Bio exam 3 H.M

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase experimented with radioactively labeled viruses, allowing them to inject bacteria, and analyzing the resulting location of radioactive components to determine that DNA was the genetic material of cells.

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Oswald Avery experimented injecting mice with bacteria incubated with DNase to determine that it was likely DNA that was the transforming factor, not protein.

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human life cycle.

1. Fertilization results in the production of a diploid zygote. 2. Mitosis results in a fully grown diploid fetus. 3. Mitosis results in a fully grown diploid human adult. 4. Meiosis results in the production of haploid gametes.

Place the following discoveries in chronological order to explain how scientists determined the function of DNA.

1. Griffith showed the presence of a genetic "transforming factor" that could be transferred from cell to cell. 2. Avery indicated that because DNAse inactivated the "transforming factor", the genetic component of cells was most likely DNA 3. Hershey and Chase confirmed that DNA was the genetic material of cells.

Order

1. Prophase II 2. Metaphase II 3. Anaphase II 4. Telophase II

Which of the following best describes codominance?

A non-Mendelian form of inheritance where the heterozygote displays both dominant phenotypes.

Which of the following best describes incomplete dominance?

A non-Mendelian form of inheritance where the heterozygote expresses a phenotype that is an intermediate between the dominant and recessive phenotypes

Which statement best defines a gene?

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a gene product.

are variations of a gene.

Alleles

Select each of the forms of globin that make up hemoglobin molecules.

Alpha globin Beta globin

Which of the following best explains the main difference in Avery's experimental design compared to Griffith's experimental design?

Avery added DNase to S strain bacteria to see what happens if DNA was not able to be present.

Which of the following best describes an overview of the CRISPR

CRISPR allows for nucleotides to be inserted or deleted within genes.

Which of the following is an actual application of using CRISPR?

CRISPR can be used to cause a break in a gene, inactivating it, and allowing researchers to study its role in the body.

following is an actual application of using CRISPR?

CRISPR can be used to cause a break in a gene, inactivating it, and allowing researchers to study its role in the body.

Select all of the following applications of using CRISPR.

CRISPR can be used to target specific genes and replace mutated nucleotides with correct ones. be used to cause a break in a gene, inactivating it, and allowing researchers to study its role in the body.

Select all of the following ways that CRISPR can be used to treat sickle-cell disease.

CRISPR can reduce the impacts of sickle-cell disease on patients. CRISPR can repair the mutation that causes sickle-cell disease.

Which of the following statements best describes how CRISPR can be used to treat sickle-cell disease?

CRISPR can repair the mutation that causes sickle-cell disease, reducing the impacts of the disease.

Select the statements that best describes the relationship between genes and chromosomes.

Chromosomes are composed of long strands of DNA organized into chunks called genes.

Which of the following sentences best summarizes how genes and chromosomes are involved in transmitting information to future generations?

Chromosomes are composed of long strands of DNA organized into genes that code for specific traits. Because genes are inheritable, those specific traits are inheritable also.

Which event (or events) occur in the prophase II phase of meiosis II?

Condensing of the chromosomes and the nuclear envelope breaks down

What was Watson and Crick's contribution to the structure of DNA?

DNA can be modeled with the sugar and phosphate components of the nucleotides.

Which of the following sentences is true about how DNA is packaged into chromosomes?

DNA is coiled around proteins and organized into bundles before being coiled into a chromosome.

Which of the following conclusions could be drawn from the experiments of Hershey and Chase?

DNA is the genetic material of cells.

DNA is packaged into cells.

DNA is wrapped around histone proteins. DNA is coiled into chromosomes, DNA is bundled into structures called nucleosomes.

What step occurs after DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds to separate DNA strands?

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the leading strand continuously and to the lagging strand discontinuously in fragments.

Which of the following technologies analyzes genome to best determine the presence or absence of a genetic disease in a person?

DNA sequencing

Linear DNA in the human genome is packaged at several levels. Which of the following represents the levels from least packaged to most packaged?

DNA strand, nucleosomes, chromosomes

Select all of the following ways that sickie-cell disease impacts the respiratory system.

Decreased levels of oxygen result in anemia. Blocked capillaries result in acute chest syndrome, causing pain, shortness of breath, and a high fever.

Which of the following best describes the difference between recessive and dominant forms of inheritance?

Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles. So, an individual must have two recessive alleles to express a recessive trait, but only one dominant allele to express a dominant trait.

Which of the following best in the process of in vivo versus ex vivo gene therapy?

During in vivo gene therapy, gene manipulation occurs within the body. During ex-vivo gene therapy, gene manipulation occurs outside of the body.

Which of the following best defines Mendel's law of segregation?

Each individual has two factors for each trait and produces gametes with one factor for each trait. n=2). Gametes are haploid (or n=1).

The law of segregation

Each individual has two factors for each trait. these factors separate during the formation of gametes, and the resulting gametes have only one factor for each trait.

Select all of the following ways that gene therapy is being used to treat sickle-cell disease.

Ex vivo gene therapy is used to produce bone marrow cells that can produce normal hemoglobin. Bone marrow of diseased mice were infected with viruses containing normal hemoglobin B genes and reinserted back into the mice.

Oswald Avery

Experimented by infecting mice with bacteria or bacteria treated with DNase to suggest that DNA was the genetic material of cells.

Frederick Griffith

Experimented by infecting mice with bacteria to determine that a "transforming factor" was able to be transmit genetic information between cells.

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Experimented by injecting radioactively labeled viruses into bacteria to determine that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material of cells.

Which of the following are considered to be genetic traits and therefore inheritable?

Eye color Facial features, including nose shape, dimples, and freckles

Select all of the following traits that are controlled by our genes.

Eye color, hair color, and skin color Our likelihood for developing sickle-cell disease The presence and functioning of our internal organs

Which of the following best states how FISH is useful in karyotyping?

FISH uses fluorescently labeled DNA that binds to chromosomes and emits different colors when exposed to wavelengths of light. This allows for visualization of chromosomes.

Sickle-cell anemia limits its effects within the bódy to the respiratory and cirrulatory systems.

False

The law of independent assortment

For multiple-trait crosses, each pair of factors separates independently of the other, meaning all possible combinations of factors can occur in gametes.

Which researcher used X-ray crystallography to suggest that DNA is a double helix and was highly repetitive?

Franklin

Internal respiration

Gases are exchanged between the capillaries and the tissue cells of the body. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue cells and into capillaries. Oxygen diffuses out of the capillaries and into tissue cells.

External respiration

Gases are exchanged between the lungs and capillaries of the body. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of capillaries and into the lungs. Oxygen diffuses out of the lungs and into the capillaries.

Which of the following best depicts how gene cloning is helpful in analyzing DNA?

Gene cloning creates multiple copies of a gene for further study.

In vivo gene therapy

Gene manipulation of target cells occurs inside the body During in vivo gene therapy, a vector is introduced into the body and delivers the healthy gene to the target cells.

Ex vivo gene therapy

Gene manipulation of target cells occurs outside of the body During ex vivo gene therapy, stem cells are removed from the body and vectors deliver the gene of interest, creating cells with healthy genes. These cells are then returned to the body.

Which of the following best defines the information stored in genes?

Genes store only the information for making gene products.

Order of process of karyotyping.

Genetic material is obtained from an individual. DNA is labeled with short, fluorescently labeled pieces of DNA. DNA binds to specific sequences on a chromosome. Chromosomes are exposed to specific wavelengths of light. Fluorescent markers emit different colors of light that can be visualized as different banding patterns.

Which of the following statements best explains why genetic traits are inheritable?

Genetic traits are controlled by our genes and are passed down over generations from parents to offspring.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the process of genome editing?

Genome editing allows for the targeting and replacement of specific DNA sequences.

Which statements describe how genome editing can be used to treat genetic diseases?

Genome editing can replace nucleotides to correct mutations that cause genetic disease. Genome editing can inactivate certain genes, preventing them from causing disease.

Which of the following best describes how genome editing systems like CRISPR

Genome editing systems can remove and replace nucleotides, preventing mutations that result in genetic disease.

Which of the following best describes how genome editing systems like CRISPR can treat genetic diseases?

Genome editing systems can remove and replace nucleotides, preventing mutations that result in genetic disease.

Select all of the following components of Griffith's experimental design that are true.

Griffith infected mice with encapsulated bacteria and unencapsulated bacteria. Griffith infected mice with heat-killed encapsulated bacteria and live, unencapsulated bacteria.

Interpret the following scenario to describe one form of non-Mendelian inheritance: A parent with curly hair and a parent with straight hair have a child with wavy hair. Which interpretation is most likely to be accurate?

Hair texture may follow an incomplete dominance form of inheritance.

Which of the following lists the steps of DNA replication in their correct order?

Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds in nucleotides, separating DNA strands; DNA polymerase adds nucleotides continuously on the leading strand and discontinuously on the lagging strand; ligase seals together fragments of synthesized DNA.

Which of the following statements best describes how hemoglobin carries oxygen?

Hemoglobin binds with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin, which is transported in red blood cells.

Which of the following statements best explains the function of hemoglobin in the respiratory and circulatory systems?

Hemoglobin carries oxygen in red blood cells, allowing oxygen to travel from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body

Which of the following best describes the structure of hemoglobin? Select all that apply.

Hemoglobin consists of four globin molecules. Each globin molecule surrounds a heme group. Heme groups contain iron.

Select all of hemoglobin that describe both its structure and function.

Hemoglobin consists of four globin polypeptide molecules that surround an iron-containing heme group. Hemoglobin carries oxygen in red blood cells throughout the body.

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. What is the result of this in terms of hemoglobin function?

Hemoglobin has a reduced ability to bind to and transport oxygen in red blood cells.

Select all of the following that display non-Mendelian forms of dominance.

Incomplete dominance Heterozygous genotypes express an intermediary phenotype that is a blend between dominant and recessive pheno- types. Codominance- Heterozygous genotypes full express both dominant phenotypes.

Which of the following information is stored genes?

Instructions for converting information in DNA into proteins

Erwin Chargaff

Investigated the nitrogen bases of DNA to determine that the ratio of A and T were the same and the ratio of C and G were the same

DNA microarrays

Involves applying specific genes to a glass slide and incubating them with complementary CDNA to determine if gene expression is occurring or not

In vivo gene therapy

Involves the insertion of genetic material directly into the body for the purpose of treating a genetic disorder.

gene therapy

Involves the insertion of genetic material to cells, which are then inserted into the body with the purpose of

DNA sequencing

Involves using radioactive dyes to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides in a gene or piece of DNA

Genetic markers

Involves using restriction enzymes to cut DNA in predictable locations and comparing the outcomes from diseased and nondiseased individuals to determine if a person has a genetic disease

Sickle-cell disease is an easy disease to study because

It is controlled by a single mutation in a single gene. Its inheritance pattern is well understood.

What is the role of the enzyme ligase in DNA replication?

It links the gaps between Okasaki fragments in the lagging strand.

Which of the following best describes the role of meiosis during sexual reproduction?

Meiosis produces haploid gametes that are genetically different from each other and their parents.

Which of the following is an example of a phenotype influenced by the environment?

Melanin production

How does sickle-cell disease impact the circulatory system?

Mutated hemoglobin clumps together in red blood cells, resulting in their sickle-shape.

Which of the following statements best explains the reason for most of the impacts of sickle-cell on the body?

Mutated hemoglobin molecules result in misshapen red blood cells that cannot perform their function in the body

Which of the following traits are associated with sickle-cell disease?

Mutated hemoglobin proteins that result in sickle-shaped red blood cells

Select all of the ways that mutated impact the circulatory system.

Mutated red blood cells have a sickle-shaped appearance. Mutated red blood cells clump together, blocking blood flow in capillaries.

Place the following structures in order to describe the pathway of oxygen into the body. Begin with the nasal cavities

Nasal cavities and mouth ,Pharynx and larynx ,Trachea ,Bronchi within the lungs ,Bronchioles within the lungs ,Alveoli within the lungs, red blood cells within blood capillaries

External respiration

Occurs when red blood cells exchange gases with the environment at the alveoli

Internal respiration

Occurs when red blood cells exchange gases with tissue cells of the body

Which of the following best supports this statement: Traits are hereditary.

Our genes determine our specific traits. Because genes are inheritable, specific traits are inheritable also.

Select all of the following ways that sickle-cell disease impacts the circulatory system.

Oxygen concentrations drop, resulting in anemia. Altered hemoglobin sticks together, altering the shape of red blood cells. Misshaped red blood cells block capillaries, restricting blood flow.

Which of the following processes occurs during gas exchange in the body?

Oxygen diffuses into red blood cells within the alveoli of the lungs.

After oxygen enters the lungs, which statements best describe its path as it reaches the tissues in the body?

Oxygen passes through the bronchi, into bronchioles, and into alveoli. There, it diffuses into red blood cells within capillaries and is transported to the tissue cells of the body,

If the partial pressure of oxygen is greater in the alveoli than in the blood, which of the following will occur?

Oxygen will diffuse out of the alveoli and into red blood cells.

Template strand

Provides the blueprint for the production of a new complementary strand

Which of the following sentences best summarizes how the structure of red blood cells impacts their function?

Red blood cells lack nuclei and contain numerous hemoglobin molecules, resulting in a flattened, disc-like shape.

Select all of the following traits that are associated with sickle-cell

Red blood cells that are sickle-shaped in appearance. Malfunctioning hemoglobin proteins

Which of the following best describes the function of red blood cells within the body?

Red blood cells transport gases to and from all tissue cells within the body.

all of the following ways that sickle-cell disease impacts the body.

Restricted blood flow reduces the body's ability to fight off infection. Misshapen red blood cells block capillaries, preventing blood flow. Restricted blood flow causes joint pain and kidney failure. Mutated hemoglobin molecules cannot adequately transport oxygen, resulting in anemia.

Which of the following statements best recalls how sickle-cell impacts the kidneys?

Sickle-cell disease causes blocked capillaries in the kidneys to decrease their ability to function, possibly even resulting in kidney failure.

Which of the following statements about the impacts of sickle-cell disease on the immune and lymphatic systems is true?

Sickle-cell disease creates a lowered immunity in the body, resulting in an increase in infections.

Which statement best describes the inheritance disease?

Sickle-cell disease is an autosomal recessive disease, meaning it carried on recessive alleles and requires both diseased alleles in order to be expressed.

Which statement best describes the inheritance of sickle-cell disease?

Sickle-cell disease is an autosomal recessive disease, meaning it is carried on recessive alleles and requires both diseased alleles in order to be expressed.

Which of the following best explains why sickle-cell disease a good candidate for studying genetic diseases?

Sickle-cell disease results from a single mutation on a single gene.

Which event (or events) occur in the anaphase Il phase of meiosis II?

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles

Incomplete dominance

Some traits are controlled by genes that have dominant alleles that do not completely mask recessive genes. This inheritance is called incomplete dominance. For example, with a condition called familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous individuals have an intermediate phenotype that is between the recessive and dominant phenotypes.

Codominance

Some traits are controlled by genes that have multiple alleles that can exhibit dominance. This inheritance is called codominance. For example, with blood types, both Type A and Type B alleles are dominant. This means that individuals that have one allele of each will have type AB blood because both alleles are expressed equally.

James Watson and Francis Crick

Synthesized previous findings by other researchers to come up with the model of DNA as a double stranded helix composed of sugars, phosphates, and nitrogen-bases.

Which of the following statements best describes the structure and function of hemoglobin in the respiratory and circulatory systems?

The hemoglobin molecule consists of two alpha globin and two beta globin polypeptide chains and iron molecules that are involved in gas exchange between the blood capillaries and the alveoli capillaries.

Which of the following best describes the fate of information contained within a gene?

The information within genes can be used as instructions for making proteins through the processes of transcription and translation.

Select all of the following reasons that explain why sickle-cell disease is ideal for studying genetic diseases.

The inheritance pattern of sickle-cell disease is well understood. A single gene controls sickle-cell disease. Sickle-cell disease is controlled by a single mutation.

Mendei crossed pea plants dominant for two different traits (tall and green pods) with pea plants recessive for those same two traits (short and yellow pods). This cross resulted in pea plants that had combinations of all four traits (tall with green pods, tall with yellow pods, short with green pods, and short with yellow pods). Which law inheritance best describes why this happens?

The law of independent assortment

Daughter strand

The newly synthesized complementary strand

Chorionic villus sampling

The process of inserting a tube through the vagina into the uterus to collect samples of chorion tissue for genetic analysis.

Amniocentesis

The process of passing a long needle through the abdominal and uterine walls to collect amniotic fluid for genetic analysis.

Transcription

The process where information stored within genes is transferred to an RNA intermediary.

Translation

The process where information within an RNA intermediary is turned into a protein.

Vnich of the following statements best recalls the function of the respiratory system?

The respiratory systen, functions in gas exchange between the lungs and the external environment.

What is the purpose of a karotype?

To visualize chromosomes to determine changes in number or size that may indicate disease.

Which of the following is a function of the circulatory system within the body?

Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide

In DNA replication, the leading strand is synthesized continuously, and the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. The synthesis of the lagging strand relies on the formation of Okasaki fragments.

True

Rosalind Franklin

Used X-ray crystallography to determine that DNA had a helical and repetitive structure

What is the purpose of a vector in gene therapy?

Vectors are used to deliver the genetic material to the target cells.

Gene therapy can involve the replacement of a defective gene. Which type of vector is used to replace the defective gene in ex vivo gene therapy and not used in in vivo gene therapy?

Virus

During gene therapy, bone marrow stem cells are removed from the individual. What must happen to those cells before they are injected back into the individual?

Viruses act as vectors to carry the normal gene into the genome of the stem cells.

Which of the following best defines multiple allele inheritance?

When a trait is controlled by interactions between many different alleles.

Sickle crisis requires immediate medical attention. This medical condition is characterized by

a decrease in gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries chest pain and shortness of breath anemia

A karyotype is

a visual inspection of the chromosomes.

Variations in eye color, height, blood type, and physiological differences are considered to be the result of differences between the

alleles

Hemoglobin consists of two types of globin:____and___

alpha; beta

Small, sac-like structures within lungs that interact with capillary networks to allow the rapid diffusion of gases into or out of red blood cells are called

alveoli

During the process of the fluid surrounding the fetus is collected to use for testing fetal DNA. During the process of pieces of the tissue are removed from the developing embryo and used for testing fetal DNA.

amniocentesis; chorionic villus sampling

Within the body, carbon dioxide is transported

as carbonic acid within the center of red blood cells.

Within red blood cells, hemoglobin functions to

bind and transport oxygen as oxyhemoglobin to the tissue cells of the body.

DNA microarrays use enzymes to convert mRNA Gbtained from the cell into CDNA. This CDNA is hybridized with known DNA from specific genes isolated from the organism, If hybridization occurs, this indicates the CDNA has

bound to the corresponding gene and it is being expressed in the cell.

Within red blood cells, carbon dioxide is transported as

carbonic acid

CRISPR uses the enzyme to identify specific seguences of DNA that need to be edited.

cas9

Genes carry instructions for making proteins or other gene products. This means that:

changes in genes can change our physical traits.

A type of gene therapy where cells are removed from the body and manipulated genetically is called therapy.

ex vivo

CRISPR may work to treat sickle-cell disease by targeting

faulty portions of the hemoglobin gene within the genome of cells and removing and replacing those portions with normal sequences of nucleotides.

In order for a karyotype to be visualized and analyzed, it must be seen. The process FISH allows to bind to chromosomes and emit different colors when exposed to different wavelengths of light, allowing visualization.

fluorescently labeled DNA

In order for a karyotype to be visualized and analyzed, it must be seen. The process of FISH allows to bind to chromosomes and emit different colors when exposed to different wavelengths of light, allowing visualization.

fluorescently labeled DNA

Segments of DNA called____contain information that produce a product.

genes

The iron-containing molecule found within the center of each globin polypeptide in hemoglobin molecules is called a(n)

heme group

Ex vivo gene therapy can be used to treat sickle-cell disease by inserting corrected genes into the bone marrow of those with the disease. The goal is to produce new cells that can produce normal proteins.

hemoglobin

The passage of genes from one generation to the next is called

inheritance

A visual inspection of the chromosomes is called a(n)

karyotypes

If a phenotypic trait is influenced by several different alleles interacting with each other, it is said to be classified as

multiple allele inheritance

In order to be packaged into a chromosome, DNA is wound around histone proteins to form a(n)

nucleosome structure.

Karyotypes are made by

obtaining genetic material and incubating it with fluorescently labeled DNA to visualize sizes and banding patterns of chromosome,

Karyotypes are made by

obtaining genetic material and incubating it with fluorescently labeled DNA to visualize sizes and banding patterns of chromosome.

Within red blood cells, hemoglobin molecules interact with oxygen to form

oxyhemogiobin molecules

Within red blood cells, oxygen is transported as ___and carbon dioxide is transported as___acid

oxyhemoglobin , carbonic

Complete the following sentence: Hemoglobin functions in cells and carries -----_ to all cells of the body.

red blood; oxygen

Erwin Chargaff's research determined the percentage of the nitrogen bases within a strand of DNA. His work determined that

the percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of cytosine is equal to the percent of guanine.

The information contained in genes is expressed

through transcribing the DNA segment into MRNA. by translating the MRNA into a polypeptide. by folding the polypeptide into a structural protein.

In a process called ex vivo gene therapy, are used to insert normal genes into cells outside the human body.

vectors

The purpose of a karyotype is to

visualize all the chromosomes within a genome to look for differences in number or size.