Eukaryotes

The pink/purple area on this sandy beach is caused by purple bacteria that live just below the surface of the sediment since they can't tolerate oxygen. These bacteria are... Obligate aerobes Facultative aerobes Obligate anaerobes Aerotolerant anaerobes

Obligate anaerobes

What are bacteria cell walls made of?

Peptidoglycan

Which of the following describes an organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2? Chemoheterotroph Photoheterotroph Chemoautotroph Photoautotroph None of the above

Photoautotroph

Chlorophytes are likely to play which of the following roles on coral reefs? Mutualistic symbiosis with corals Primary producers Primary consumers All of the above

Primary producers

What are archaea cell walls made of?

Protein

You find a unicellular photosynthetic eukaryote with secondary plastids. Which of these is it definitely NOT? Red algae Diatom Dinoflagellate Stramenophile

Red algae

Bacillus shape?

Rod-shaped

Which of the following statements is true? -Bacteria are more closely related to Eukarya than Archaea are -All Archaea are extremophiles -Some Bacteria are extremophiles -The exchange of genetic material between prokaryotes via a viral vector is called transformation -Gram negative bacteria have thick peptidoglycan cell walls outside their cell membranes

Some Bacteria are extremophiles

Coccus shape?

Spherical

Spirilli shape?

Spiral

What kind of life cycle has mitosis in both the haploid (n) and diploid (2n) section?

Sporic

Which of the following is a parasite? -Rhizobium leguminosarum, bacteria that lives in the root nodules of peas which take in atmospheric nitrogen (N2) and turn it into ammonia (NH3), which is then used by the pea plant to build amino acids and nucleotides. R. leguminosarum in return obtain organic acids from the plant, as a source of carbon and energy -Bacteria that produce light in the lure of deep-sea anglerfish. The bacteria receive a habitat and organic molecules from their host and the host uses the light to catch prey -The bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis which lives on human skin and causes neither a benefit nor a harm, when skin is intact -Staphylococcus aureus, bacteria that causes skin infections in humans

Staphylococcus aureus, bacteria that causes skin infections in humans

The Archaea's ether membrane bonds help them: Exchange gas more efficiently Stay intact in many extreme environments Sink to deeper environments All of the above

Stay intact in many extreme environments

Pros of wood?

Strengthens plants and allows sporophytes to grow tall

Which of the following statements best describes bacteria? They are generally harmful. They are limited to living in a few extreme habitats. They are very small and have no membrane-bound organelles. They are responsible for diseases in humans like the flu

They are very small and have no membrane-bound organelles.

Which of the following statements about dinoflagellates is true? Their dead cells accumulate on the seafloor, and are mined to serve as a filtering material They possess two flagella Their walls are usually composed of silica plates They are photosynthetic due to primary plastids

They possess two flagella

Some excavates, like those in the genus Euglena, are autotrophic. How did Euglena spp. acquire the ability to photosynthesize? -This group acquired plastids by endosymbiosis of another photosynthetic organism -This group evolved a photosynthetic organelle independently

This group acquired plastids by endosymbiosis of another photosynthetic organism

How do prokaryotes reproduce and what does it create?

Through binary fission- created vertical gene transfer

How are land plants adapted to land?

Tissue growth, reproduction, and desiccation avoidance

Which of the following types of genetic exchange is correctly matched? Via a viral vector: conjugation Uptake of DNA from the environment: transformation Direct transfer of DNA between living bacterial cells: transduction From parent to offspring: horizontal gene transfer

Uptake of DNA from the environment: transformation

What does sperm need in bryophytes and seedless vascular plants for reproduction?

Water

Decomposing bacteria: fix carbon are autotrophs break down complex inorganic molecules and release simple inorganic molecules that can then be consumed by other organisms break down organic molecules into inorganic components

break down organic molecules into inorganic components

There are only photoautotrophic and heterotrophic protists, no _____________

chemoautotrophs

Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched excavata-unicellular protozoans with feeding groove rhizaria-filose pseudopodia red algae—primary plastids ciliates-red tide organisms stramenopile-giant kelp

ciliates-red tide organisms

Archaea and bacteria contain prokaryotic organisms, not _______.

eukarya

Adaptations that have contributed to the success of plants in terrestrial environments include seeds, vascular tissue, embryos, and flowers. There are other significant adaptations as well. Which of the following correctly lists the adaptations in the order in which they appeared? seeds, vascular tissue, flowers, embryos embryos, seeds, flowers, vascular tissue embryos, vascular tissue, seeds, flowers vascular tissue, embryos, seeds, flowers

embryos, vascular tissue, seeds, flowers

Tannins in oaks are detrimental to insect herbivores. Over many generations, you might expect...(check all that apply) herbivorous caterpillars to hatch at a time where oak leaves have lower tannin concentration some herbivorous insects species to develop physiological resistance to tannins no change in the average traits of the herbivores, but a large increase in their population size

herbivorous caterpillars to hatch at a time where oak leaves have lower tannin concentration some herbivorous insects species to develop physiological resistance to tannins

Fruit provide an advantage to angiosperms in that they: increase pollination rate increase the dispersal of seeds increase the production of pollen increase photosynthetic rate and thereofre grrowth rate

increase the dispersal of seeds

SAR11 alphaproteobacteria are marine, planktonic coccus bacteria that use a rhodopsin-based type of light-harvesting (as opposed to the common chlorophyll-based type) to meet their energy needs, but are unable to fix carbon and instead absorb dissolved organic molecules to build their own organic molecules. Which term applies to this species? photoautotroph photoheterotroph chemoautotroph chemoheterotroph

photoheterotroph

Plastids that are surrounded by three membranes are evidence of -budding of the plastids from the nuclear envelope -evolution from mitochondria -origin of the plastids from Archaea -secondary endosymbiosis -tertiary endosymbiosis

secondary endosymbiosis

Gametophyte (n) wants to be ______ than sporophyte (2n)

smaller

What are apical meristems?

tips of branches and roots where tissues arise. They are an important adaption for growing in soil and air