bio exam 3
What do all greenhouse gases have in common?
They have complex structures that allow them to contribute to the greenhouse effect by trapping heat energy.
all viruses are made up of two components. what are they
a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA
which of the following is only true of RNA, but not DNA
adenine pairs with uracil
which of the following is a potential use for genetically modified animals
all answer choices are correct
when two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. this process is called _________
antigenic shift
the activities of macrophages
are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils
which of these is the best description of a virus
chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein shell
_________ acts as an alarm to the organ systems of the body, alerting them that a pathogen is present
cytokines
which process best describes how viruses may originate in animals and eventually be transmitted to humans, causing outbreaks
evolution
Getting a flu vaccine guarantees individuals will not get the flu.
false
antigens are
foreign molecules that bind to white blood cells through specialized receptors, leading to the proliferation of lymphocytes.
which of the following best explains the difference between selective breeding and genetic engineering
genetic engineering involves directly manipulating the DNA organisms, whereas selective breeding makes use of existing, naturally present variation and the process of sexual reproduction
the greenhouse effect
is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earths atmosphere
which statement below best summarizes the overall purpose of the light dependent reactions
the light dependent reactions capture energy from the sun and transfer it to high energy molecules
which of the following is the focus of current GM plant research related to improving health of the human population
all of the choices are correct
Because fossil fuels are the remains of once living organisms, they contain reservoirs of ______ that are released into the atmosphere when they are burned.
carbon
in the ________ cycle, following penetration into the cell, the viral DNA integrates into the host cells DNA. the virus remains inactive (or latent)
lysogenic
the cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the __________ cycle
lytic
which of the following are greenhouse gases
methane and carbon dioxide
which of the following acts as a carbon source within the carbon cycle
respiration from humans and animals
Giant viruses are challenging the historical notion that viruses are nonliving things. What characteristic do giant viruses possess that make scientists think twice about their classification?
they have the ability to manufacture their own proteins without the help of a host cell
the light reactions of photosynthesis occur within the ________ of the chloroplast and the calvin cycle reactions occur within the ____________ of the chloroplast
thylakoid; stroma
Flavr Savr tomatos were the first GMO that were approved by the FDA for human consumption
true
a product of photosynthesis, ________ is a carbon based molecule that is the chief source of energy for most organisms
glucose
wheat plants have been modified to increase the rate of photosynthesis to decrease the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere in response to the global concern of
climate change
genetically modified bacteria can be used in biotechnology to produce
pharmaceutical compounds
small circular pieces of DNA found in bacterial cells that can be manipulated in developing GMOs are known as
plasmids
climate can best be described as
the average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time.
Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season
the flu virus mutates frequently enough that last years vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains
how does climate change affect earths oceans
the ph level of the ocean will shift to a more acidic environment, leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species of shellfish and corals
Carbon sinks are reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon. Which of the following are considered to be carbon sinks?
all of the answer choices are correct (oceans, fossil fuels deep underground, the atmosphere)
occurs when there are small changes in the surface spikes of the influenza virus. This is an example of ___________
antigenic drift
the world health organization defines a GMO organism as one that has had its genetic information altered
in a way that would not occur
what is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction
attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release
which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body
epithelial cells lining the respiratory system
All genetically modified organisms are transgenic
false
as global temperatures increase, which of the following scenarios is most likely to happen
glaciers and snow coverage decrease
how do greenhouse gases cause climate warming
Greenhouse gases prevent radiation of infrared energy back into space, trapping the heat near the Earth's surface and causing the climate to warm.
which of the following is a characteristic of all living things
all living things maintain a constant internal environment
global climate change is accelerating the development of GMOs to
all of the answer choices are correct
the ultimate goals of successful plant GMOs are to
all of the answer choices are correct
which of the following is a way that bacteria have been genetically modified
all of the answer choices are correct
over the past several decades, the overall trend for earths temperatures has been
an increase in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global warming
___________ is any substance that produces a specific immune response by the body. antigens are usually proteins or large carbohydrates that are specific to pathogens such as bacteria and viruses
antigen
Research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on
core proteins, as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between different influenza strains
European corn crops have been genetically modified with the ______ gene from Bacillus thuringiensis which acts as an insecticide.
endotoxin
which of the following is the most likely cause for the sudden sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
human activities; including the use of fossil fuels, changes in agricultural practices, and deforestation
which of the following is/are true about natural selection
on average, it factors the survival of individuals that have adaptive characteristics
The modern era of genetic manipulation began when scientists first learned how to insert genes into
bacteria
By genetically engineering pigs, scientists are investigating ways to
provide organs for human transplants