BIO EXAM

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) has succeeded in protecting the water supplies of many communities across the United States. However, tens of thousands of violations still occur each year. Arrange the SDWA violations in order from those that occur most frequently to those that occur least frequently.

Most frequent violations possible fecal contamination disinfection by‑products arsenic nitrate lead and copper Least frequent violations

Ecosystem services are essential services provided by nature that are necessary for life on Earth. Many of these resources are invaluable and indispensable. In 2007, Robert Costanza, an ecological economist, estimated the value of ecosystem services, including the services that forests provide specifically. The vaule of each of these forest ecosystem services is estimated in billions of dollars per hectare per year. Place the following forest ecosystem services from most economically valuable to least economically valuable according to Robert Costanza's estimates.

Most valuable recreational and cultural benefits climate regulation habitat genetic resources food source natural pest control raw materials water supply and regulation waste treatment erosion control and soil formation Least valuable

The map shows the net change in forest cover from 1990 to 2015.Classify countries according to loss or gain in forest cover.

Net loss Brazil Australia Indonesia Nigeria Small change Canada New Zealand Net gain United States China Russia India France

What are some ways that climate change is making agriculture more difficult worldwide? New climatic conditions affect temperature extremes and the availability of water. Acid precipitation from climate change is decreasing the pH of soil, causing crop failures. Climate change is allowing more UV radiation from the sun through the atmosphere, killing crops. Unseasonable flooding and increased droughts are destroying crops and dimishing yields.

New climatic conditions affect temperature extremes and the availability of water. Unseasonable flooding and increased droughts are destroying crops and dimishing yields.

Which of these countries consume more water for domestic use than the global per capita average? United States Japan China Canada Uganda

United States Japan Canada

What is the main mechanism behind pesticide resistance? government regulations of pesticides artificial selection climate change new species of pests

artificial selection

Why did farmers in countries like Burkina Faso switch from farming for food production to cash crops?Soils became depleted of nutrients from growing monocultures of food crops.Local governments began subsidizing cash crops to encourage production.Developed countries had flooded the market, driving down global food prices.Seeds for food crops were in short supply due to increased demand in developed countries.

Developed countries had flooded the market, driving down global food prices.

Besides increased infiltration, how does stormwater runoff management benefit urban and suburban communities? increases municipal water supplies prevents streams from drying up reduces flooding and flash flooding diverts water to nearby drought‑stricken areas

reduces flooding and flash flooding

What are some examples of sustainable agricultural practices? using synthetic fertilizers using nonrenewable resources as little as possible raising livestock humanely maintaining environmental quality

using nonrenewable resources as little as possible raising livestock humanely maintaining environmental quality

Which hazard is an opening that emits lava, gases, and other geologic material from beneath the Earth's crust?

volcano

Which description of the graph illustrates the role non-dormant vegetation played in stream runoff in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest between early 1965 and late spring 1968? During the summer months, the volume of streamwater flow in the deforested areas exceeded that of forested areas. During the winter months, the volume of streamwater flow in the deforested areas exceeded that of forested areas. There was only one month in 1968 when the flow volume is greater in the forested areas than the deforested areas. There was only one month in 1965 when the flow volume is greater in the deforested areas than the forested areas.

During the summer months, the volume of streamwater flow in the deforested areas exceeded that of forested areas.

How is ecotourism helping to protect forests in developing countries? Ecotourism brings in donations from nonprofit organizations that help fund political campaigns. Ecotourism allows corporate sponsors to purchase land within forests for hotel development. Ecotourism funds lobbyists to influence officials to make policy changes that reduce deforestation. Ecotourism allows for economic development while maintaining natural resources.

Ecotourism allows for economic development while maintaining natural resources.

What distinguishes organic agriculture from other types of sustainable agriculture? Chemical inputs are restricted. Animals are raised humanely. GMOs are not allowed. Workers are paid a fair wage. Natural processes are protected.

GMOs are not allowed. Chemical inputs are restricted.

What are some of the principles of food sovereignty? Localize the food system to promote regional food. Value farmers' right to live and work with dignity. Encourage the use of industrial farming techniques. Convert local agriculture to commodity cash crops. Favor less environmentally damaging farming methods.

Localize the food system to promote regional food. Value farmers' right to live and work with dignity. Favor less environmentally damaging farming methods.

Classify each effect of mining as either a social impact or an environmental impact. Classify each effect of mining as either a social impact or an environmental impact. You are currently in a sorting module. Turn off browse mode or quick nav, Tab to items, Space or Enter to pick up, Tab to move, Space or Enter to drop. Social impact violence child labor dangerous jobs displaced communities Environmental impact air pollution habitat damage waste acid mine drainage mercury pollution Answer Bank

Social; violence child labor dangerous jobs the rest are environmental

The average American uses approximately 140 gallons of water per day at home. This water is used in appliances or for personal care. Arrange the sources of domestic water consumption from the source of greatest consumption to least consumption.

Source of greatestwater consumption toilets showers faucets laundry leaks other tasks dishwashers Source of leastwater consumption

By 2015, the FAO had hoped to cut the number and percentage of undernourished people in half relative to the 1990 levels. How did they do? The FAO reduced the percentage of undernourished people by 13% and number by 20%. The FAO only reduced the percentage of undernourished people by 13% and reduced the number by half. The FAO reduced both the percentage and number of undernourished people by half. The FAO reduced the percentage of undernourished people by half, but only reduced the number by about 20%.

The FAO reduced the percentage of undernourished people by half, but only reduced the number by about 20%.

Which hazard is a sudden shaking of the ground caused by tectonic plates moving against one another?

earthquake

Classify characteristics of industrial agriculture as advantages or disadvantages.

Advantages high yields of food per acre crops grown in water‑poor areas crops grown in nutrient‑poor soil less labor intensive Disadvantages high use of fossil fuels vulnerable to crop diseases fewer jobs and family farms contributes to water pollution

Classify methods of integrated pest management (IPM) as cultural, mechanical, biological, or chemical.

Cultural strip cropping using indigenous plant varieties Mechanical wildlife exclusion netting hand weeding Biological microbial insecticides predator introduction Chemical spraying pyrethrum applying salt

Which statements describe how watershed management affects groundwater aquifers? Deforestation and draining of wetlands decreases water infiltration into the ground. Groundwater quantity is reduced by runoff on pavement and other hard surfaces. Polluted water contaminates shallow aquifers, such as nitrogen from fertilizers. Groundwater quantity is increased by fast‑moving water across a watershed.

Deforestation and draining of wetlands decreases water infiltration into the ground. Groundwater quantity is reduced by runoff on pavement and other hard surfaces. Polluted water contaminates shallow aquifers, such as nitrogen from fertilizers.

Timber company harvest methods have ecological impacts. Forest wildlife depend on trees for survival, therefore changes in the forest structure lead to changes in biodiversity. The degree of change in biodiversity depends on the method of timber harvesting used. Which is the best timber harvesting method for retaining biodiversity?strip harvestingshelterwood harvestingclear‑cuttingselective harvesting

shelterwood harvesting

Where along the Ring of Fire is the least amount of volcanic and earthquake activity? north, where the Pacific and North American plates meet east, where the Nazca and South American plates meet west, where the Australian and Pacific plates meet south, where the Antarctic and Pacific plates meet

south, where the Antarctic and Pacific plates meet

The application of road salt in cold climates can result in runoff pollution that can damage aquatic ecosystems. Researchers at Saint Mary's University in Halifax, Canada surveyed roadside ponds to determine the chloride concentration and species richness of amphibians. They also determined the LD50, which is the concentration of chloride that kills 50% of the population.

spotted salamander

Which factors determine the features of the three main types of forest biomes? soil composition and soil structure topography and elevation temperature and precipitation historic species distribution

temperature and precipitation

Which hazard is a series of high, fast‑moving waves resulting from an underwater earthquake or landslide?

tsunami

Approximately 1.5 million metric tons of nitrogen and phosphorus flow through the Mississippi River watershed and into the Gulf of Mexico every year. What is the main cause of high nutrient levels in the Gulf of Mexico? All industries along the Mississippi River discharge point source pollutants directly into the river.Overfishing in the Mississippi River watershed increases dissolved nutrients by disrupting nutrient cycles.The Mississippi River watershed is very large and receives many nonpoint source pollutants from roads, farms, and industry.Climate change dramatically increases the temperature of the Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico, increasing nutrient levels.

The Mississippi River watershed is very large and receives many nonpoint source pollutants from roads, farms, and industry.

What methods are used to address acid mine drainage? removing the sulfuric acid before processing the ore adding buffering compounds to neutralize acids exposing the mine tailings to oxygen and sulfur burying mine tailings or immersing them in water crushing granite to produce silicon dioxide

adding buffering compounds to neutralize acids burying mine tailings or immersing them in water

What triggered eutrophication in the Gulf of Mexico? sediment runoff from increased construction and development along the coastagricultural runoff containing excess dissolved nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorouscontinuous fossil fuel pollution from offshore oil rigsan increase in ocean temperatures caused by climate change

agricultural runoff containing excess dissolved nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorous

Which steps can be eliminated in the process of creating an aluminum can when recycled aluminum is used? transporting alumina smelting ore processing manufacturing mining

alumina smelting ore processing mining

Which species is the most sensitive to chloride?

american chode

Estimate the total increase in lithium production between 1975 and 2007. approximately 25,000 metric tons approximately 5000 metric tons approximately 12,000 metric tons approximately 18,000 metric tons

approximately 18,000 metric tons

Match each mineral to the everyday item in which it is found. Some minerals may be matched with more than one item. beverage cans - aluminum electronics - copper toothpaste - mica refrigerator - aluminum wiring - copper glass window - silica wallboard - gypsum

beverage cans - aluminum electronics - copper toothpaste - mica refrigerator - aluminum wiring - copper glass window - silica wallboard - gypsum

Which consumer food choice has the biggest impact in reducing the carbon footprint of conventional crops? buying fresh, not canned, food buying organically grown food buying locally grown food buying greenwashed food

buying organically grown food

Match the characteristics to the corresponding plate boundary. You are currently in a sorting module. Turn off browse mode or quick nav, Tab to items, Space or Enter to pick up, Tab to move, Space or Enter to drop. Convergent forms subduction zones forms ocean trenches Divergent forms rift valleys forms underwater ridges Transform common locations for earthquakes no new crust is created or destroyed Answer Bank

convergent forms subduction zones forms ocean trenches PLATES GOING TOWARDS EACHOTHER divergent forms rift valleys forms underwater ridges PLATES GOING AWAY FROM EACHOTHER transform common locations for earthquakes no new crust is created or destroyed PLATES ARE GOING AGAINST EACHOTHER

The Green Revolution was an attempt to reduce global hunger by increasing modern agricultural technology in developing countries. As part of this modernization, farmers adopted high‑yield varieties (HYVs) of crops to improve productivity. What additional factors besides HYVs led to an increase in productivity?development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)increased use of modern farming technologies such as irrigation systemsincreased use of pesticidesincreased use of soil conservation strategies such as no‑till plantingincreased use of synthetic fertilizers

increased use of modern farming technologies such as irrigation systems increased use of pesticides increased use of synthetic fertilizers

What are some of the reasons that controlled drainage might increase the end‑of‑season yield? increased water infiltration reduced nutrient loss to runoff increased soil microorganisms reduced amount of pollutants in soil

increased water infiltration reduced nutrient loss to runoff

Which hazard is the sudden movement of unstable rock or soil down a slope due to gravity?

landslide

There are many geologic resources that are used in industry. A(n) mineral is a solid chemical compound that has a repeating crystal structure. A(n) metal is a malleable substance that conducts electricity. A(n) ore is a rock aggregate that is composed of metal‑containing minerals. A(n) rock is a solid aggregate made of one or more minerals.

mineral metal ore rock

Did lithium production from pegmatite sources ever exceed brine sources after that date? no yes, by a large amount need more data yes, by a small amount

no

What factors do scientists look for when conducting a biological assessment of a body of water? dissolved oxygen content pollution‑sensitive organisms high biodiversity visibly clean water abundant aquatic life

pollution‑sensitive organisms high biodiversity abundant aquatic life

What are some causes of food insecurity? poverty inadequate distribution unskilled workforce poor sanitation discrimination

poverty inadequate distribution discrimination

What is an indirect cause of deforestation? pest infestation harvesting trees for fuel fires caused by lightning presence of roads

presence of roads

Which industrial activity uses the most water in most developed countries? paper production production of electricity chemical manufacturing smelting

production of electricity

Hard surfaces, such as roads and buildings, prevent infiltration and groundwater recharge in urban and suburban areas. These hard surfaces also contribute to increased runoff, which can lead to flooding during heavy downpours. What are some ways to increase aquifer recharge in urban and suburban areas? increased grass landscaping storm drain maintenance rain gardens permeable pavement

rain gardens permeable pavement

The Gulf Task Force, a federal U.S. organization designed to protect the Gulf of Mexico, takes a multigoal, holistic approach to addressing water pollution in the Gulf of Mexico. Identify the strategies that the Gulf Task Force uses to achieve each goal. You are currently in a sorting module. Turn off browse mode or quick nav, Tab to items, Space or Enter to pick up, Tab to move, Space or Enter to drop. Restore andconserve habitat Restore water quality Replenish and protectmarine resources Enhance community resilience Answer Bank sustainably harvest fish reduce runoff from animal operations enhance coastal fortifications against storm damage restore natural flow of rivers to delta regions promote low‑impact development reduce overuse of fertilizer improve education and community outreach restore riparian and wetland habitats minimize or eliminate invasive species rehabilitate and manage coral reefs

1) RESTORE & CONSERVE HABITAT- i) Restore natural flow of rivers to delta regions ii) Restore riparian & wetland habitats 2) RESTORE WATER QUALITY - i) Reduce runoff from animal operations ii) Reduce overuse of fertilizers 3) REPLENISH & PROTECT MARINE RESOURCES - i) Sustainably harvest fish ii) Rehabilitate & manage coral reefs iii) Minimize or eliminate invasive species 4) ENHANCE COMMUNITY RESILIENCE - i) Improve education & community outreach ii) Promote low-impact development iii) Enhance coastal fortification against storm damage

Label each layer with its corresponding name and characteristic. Place the name of the layer in the box on the profile and the characteristic in the box to the side of the profile.

1- O horizon 2-A horizon 3- B horizon 4-C horizon 5-R horizon 1-surface litter 2-decaying organic matter 3-dense with high mineral content 4-weathered rock 5- solid rock

Why was a different scale used on the y‑axis for the 2,4‑D graph? 2,4‑D metabolites were present in considerably different quantities than DM and DAP metabolites. 2,4‑D was present only during the 7‑day organic diet phase, not the 4‑day conventional diet phases. 2,4‑D takes much longer to make its way through children's systems than do the other pesticides. 2,4‑D metabolites are more difficult to identify during a urinalysis than DM and DAP metabolites.

2,4‑D metabolites were present in considerably different quantities than DM and DAP metabolites.

In which year did lithium production from brine sources first exceed pegmatite sources? 2000 1983 1997 2007

2000

In what year were the most people undernourished? 1985 1990 2000 2009 In what year was the highest percentage of undernourished people? 2009 2000 1995 1990 Why did these occur in different years? The proportion of undernourished show fewer fluctuations due to continual population growth worldwide. There is a time delay from when raw numbers of undernourished are reported to when proportions are calculated. The number of undernourished is just an estimate and may be incorrect due to inaccurate reports from developing countries. The raw number of undernourished and the proportion of undernourished are from different data sources. Solved

2009 1990 The proportion of undernourished show fewer fluctuations due to continual population growth worldwide.

What is the Clean Water Rule? A recent addition to the Clean Water Act that aims to regulate industrial and municipal point source pollution, such as sewage treatment plants. A recent addition to the Clean Water Act that aims to regulate nonpoint source pollution and point source pollution from man‑made toxic substances. A recent addition to the Clean Water Act that aims to extend the same protections to headwaters and tributaries that may affect downstream areas. A recent addition to the Clean Water Act that aims to regulate how much nitrogen and phosphorus farmers can use on their land.

A recent addition to the Clean Water Act that aims to extend the same protections to headwaters and tributaries that may affect downstream areas.

A recent study compared pesticide uptake in children when they ate produce grown conventionally (grown with pesticides that are not allowed in organic farming) or organically. Uptake in the children was determined by the amount of pesticide breakdown products (metabolites) in their urine. During the study, the children ate conventionally grown produce for 4 days, switched to a diet with organically grown produce for 7 days, and then switched back to conventional produce. Data for three metabolites are shown below. (Bars marked with different letters denote statistical differences between groups for that metabolite.)

A recent study compared pesticide uptake in children when they ate produce grown conventionally (grown with pesticides that are not allowed in organic farming) or organically. Uptake in the children was determined by the amount of pesticide breakdown products (metabolites) in their urine. During the study, the children ate conventionally grown produce for 4 days, switched to a diet with organically grown produce for 7 days, and then switched back to conventional produce. Data for three metabolites are shown below. (Bars marked with different letters denote statistical differences between groups for that metabolite.)

Why do low-income populations in developed countries often suffer from overnutrition? Cheaper foods are often laden with calorie‑dense fats or sugars and low in essential nutrients. Low-income neighborhoods in developed countries have many affordable and well‑stocked supermarkets. Low-income populations in developed countries have cultures that do not put emphasis on good nutrition. Even low-income populations can afford a variety of rich and nutritious foods in developed countries.

Cheaper foods are often laden with calorie‑dense fats or sugars and low in essential nutrients.

Boreal forest - short growing season - evergreen trees Temperate forest - thick, fertile soil - mostly second‑growth forests - evergreen and deciduous trees Tropical forest - low nutrient soil - dense vegetation - rapid decomposition

Classify each forest characteristic within the correct forest type. Boreal forest Temperate forest Tropical forest

Weathering and erosion are two external forces that shape geology on Earth. Weathering is the breakdown of rock by physical methods, such as wind and ice, and chemical methods, such as acid rain or water. Erosion is the movement of the weathered sediment.

Classify the characteristics of the different types of mining.

Classify the characteristics of each timber harvest technique.

Clear‑cutting all trees are cut results in very low biodiversity Selective harvesting high‑value trees are cut poor quality trees left behind to reseed Shelterwood harvesting best trees left behind to reseed mantains high biodiversity

Why does saltwater intrusion occur? Earthquakes cause fractures in the bedrock, allowing saltwater to move inland. Coastal aquifers are depleted of freshwater, and saltwater can then flow in and contaminate the aquifer. Saltwater is more dense than freshwater, allowing it to flow into aquifers displacing the freshwater. Freshwater in coastal aquifers drain into the ocean, creating a void for saltwater to fill.

Coastal aquifers are depleted of freshwater, and saltwater can then flow in and contaminate the aquifer.

How does reducing consumption of certain goods also reduce consumers' water footprint? Consumer goods require water to produce, so reducing consumption reduces water use. Communities use less water to dispose of or recycle the goods they purchase. Consumers use less water to clean and maintain the goods they purchase. Consumers use less municipal water with reduced consumption of goods.

Consumer goods require water to produce, so reducing consumption reduces water use.

Match the advantages of each farming technique with the correct agricultural practice. Some agricultural practices share some of the same advantages.

Contour farming: reduces soil erosion, reduces water loss Reduced tillage: reduces erosion, reduces evaporation, reduces energy inputs Terracing: reduces erosion, reduces water loss Crop rotation: reduces pest outbreaks, improves fertility Strip cropping: reduces pest outbreaks, improves fertility Cover crops: reduces erosion, improves fertility

Match the characteristics with the corresponding the layer of the Earth. Match the characteristics with the corresponding the layer of the Earth. You are currently in a sorting module. Turn off browse mode or quick nav, Tab to items, Space or Enter to pick up, Tab to move, Space or Enter to drop. Crust outermost layer of Earth forms the upper portion of the lithosphere about 3-45 mi thick contains mineral and fossil fuel deposits Mantle includes asthenosphere partially rigid and partially pliable solid about 1900 mi thick Core liquid outer part and solid iron alloy inner part about 2200 mi thick Answer Bank

Crust outermost layer of earth forms the upper portion of the litho about 3-45 mi thick contains mineral and ff deposits mantle includes asthenoshpere partially rigid and partially pliable solid about 1900 mi thick core liquid outer part and solid iron alloy inner part about 2200 mi thick

Tropical forests are among the most diverse biomes in the world. These forests are divided into four layers: emergent layer, canopy layer, understory, and forest floor. The emergent layer is at the very top and is taller than all other layers. Animals found in this layer are able to move from tree to tree by flying or gliding. The canopy layer is a dense layer under the emergent layer. Animals found in this layer typically make loud vocalizations because they are unable to see each other through the dense forest. The understory is made of low shrubs, ferns, and plants. Animals found in this layer are mostly insects and predators that consume insects. The forest floor is very moist and dark. Animals that live on the forest floor are terrestrial. Match the animals found in tropical forests to the forest layer they typically inhabit.

Emergent layer pygmy gliders fruit bats Canopy layer howler monkeys macaws Understory geckos beetles Forest floor tigers elephants

Identify the advantages of sustainable agriculture. Farmers rely on renewable energy and local resources. The protection of biodiversity enhances crop growth. Government policies keep costs to consumers low. Farmers maintain or improve soil conditions. Monoculture cultivation increases efficiency.

Farmers maintain or improve soil conditions. Farmers rely on renewable energy and local resources. The protection of biodiversity enhances crop growth.

What are the potential environmental consequences of using synthetic fertilizers? Fertilizer production creates pollution and depletes non‑renewable resources such as fossil fuels. Overuse of synthetic fertilizers cause pest populations to develop pesticide resistance. Excess fertilizer in runoff causes algal blooms that reduce dissolved oxygen in aquatic ecosystems. Increased plant growth depletes soil nutrients and increases the need for fertilizer. Synthetic fertilizers limit the variety of crops that can be grown in certain areas.

Fertilizer production creates pollution and depletes non‑renewable resources such as fossil fuels. Excess fertilizer in runoff causes algal blooms that reduce dissolved oxygen in aquatic ecosystems. Increased plant growth depletes soil nutrients and increases the need for fertilizer.

Why is fire suppression a threat to forests? Fire suppression methods, such as dropping large amounts of water containing fire retardants from aircraft, can kill more sensitive forest species. Fire suppression methods, such as the construction of firelines, favor core species and cause a reduction in the number of edge species. Fire suppression leads to increased runoff, resulting in erosional damage to the forest floor and habitat depletion for certain species. Fire suppression allows for the buildup of woody debris on the forest floor, increasing the potential for larger, more devastating fires.

Fire suppression allows for the buildup of woody debris on the forest floor, increasing the potential for larger, more devastating fires.

Arrange the steps of the eutrophication process in the order in which they occur. First step Runoff from heavy rain carries nutrients into streams. Nutrients flow downstream into the Mississippi River and eventually into the Gulf of Mexico. Stimulated by nutrients, algae in the Gulf of Mexico rapidly grow, causing the blockage of sunlight to deeper aquatic plants. Aquatic plants are unable to photosynthesize without sunlight, resulting in a decrease of dissolved oxygen. Aquatic plants die, resulting in high populations of decomposing bacteria that consume any remaining dissolved oxygen. Aquatic life either dies or relocates to water with a greater dissolved oxygen content. Last step

First step Runoff from heavy rain carries nutrients into streams. Nutrients flow downstream into the Mississippi River and eventually into the Gulf of Mexico. Stimulated by nutrients, algae in the Gulf of Mexico rapidly grow, causing the blockage of sunlight to deeper aquatic plants. Aquatic plants are unable to photosynthesize without sunlight, resulting in a decrease of dissolved oxygen. Aquatic plants die, resulting in high populations of decomposing bacteria that consume any remaining dissolved oxygen. Aquatic life either dies or relocates to water with a greater dissolved oxygen content. Last step

Arrange the steps that traditional wastewater treatment facilities use to turn wastewater into clean water in order from first to last.

First step Screens filter large matter from wastewater. Settling tanks hold wastewater so suspended solids fall to the bottom before workers discard the solids. Wastewater travels to sludge digester tanks, where workers add bacteria. In secondary settling tanks, bacteria continue to break down organic matter and suspended solids fall to the bottom. Wasterwater flows either to lagoons or to treatment tanks, where workers add chemicals to destroy pathogens and remove pollutants. Workers discharge effluent to the environment or send potable water to the local municipal water supply. Last step

How do forests help with global climate regulation? Forests increase rainfall in some areas. Forests are the biggest contributor of oxygen to the atmosphere. Forests contribute to increased water runoff. Forests contribute to higher wind speeds. Forests act as terrestrial carbon sinks.

Forests increase rainfall in some areas. Forests are the biggest contributor of oxygen to the atmosphere. Forests act as terrestrial carbon sinks.

Which statements describe how healthy riparian areas help prevent eutrophication? Ground vegetation slows water runoff. Riverbank trees increase dissolved oxygen in streams. Crops on riverbanks absorb nitrogen. Plant roots stabilize the riverbank. Plants act as nutrient sinks.

Ground vegetation slows water runoff. Plant roots stabilize the riverbank. Plants act as nutrient sinks.

What is the most likely reason for the pattern in Graph C?

Higher temperatures lead to increased evaporation, which reduces runoff efficiency.

Repeated pesticide application can result in a resistant pest population, but how might increased application of a pesticide lead to an increase in the size of a pest population? Application of pesticides affects the behavior of both pests and predators, allowing them to go into stasis with one another. Pesticide resistant pests taste bad, so natural predators may move to a different food source, allowing the resistant pests to go unchecked. Increased amounts of pesticide could kill some natural predators, allowing the resistant pests to breed uncontrollably. Individuals in the resistant pest population acquire more adaptive traits, allowing them to outmaneuver the predators better than before.

Increased amounts of pesticide could kill some natural predators, allowing the resistant pests to breed uncontrollably.

How is the Green Revolution 2.0 different from the first Green Revolution? It focuses primarily on bringing industrial agriculture to developing countries. It increases developing countries' food security and food sovereignty. It focuses on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to increase crop productivity. It uses selective breeding to create high‑yield varieties (HYVs) of crops.

It focuses on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to increase crop productivity.

Why is it important to check the scale of each y‑axis when comparing the pesticide metabolite levels across the three graphs? It is important to check the scale of each y‑axis because two insecticides and an herbicide are all represented. It is important to check the scale of each y‑axis because different letters are used to label the metabolite bars. It is important to check the scale of each y‑axis because different units were used to measure the metabolites. It is important to check the scale of each y‑axis because different colors were used to represent the diet phases.

It is important to check the scale of each y‑axis because different units were used to measure the metabolites.

Instead of using a traditional wastewater treatment facility to handle the sewage contaminating nearby Humboldt Bay, the California community of Arcata repurposed a retired landfill. What is one of the benefits of the "low‑tech" method Arcata, California uses to treat sewage? It is a completely natural process. It does not require a digester tank. It provides a habitat for wildlife. It does not generate any byproducts.

It provides a habitat for wildlife.

Although water covers approximately 75% of Earth's surface, only 2.5% of Earth's water is freshwater. Freshwater is essential to most of Earth's inhabitants, including humans. Arrange the freshwater sources on Earth from the largest to smallest by volume.

Largest by volume glaciers and ice caps groundwater ground ice and permafrost lakes and wetlands soil moisture atmosphere rivers living organisms Smallest by volume

In what ways can sustainable agriculture help developing nations? Many sustainable methods are less expensive. Sustainable methods can minimize the need for water. Sustainable methods produce more food per acre. Sustainably grown crops generate more income. Local food production increases food security.

Local food production increases food security. Many sustainable methods are less expensive. Sustainable methods can minimize the need for water.

The Global Hunger Index (GHI) estimates hunger for each country by considering the percentage of the population with insufficient caloric intake as well as three metrics that assess hunger in children under 5 years of age: the proportion of children who have a low weight for their height (child wasting), those who are stunted (low height for their age), and the child mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 children). Worldwide in 2019, the GHI score ranked on the border between serious and moderate, an improvement over recent years, though some countries saw hunger levels increase due to war, economic slowdowns, or environmental challenges related to climate change. Classify each country according to the severity of its Global Hunger Index.

Low Mexico Russia China Moderate South Africa Serious India Pakistan Alarming Yemen Madagascar Zambia Extremely alarming Central African Republic

Conventional farmers typically use pesticides on their crops. Many fruits and vegetables contain lingering traces of pesticides when they reach consumers. These produce items are often ranked on lists, such as the Dirty Dozen or Clean Fifteen, by the typical amount of pesticide residue at the time of sale.

Most Likely - Sweet bell peppers, Peaches, Celery, Strawberries, Apples Explanation : These crops are included under Environmental Working Group (EWG) Dirty dozen list. Least Likely - Avocados, Onions, Cabbage, Sweet corn, Pineapples Explanation : These crops are included under EWG Clean Fifteen list.

The leading causes of impaired, or polluted, surface waters in the United States originate from both point and nonpoint sources. Arrange the causes of pollution from most common to least common according to data from 2016. Most common causesLeast common causes Answer Bank

Most common causes oxygen depletion mercury metals (excluding mercury) pathogens nutrients salinity temperature pH Least common causes

What are some advantages of planting perennial crops instead of annual crops? Perennials produce higher yields per acre. Perennial plants need less herbicide. Perennial plants need less irrigation. Perennials create less soil disturbance. Perennial plants need less insecticide.

Perennial plants need less herbicide. Perennial plants need less irrigation. Perennials create less soil disturbance.

Classify the characteristics of the different types of mining. Placer Surface Solution Subsurface Answer Bank sometimes miners pump water through an injection well to dissolvable rock includes vertical shafts for access and horizontal shafts to follow veins used when valuable minerals are extracted from mineral-laden liquid used when the top of a deep ore deposit is found close to the surface used when sediments contain heavy minerals or metals that will easily settle out when mixed with water includes open pit, mountaintop removal, and strip mining traditional methods do not require heavy machinery used when deposits are found deep underground includes quarrying for rock like sand, gravel, and slate includes panning, dredging, or using a sluice

Placer used when sediments contain heavy minerals or metals that will easily settle out when mixed with water includes panning dredging or using a sluice traditional methods do not require heavy machinery Surface use when the top of deep or deposit is found close to the surface includes open-pit mountaintop removal and strip mining includes quarrying for rock like sand gravel and slate Solution used when valuable minerals are extracted from mineral Laden liquid sometimes miners pump water through an injection well to dissolvable rock Subsurface used when deposits are found deep underground includes vertical shafts for access in horizontal shaft to follow veins

Poor nutrition can cause disease in all ages, but the consequences are particularly devastating in children. Kwashiorkor is a disorder that produces symptoms such as a bloated belly, loss of muscle mass, and lethargy in young children. This disorder is due to a protein deficiency. Victims of marasmus are very skinny and frail, are susceptible to infection and disease, and experience stunted growth and developmental problems due to a protein and calorie deficiency. Blindness can be caused by a a vitamin A deficiency. Anemia can be attributed to a an iron deficiency. Finally, an iodine deficiency can cause reduced mental development and thyroid disfunction.

Poor nutrition can cause disease in all ages, but the consequences are particularly devastating in children. Kwashiorkor is a disorder that produces symptoms such as a bloated belly, loss of muscle mass, and lethargy in young children. This disorder is due to a protein deficiency. Victims of marasmus are very skinny and frail, are susceptible to infection and disease, and experience stunted growth and developmental problems due to a protein and calorie deficiency. Blindness can be caused by a a vitamin A deficiency. Anemia can be attributed to a an iron deficiency. Finally, an iodine deficiency can cause reduced mental development and thyroid disfunction.

How did runoff efficiency change between 1906 and 2012?

Runoff efficiency remained above or near the data average until 1990 and then decreased below the average.

Match the soil characteristics to their corresponding soil texture.

Sand 0.05 to 2 mm particles poor structural root support high percolation rate Silt 0.002 to 0.05 mm particles good structural root support moderate percolation rate Clay less than 0.002 mm particles low percolation rate inhibits root growth

The Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest research center in the White Mountains of New Hampshire consists of several valleys and streams that can be manipulated as test and control plots for experimental purposes. Small dams allow researchers to monitor the volume of water that flows through the forest. The data below result from a study that compared the volume of stream‑water flow from streams in similar valleys close to one another that either were left forested or were completely deforested. Which statement describes how streamwater flowed in deforested areas in the White Mountains of New Hampshire compared to areas that were left forested? Streamwater flow rates were higher in the deforested areas compared to the areas that were left forested. Streamwater flow rates increased more in forested areas than deforested areas only during the winter months. Streamwater flow rates increased more in deforested areas than forested areas only during the winter months. Streamwater flow rates were higher in the areas that were left forested compared to the deforested areas.

Streamwater flow rates were higher in the deforested areas compared to the areas that were left forested.

How did temperature in the region change between 1906 and 2012?

Temperature remained below or near the data average until 1990 and then rose above the average.

How did the amount of pesticide metabolites in the urine of children change between the conventional and the organic diets for each of the substances shown here? Only the amount of dimethylphosphate (DM) metabolites was lower in children during the organic diet phase compared to the conventional diet phases. The amounts of all three pesticide metabolites were higher in children during the organic diet phase compared to the conventional diet phases. Only the amounts of dialkyphosphate (DAP) and 2,4-D metabolites were lower in children during the organic diet phase compared to the conventional diet phases. The amounts of all three pesticide metabolites were lower in children during the organic diet phase compared to the conventional diet phases.

The amounts of all three pesticide metabolites were lower in children during the organic diet phase compared to the conventional diet phases.

Label the parts of the rock cycle.

The correct matches are as follows Sedimentary rocks: * Forms from compacted and cemented sediments. *Can contain fossil * Comprised of the products of weathering. Igneous rocks: * May form at or below the Earth's surface. * Cooling and crystallization occurs. * Forms from molten rocks. Metamorphic rocks: * Result from high heat and/or pressure. * Forms from transformed preexisting rocks. * Minerals may reorient themselves.

What is the main goal of integrated pest management (IPM)? The goal of IPM is to prevent fertilizer from entering waterways and causing eutrophication. The goal of IPM is to control pests while minimizing or eliminating the use of chemical toxins. The goal of IPM is to completely replace modern farming methods with traditional methods. The goal of IPM is to replace all existing annual grain crops with perennial crop varieties.

The goal of IPM is to control pests while minimizing or eliminating the use of chemical toxins.

Classify each water pollutant source as either point source or nonpoint source. Point source septic tank surface mining industrial factory discharge Nonpoint source animal feedlot lagoon cropland construction sites Answer Bank

The items are classified according to their origin as below: Point sources: Septic tank Animal feedlot lagoon Industrial factory discharge Non point sources: Construction sites Surface mining Cropland

Compare Graph B and Graph C. Does the LD50 for each species shown in Graph C correlate with the data shown in Graph B? The presence/absence data appears to correlate only with the LD50 of the spotted salamander and wood frog. The presence/absence data appears to correlate with the LD50 for all amphibian species. The presence/absence data does not appear to correlate with the LD50 values and shows the opposite of what is expected. The presence/absence data appears to correlate only with the LD50 of the American toad.

The presence/absence data appears to correlate with the LD50 for all amphibian species.

Categorize each quality of transgenic, cisgenic, and intragenic organisms.

Transgenic organism regulated as a genetically modified organism an organism that received DNA from an unrelated organism Cisgenic organism an organism that received DNA from the same or closely related species an organism with an acquired trait not considered to be "foreign" to the species Intragenic organism an organism whose own genes have been edited, usually to silence a gene no new DNA has been acquired

Emergent layer pygmy gliders fruit bats Canopy layer howler monkeys macaws Understory geckos beetles Forest floor tigers elephants

Tropical forests are among the most diverse biomes in the world. These forests are divided into four layers: emergent layer, canopy layer, understory, and forest floor. The emergent layer is at the very top and is taller than all other layers. Animals found in this layer are able to move from tree to tree by flying or gliding. The canopy layer is a dense layer under the emergent layer. Animals found in this layer typically make loud vocalizations because they are unable to see each other through the dense forest. The understory is made of low shrubs, ferns, and plants. Animals found in this layer are mostly insects and predators that consume insects. The forest floor is very moist and dark. Animals that live on the forest floor are terrestrial. Match the animals found in tropical forests to the forest layer they typically inhabit.

Identify some key reasons why so much nitrogen reaches surface waters.drainage systems that remove water from soilincreased application of fertilizers to cropsleaf litter that falls into watercultivation of crops that "leak" nitrogendense vegetation that is very close to riverbanks

drainage systems that remove water from soil increased application of fertilizers to crops cultivation of crops that "leak" nitrogen

Given that oceans make up 97% of the water available on Earth, desalination treatments may be key to solving future water shortages. What are some complicating factors associated with desalination treatments?limited usage due to poor water qualityfinancial and energy expensesdisposal of brackish wastewaterlimited supply of raw materialundeveloped and unproven technology

financial and energy expenses disposal of brackish wastewater

Timber is valuable forest product. Lumber, or timber that has been trimmed, is one of the most common construction materials. Wood that is not used for building can be turned into paper and other industrial products. Timber can also be cut and used as fuel, or turned into charcoal. Timber is considered a renewable resource because new trees can grow after forests have been cut, but harvesting timber from a forest can drastically reduce a forest's overall value. This means that timber companies and their commercial partners are often at odds with environmentalists, forestry managers, and local communities. How can consumers reduce the impact of harvesting forest products such as timber? use soy-based, biodegradable inks for printing support farmers who plant a variety of crops after harvesting timber find sustainable alternatives to replace wood as a raw material use more sustainably harvested forest products

find sustainable alternatives to replace wood as a raw material use more sustainably harvested forest products