Bio Exam 4 - week 14 to 17

Who first performed vaccinations by inoculating children with cowpox virus to provide immunity against smallpox? Milkmaids Edward Jenner Louis Pasteur Lady Montague

Edward Jenner

From the figure, which part of Earth receives the greatest intensity of solar radiation? Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn North and South Poles Equator

Equator

Which of the following is an example of a nonspecific response to infection? Activation of T cells Production of antibodies Fever Formation of memory B cells

Fever

________ is a critical abiotic factor that contributes to plant growth in savanna ecosystems. Drought Fire Wind Rain

Fire

You were sick with the flu last winter. Why then does your doctor suggest you be vaccinated against the flu this year? Surviving the flu one year inhibits the immune system the second year. The virus blocked your immune system's ability to produce memory cells. Flu viruses mutate rapidly. The virus inactivates helper T cells.

Flu viruses mutate rapidly.

Which nutrient is synthesized and stored in the liver and muscles of animals and is used as a source of quick energy? Glycogen Starch Calcium Fat Protein

Glycogen

Which of the following controls the temperature in endothermic animals? Cerebral cortex Autonomic nervous system Positive feedback systems Hypothalamus Reflexive skeletal muscles

Hypothalamus

Which of the following nutrients would yield the most energy per gram? Lipids Minerals Vitamins Proteins Carbohydrates

Lipids

What type of digestion takes place inside the mouth? Mechanical digestion only Ingestion only Chemical digestion only Absorption only Mechanical and chemical digestion

Mechanical and chemical digestion

When Europeans first came to North America, one of the most disastrous impacts on native populations was the introduction of "Old World diseases." These diseases, such as smallpox, influenza, and plague, devastated the Native American population as the number of settlers grew steadily. One author has called this "the greatest human catastrophe in history, far exceeding . . . the Black Death of Medieval Europe."Based on this scenario and what you know about the immune system, what can you conclude about the Native American and European populations? The Europeans had been vaccinated against all of these diseases. Native American immune systems were inherently inferior to those of the Europeans and were not capable of developing immunity to the same microbes. Native Americans were genetically vulnerable to these diseases, which are not caused by microbes. Native American immune systems had not evolved in the presence of these novel microbes and were at a great disadvantage when exposed to them over a relatively short period of time.

Native American immune systems had not evolved in the presence of these novel microbes and were at a great disadvantage when exposed to them over a relatively short period of time.

In which biome would you expect to find large numbers of black bears, snowshoe hares, moose, lynx, wolves, and deer? Savanna Tropical rain forest Northern coniferous forest (Taiga) Chaparral Desert

Northern coniferous forest (Taiga)

What are antibodies? Proteins produced by T cells that bind to foreign proteins Bacteria Proteins produced by B cells that bind to foreign proteins Cells that undergo apoptosis Viruses

Proteins produced by B cells that bind to foreign proteins

What are the most basic components of all ecosystems? Nutrients and energy The living, or biotic part, and the abiotic Volcanoes, wind, oceans, and other abiotic parts Communities of organisms Producers, consumers, and decomposers

The living, or biotic part, and the abiotic

In 1956, people in Minamata, Japan, began to exhibit severe neurological disorders and birth defects. This problem was eventually attributed to methylmercury, a water-insoluble and breakdown-resistant chemical formed from mercury dumped into the adjacent bay by a local factory. Which of the following types of seafood would have the highest levels of methylmercury, and therefore cause the severest effects? Sea urchins that feed on kelp. Krill (small crustaceans that eat tiny microscopic algae). Tuna that feed on smaller fish that feed on krill that feed on algae. Kelp (large, multicellular, photosynthetic protists). Mussels that feed on tiny microscopic algae.

Tuna that feed on smaller fish that feed on krill that feed on algae

Permafrost (frozen soil) is associated with which of these biomes? Temperate deciduous forest Northern coniferous forest Tundra Grassland Littoral

Tundra

What is a population? all of the organisms of a species existing at a particular time. a group of organisms living in a particular geographic area. a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular geographic area. a community as well as all the abiotic factors in a particular geographic area.

a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular geographic area

The figure shows the concentration of antibodies for an antigen produced by Clostridium tetani, a bacterium that causes tetanus. What could trigger the increase in antibody production marked by the arrow? an increase in histamine production. an initial exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium that causes pneumonia. a decrease in antigen concentration. a second exposure to Clostridium tetani.

a second exposure to Clostridium tetani

primary function of natural killer cells is to ________. attack virus-infected cells tag pathogenic microorganisms with antibodies attack and kill pathogenic microorganisms phagocytize microorganisms that have been tagged with antibodies

attack virus-infected cells

The organisms that can convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants are ________. fungi bacteria animals protists

bacteria

Bile aids in fat digestion by breaking fat into small fat droplets that can then be digested by enzymes. removing the fatty acid chains from the glycerol. acting directly as a lipid-digesting enzyme. converting lipids to proteins, which can then be digested by proteases.

breaking fat into small fat droplets that can then be digested by enzymes.

Refer to the accompanying figure. Together, all of the living components of the coral reef represent a(n) ________. ecosystem community species population

community

The primary goal of conservation biology is to ________. counter the loss of biodiversity integrate human culture back into nature catalog species maximize the land set aside for wildlife

counter the loss of biodiversity

What level of ecology is concerned with energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among various biotic and abiotic factors? ecosystem organism community population

ecosystem

Most of the temperate grassland in North America has been converted to ________. cities farmland national parks small neighborhoods

farmland

The single greatest threat to biodiversity comes from ________. overexploitation habitat destruction and fragmentation invasive species pollution

habitat destruction and fragmentation

What is the order of the four stages of food processing? ingestion, elimination, digestion, absorption ingestion, absorption, elimination, digestion ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination digestion, absorption, ingestion, elimination

ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

Ecology is the study of ________. life interactions between humans and other species human effects on the environment interactions between organisms and their environments

interactions between organisms and their environments

A ________ species is fundamentally essential to an ecosystem; its loss changes the structure of the entire community, even though it may only represent a small portion of the population. redundant keystone rivet baseline footprint

keystone

Most specialized immune cells are located in the thyroid gland. hypothalamus. lymph nodes. gall bladder.

lymph nodes.

"Big eater" cells that ingest and destroy microbes are macrophages. mast cells. plasma cells. natural killer cells. T cells.

macrophages.

The figure indicates that ________. Groundwater runoff causes massive erosion at the base of mountain ranges. Mountains can block the flow of moist air from a coast, causing radically different climates on opposite sides of a mountain range. The direction of wind affects how much moisture evaporates in the photic zone of the Pacific Ocean. Rainfall creates freezing temperatures in mountain ranges.

mountains can block the flow of moist air from a coast, causing radically different climates on opposite sides of a mountain range

Many plants are mycorrhizal: Their roots are infected with a specialized fungus. The plant supplies carbon to the fungus, and the fungus supplies nutrients to the plant. The relationship between these plants and the mycorrhizal fungi is an example of a ________ association. successional parasitic mutualistic competitive predator-prey

mutualistic

Most body systems maintain homeostasis through ________ systems. redundant alternating positive feedback negative feedback monitoring

negative feedback

Please refer to the following art to answer the following questions.A person with a BMI of 27 would be described as ________. normal weight It depends on the person's height. underweight overweight

overweight

The tiny wasp Ooencyrtus kuvanae lays its eggs inside the egg masses of gypsy moths. When the wasp larvae hatch, they burrow into the gypsy moth caterpillars and eat them from the inside. After they have completed their development, the adult wasps emerge from the bodies of the moth caterpillars, killing them in the process. This relationship is classified as predation. competition. coevolution. mutualism. parasitism.

parasitism.

Muscular contraction moves food through the alimentary canal by a process called ________. peristalsis swallowing propulsion active transport

peristalsis

What path does a molecule of O2 take from the nose to the respiratory surface? larynx → pharynx → trachea → bronchus → bronchiole → alveolus pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchiole → bronchus → alveolus pharynx → larynx → bronchus → bronchiole → alveolus → trachea pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchus → bronchiole → alveolus

pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchus → bronchiole → alveolus

The figure shows regions of an ocean. In what region do phytoplankton live? aphotic zone photic zone benthic realm

photic zone

The major function of the large intestine is to neutralize chyme. produce digestive enzymes. make bile. digest food. reabsorb water.

reabsorb water.

Amylase is produced by the small intestine only. salivary glands, small intestine, and pancreas. salivary glands and pancreas. pancreas only. salivary glands only

salivary glands and pancreas.

Which is one of the body's first lines of defense against infection? skin and mucous membranes increased production of certain hormones antibodies

skin and mucous membranes

The variety and abundance of the different species that make up a community is the ________ of a community. ecosystem diversity ecosystem services genetic diversity conservation biology species diversity

species diversity

If a fox eats a rodent that ate a smaller insect that ate a plant, the fox is a(n) tertiary consumer. autotroph. producer. secondary consumer. primary consumer.

tertiary consumer.

Digestion is ________. eating the absorption of nutrients the breakdown of food into small nutrient molecules that the body can absorb

the breakdown of food into small nutrient molecules that the body can absorb

The figure below shows ________. the building of a protein by the enzyme pepsin the addition of a water molecule to add an amino acid to a protein the chemical digestion of a protein the mechanical digestion of a protein

the chemical digestion of a protein

The greenhouse effect, which has become a major ecological concern, is caused by the increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (CO2,CH4, and N2O). the release of heat energy from burning fossil fuels. global warming. overuse of fertilizers in farming. the destruction of ozone in the upper atmosphere.

the increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (CO2,CH4, and N2O).

Examine the figure. If blood glucose levels decline, ________. the pancreas releases more glucagon, which causes glucose to be released into the blood. liver cells convert glucose to glycogen. body cells take up more glucose. the pancreas releases more insulin, which causes glucose to be released into the blood.

the pancreas releases more glucagon, which causes glucose to be released into the blood

What are estuaries? types of freshwater biomes transition areas between a river and the ocean regions where ocean meets land areas near the start of a river

transition areas between a river and the ocean

The greatest diversity of plants and animals is found in temperate deciduous forests. northern coniferous forests. chaparrals. savannas. tropical rain forests.

tropical rain forests.

Antibiotics are NOT effective against viruses. protists. bacteria. fungi.

viruses.

Vaccinations involve injecting ________ into the person or animal. weakened or killed microbes antibodies against the disease the disease itself antibodies against similar diseases antibiotics

weakened or killed microbes

Strep throat can develop from an infection by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. After infection by this bacterium, cells in the body will respond by producing antibodies against the bacterium and the toxins it produces. What type of immune response is being described in this situation? B cell response cytotoxic T cell response inflammation helper T cell response

B cell response

Cells that produce antibodies and provide future immunity against similar pathogens are natural killer cells. T cells. mast cells. B cells. dendritic cells.

B cells.

Why is it important to preserve the genes of the wild relatives of crop plants? By preserving the genes, we can control the growth of the wild relatives, which threaten our crop plants. It is not important because the wild species have all become extinct. The wild relatives are the food sources for all domestic animal species. It is not important because the human population no longer eats wild foods. Beneficial genes from the wild relatives may be transferred into crop plants.

Beneficial genes from the wild relatives may be transferred into crop plants.

Which of these are immune cells produced by the bone marrow? Both B and T cells B cells T cells B cells, T cells, and red blood cells Red blood cells

Both B and T cells

In Yellowstone National Park, wolves were hunted to extinction in the 1920s. A current restoration project has reintroduced wolves to Yellowstone National Park. Predict the response of the Yellowstone ecological community if wolves are a keystone species. Species richness should decrease. Species richness should increase, and the relative abundances of each species should be about equal. The relative abundances of each species should become more unequal. Species diversity should decrease.

Species richness should increase, and the relative abundances of each species should be about equal.

What is the primary energy-storage molecule in plants? Cellulose Protein Starch Chlorophyll Cholesterol

Starch

Which part of the digestive tract has the lowest pH? Pancreas Large intestine Stomach Rectum Small intestine

Stomach

Why is blood pressure higher during systole than during diastole? The contraction of the heart during diastole decreases the blood pressure against arterial walls. The relaxation of the heart during systole increases the blood pressure against arterial walls. The contraction of the heart during systole increases the blood pressure against arterial walls. More blood flows into the heart during systole than during diastole.

The contraction of the heart during systole increases the blood pressure against arterial walls.

Maria has a nut allergy and accidentally ate some pine nuts in her salad while eating at a restaurant. Almost immediately after eating them, Maria went into anaphylactic shock, but fortunately she was quickly treated and completely recovered. What treatment option was the best for Maria and why? a treatment that would have increased the number of cytotoxic T cells in her blood so that they could kill infected cells at a higher rate. a treatment that would stimulate antibody production by B cells so that the antibodies could bind to antigens on pathogens more readily. a treatment that would have decreased the amount of histamine in her blood so that her blood vessels could constrict and raise her blood pressure.

a treatment that would have decreased the amount of histamine in her blood so that her blood vessels could constrict and raise her blood pressure.

You eat 25 potato chips, which contain 10 grams of carbohydrate (potato) and 10 grams of fat. This means that all of the calories are from fat. all of the calories are from carbohydrate. about 40 Calories are from fat and 90 Calories are from carbohydrate. about half your calories are from fat and half from carbohydrate. about 90 Calories are from fat and 40 Calories are from carbohydrate.

about 90 Calories are from fat and 40 Calories are from carbohydrate.

Which of these is a community? all of the organisms living in your garden as well as the soil and rocks all of abiotic factors that determine the health of your garden. all of the garden snails (Helix aspersa) living in your garden. all of the organisms living in your garden.

all of the organisms living in your garden

In the human respiratory system, gas exchange occurs across the cells of the ________. diaphragm trachea bronchi alveoli

alveoli

When the immune system improperly turns against the body's own molecules, the result is ________. an autoimmune disease an allergy an immunodeficiency disease AIDS

an autoimmune disease

Scientists have documented that spring seasons starting earlier due to climate change have resulted in some caterpillar species beginning their maturation stage earlier than normal. There are bird species that need the caterpillars to feed their chicks. However, since the caterpillars are maturing before the chicks hatch (and therefore cannot be used for chick food), the birds are experiencing a drop in their lifetime reproductive success. Interestingly, scientists have also documented that the individual birds that are successful in altering their egg-laying patterns to align with earlier spring seasons have the greatest lifetime reproductive success. These phenomena are examples of ________. an evolutionary response to climate change. a change in species distribution due to climate change. an increase in global greenhouse gas emissions due to climate change. the effects of terrestrial biome distribution due to climate change.

an evolutionary response to climate change

Which type of cells does HIV preferentially infect? natural killer cells cytotoxic T cells helper T cells phagocytic cells

helper T cells

Which compounds do mast cells produce? antibodies defensive proteins histamine antihistamines

histamine

Which ecosystems support life in the absence of sunlight? forested habitats hydrothermal vent habitats photic zone habitats tundra habitats

hydrothermal vent habitats

An effect of deforestation has been to ________. Increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Decrease the rate of carbon dioxide production through cellular respiration. Decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Increase the rate at which carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic material.

increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Nonspecific internal defenses include plasma cells. skin. tears and saliva. T cells. inflammation.

inflammation.