Bio Exam 2

In the 1940s, biologist Adolph Murie studied survival in Dall sheep in what is now Denali National Park in Alaska. He found that Dall sheep that survive their first year of life have a high probability of surviving until they are around 9 years old. After that, they rapidly become easy prey for wolves and die at a very high rate. This pattern best fits a Type _____ survivorship curve. I II III

I

Refer to the figure shown. According to the data in the figure, mean temperature changes from 1940-1980 and 1999-2008 have been greatest: in Australia .in southern Africa. in the northern hemisphere. in south America near the equator

in the northern hemisphere. The figure shows the greatest temperature increase in the Northern Hemisphere. This is shown by the greater amount of area shaded in dark brown, reflecting a change in ~2 degrees over the time intervals indicated.

What is the approximate size of the human population today? 2 billion people 10 billion people 7 billion people 5 billion people 25 billion people

7 billion people

The biome of Pittsburgh is best described as Savannah. Chaparral. Tundra. Temperate deciduous forest. Taiga. Temperate coniferous forest.

Temperate deciduous forest.

Which of the following is NOT an important greenhouse gas? methane (CH4) water vapor carbon dioxide (CO2) nitrogen (N2)

nitrogen (N2)

At its earliest stages, a logistic growth curve closely resembles an exponential growth curve. true false

True

True or false: Only about 30% of the nitrogen added to croplands ends up in food. true false

true

Because energy transfer is not 100% efficient across trophic levels, a maximum of about ____________% of energy and biomass available at one trophic level is available at the next. 20. 1. 10-15. 5. 50.

10-15

Imagine that you have a garden full of sunflowers in your backyard. Unfortunately, you don't have much time to tend to the garden. You eventually notice that two small birch trees sprout and begin to grow among the sunflowers. The birch trees are slower growers than the sunflowers, but by the fifth summer they start to shade the sunflowers. The birch trees and the sunflowers are in competition for: All of the responses are correct None of the responses is correct because competition only occurs between members of the same species. nutrients. water. light.

All of the responses are correct

The process whereby fat soluble compounds become more and more concentrated in the tissues of animals as one goes up the trophic pyramid is called Eutrophication Biomagnification acidification the ecological footprint Biodegradation

Biomagnification

Many human activities influence the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. Why? Select all that apply. There is no evidence that human activities contribute to atmospheric CO2 levels. Burning vegetation (to make way for croplands) releases CO2 into the atmosphere. Logging removes trees that would otherwise use CO2 during photosynthesis. Using fossil fuels to power vehicles releases CO2 into the atmosphere.

Burning vegetation (to make way for croplands) releases CO2 into the atmosphere. Logging removes trees that would otherwise use CO2 during photosynthesis. Using fossil fuels to power vehicles releases CO2 into the atmosphere.

_____________ first provided evidence for the greenhouse effect. Alfred Russell Wallace John Tyndall Svante Arhennius Charles Keeling

John Tyndall

In the logistic growth curve depicted, as time goes on, what value would you expect N to approach? Refer to the figure shown. t ΔN K S r

K As the population size (N) approaches carrying capacity (K), the fraction of carrying capacity available for growth decreases. As this point is approached, N increases until finally reaching K.

Data have been collected since the 1950's in Hawaii that measure atmospheric CO2 levels. The entire data set is known as the big measurement Keeling Curve Mauna Kea data Sripps data set

Keeling Curve

Which is not a normal part of the nitrogen cycle? Nitrogen fixation by the Haber-Bosch process. Nitrification of ammonia to nitrates by bacteria. Assimilation of nitrates by plants from the soil. Nitrogen fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by microorganisms adding nitrogen to the nitrogen cycle.. Denitrification by bacteria to create N2 and nitrogen loss to the atmosphere.

Nitrogen fixation by the Haber-Bosch process.

What would happen if the Earth were not tilted on its axis? The seasons would be shorter. The seasons would be more extreme. The seasons would be less extreme. The seasons would be longer. There would be no seasons.

There would be no seasons. The Earth's tilt on its axis results in different amounts of solar radiation striking each hemisphere throughout the year. For example, summer occurs in the Northern Hemisphere when the Earth's axis causes it to tilt toward the sun. This provides more solar radiation per unit area than in the winter months. If the Earth did not rotate slightly tilted on its axis, the amount of solar radiation striking a specific portion of the planet would remain constant throughout the year.

Why are most deserts found at 30 degrees latitude? This is where winds coming off the oceans pull water from the air, drying out the surface. These areas are not close to any ocean, so water levels in the air are extremely low. This is where sunlight strikes the earth at the most direct angle, so all water evaporates. This is where warm dry air falls from cells originating at the equator.

This is where warm dry air falls from cells originating at the equator. Warm moist air rises at the equator. As it gets further from the surface of the Earth it cools and drops its moisture as it moves towards the poles. The cooler denser air drops back towards the surface of Earth at 30 degrees and warms. This results in arid regions.

Deserts caused by a rain shadow occur on the east side of the Sierra Nevada range in California. Why does the desert exist on the east side, but not the west side of the range? The air cools as it goes over the mountain and the dry air pulls moisture from the ground on the east side of the mountain. The cold soil at the top of the mountains causes all the water to freeze in the soil thereby preventing it from evaporating into the air to be carried down the east side of the mountain. Warm, moist air coming off the ocean rises as it encounters the mountain range and releases all its water as it moves up the mountain and the air cools. Dry air moving down the other side of the mountain causes arid desert. Lakes on the east side of the mountain keep enough moisture in the air to prevent moist air from releasing its water when it moves to the east side.

Warm, moist air coming off the ocean rises as it encounters the mountain range and releases all its water as it moves up the mountain and the air cools. Dry air moving down the other side of the mountain causes arid desert. Warm air holds more water than cold air. Air coming off the coast is warm and carries water from the ocean. When this air cools, it releases the water. The now dry air continues to move east and will result in dry arid regions on the other side of the mountain.

A consequence of how the earth is heated by the sun is that all of the answers are correct. sea breezes blow on shore during the day and out sea at night. the areas around 30 degrees north and south latitude tend to be dry. the region around the equator is warm and wet. none of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct.

Consider a population undergoing logistic growth. When (K - N)/K = 0, what does that imply about the birth rate (b) and the death rate (d)? Refer to the figure shown. b/d It is not possible to make an inference about b and d from this information. b = d b < d

b = d When population size, N, is at carrying capacity, then growth, K, is zero. When growth is zero, no individuals are added to the population. This can only occur when births and deaths in the population are equal.

Ocean levels are rising due to the melting of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice sheets both thermal expansion and Arctic melting All of these cause sea levels to rise thermal expansion of seawater both thermal expansion and Antarctic/Greenland melting

both thermal expansion and Antarctic/Greenland melting

The study of size, structure, and distribution of populations is called ecology island biogeography survivorship demography

demography

A biologist tells you that there are about 50 white tailed deer per square mile in Western PA. What population data has she shared with you? density population size dispersion range

density

Examine the figure illustrating human population growth. What pattern of growth are we currently exhibiting? exponential growth None of the other answer options is correct. logistic growth geometric growth intrinsic growth

exponential growth The large J-shaped curve is indicative of exponential growth.

An invasive species: is any non-native species that becomes established in a new ecosystem. is any species that has been genetically modified by man. is any species that causes disease and death in host organisms. is always the competitively dominant species in an ecosystem. is any species that has a negative impact on community diversity.

is any non-native species that becomes established in a new ecosystem.

An invasive species: is any species that causes disease and death in host organisms. is always the competitively dominant species in an ecosystem. is any species that has been genetically modified by man. is any non-native species that has been introduced to an ecosystem. is any species that has a negative impact on community diversity.

is any non-native species that has been introduced to an ecosystem.

The Haber-Bosch process is the process whereby phosphorus is mined from rock is defined as N2 + 3 H2 = 2 NH3 is defined as 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2 is the process whereby fat soluble chemicals are concentrated in living tissue.

is defined as N2 + 3 H2 = 2 NH3

Aerosols are generally considered to be a ___________ forcing. negative neutral positive

negative

Which of the following nutrients is responsible for eutrophication in the Gulf of Mexico? carbon potassium nitrogen oxygen water

nitrogen

To which group do herbivores belong in a food web? secondary consumers decomposers primary producers primary consumers tertiary consumers

primary consumers

In a pond, tadpoles eat algae and fish eat the tadpoles. Above the pond, grasshoppers eat grass and, at night, are preyed upon by bats. Other bats eat the fish that eat the tadpoles. In this community, the algae are: primary producers. secondary consumers. tertiary consumers. detritivores. primary consumers.

primary producers.

The most species rich terrestrial biome is tundra. rain forest. temperate deciduous forest. taiga. chaparral.

rain forest

The coastal redwood occupies an area 450 miles long and 5-35 miles wide from SW Oregon along the Pacific coast to just south of Monterey, California. What aspect of the population ecology of the coast redwood does this statement describe? density age structure range size

range

Large scale deforestation can add CO2 to the atmosphere mainly by directly putting carbon in the atmosphere due to burning of plants reducing the potential carbon sink that is present when plants remove CO2 and make bulk plant material causing a lot of erosion

reducing the potential carbon sink that is present when plants remove CO2 and make bulk plant material

The short-term carbon cycle is dominated by volcanoes respiration and photosynthesis the weathering of carbon stored in rocks precipitation into the deep ocean

respiration and photosynthesis

Eutrophication describes: the process in which added nutrient levels lead to the growth of algae and cyanobacteria populations. the death and decomposition of algal blooms. the reduction of oxygen in the water as a result of bacterial decomposition. the increased production of crops using fertilizer. the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer that leaves agricultural fields as surface runoff.

the process in which added nutrient levels lead to the growth of algae and cyanobacteria populations.