bio exam 2
sperm can survive for up to five days in a woman's reproductive tract and the Egg can survive for up to 24 hours after it is released from the ovary. When then during a normal 28-day menstruation cycle is a woman likely to become pregnant if she has sex?
9-14 days
Which molecule powers the chemical work within cells?
ATP
Which best describes an artery?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
US health officials are considering different ways of preparing for a future worldwide epidemic of human influenza that could be derived from a form of the disease that infects birds (avian flu). Which action would be useful in preventing a future influenza epidemic?
Ask people with flu symptoms to stay at home
which is an example of a specific line of defense against an infectious agent?
B cells stick to the invading pathogen's surface
Why are unsaturated fats in a liquid state at room temperature?
Double bonds make the structure kink instead of lying flat
climbing a rock wall is the last task of an obstacle course. How would enzymes affect this situation?
Enzymes would decrease the size of the wall
T or F: Both first and second line defenses are specific defense mechanisms that can distinguish one pathogen from another
False
A surge in which hormone is responsible for ovulation?
LH
A young woman with rhinovirus goes to the doctor to see if she can get a prescription for antibiotics. How would the antibiotics affect the rhinovirus?
The rhinovirus would not be affected by antibiotics
Both B and T cells make up the third line of defense against pathogens but do so in different ways. How do B cells function?
They make and secrete antibodies
which components form the structure of the plasma membrane?
a double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins
What triggers ovulation?
a rise then drop in estrogen levels
Which process creates the most ATP per glucose molecule metabolized?
aerobic cellular respiration
Which monomer units combine to form proteins?
amino acids
In the alveoli and lung capillaries, how are carbon dioxide and oxygen exchanged?
by diffusion
In which blood vessels do the exchange of gases and other materials occur?
capillaries
Which macronutrient is the major source of energy for cells?
carbohydrates
what molecule is composed of one of more sugars?
carbohydrates
Which element is the basis for the macromolecules found in living things?
carbon
What two molecules are produced by cellular respiration?
carbon dioxide and water
What is the correct sequence of bodily organization, from simple to complex
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
Which process occurs inside the mitochondria?
citric acid cycle and electron transport
During the menstrual cycle, what is the main source of progesterone in female?
corpus luteum
Extremely small viruses are still too large to enter cells by passive transport? What process brings viruses into a host cell?
endocytosis
what proteins speed up chemical reactions in cells?
enzymes
How would amino acids and calcium ions from the bloodstream move across a plasma membrane?
facilitated diffusion
what event would prevent the decline in estrogen and progesterone scene towards the end of the 28 days menstrual cycle?
fertilization
If a drop of purple dye is added to a water-filled vase of white flowers, how will the purple dye move through the water?
from high concentrations of purple dye to low concentrations
what is a vaccine usually composed of?
inactivated disease-causing microbes
water is absorbed from the colon. What is another name for colon?
large intestine
Unlike most organs, which donated organ can be cut into smaller sections and transplanted eventually growing back to full size in both the donor and recipient?
liver
what are nutrients that the human body requires in large quantities?
macronutrients
What does homeostasis allow an organism to do?
maintain a constant internal environment
which cells of the immune system help the body more quickly if the infectious agent is encountered again?
memory cells
during which process does the shedding of the endometrium occur?
menstruation
What is diffusion?
molecules moving from high concentrations to low concentrations
what route does air follow to the human lungs as it is inhaled?
nasal cavity- larynx- trachea- bronchiole- alveolus
A mother and father and son live together in the same house. The mother passes a cold to her son. The son then passes a cold to his father. If the virus is not mutated should the mother be worried about catching the cold again from her husband?
no, memory cells will help the mother's immune system to quickly eliminate the virus.
Which monomer units combine to form nucleic acids?
nucleotides
what are disease-causing organisms called?
pathogens
during labor what type of feedback mechanism involves a release of oxytocin which stimulates the uterus to contract and these contractions stimulate the release more oxytocin resulting in even stronger contractions?
positive
The alveoli are efficient respiratory surfaces because they...
provide a large surface area for absorption
Which cells are not normally involved in the functioning of the immune system in humans?
red blood cells
What does hydrophobic mean?
repelled by water
which pathway correctly traces a drop of blood through the vascular system?
right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body, right atrium
Which structure(s) represent a first line of defense against pathogens?
skin
What part of the digestive system has the most surface area for the absorption of nutrients?
small intestine
During cellular respiration, where does the energy releases from glucose go as it is metabolized?
the energy goes into ATP
How can injecting a person with a vaccine of bacteria inactivated by high heat protect that individual from disease?
the proteins of the killed bacteria stimulate the production of antibodies, which can be utilized later in response to infection
Which of the following is the most likely effect of parents choosing not to vaccinate their kids and still sending them to school?
they place the weakest "herd" members at risk
how does a digested nutrient enter the bloodstream?
through tiny blood vessels inside the microvilli of the small intestine
What are similar cells that are grouped together and preform a common function called?
tissues
which structures have valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards
veins
What aren't viruses classified as living organisms?
viruses cant replicate themselves without a host cell
