Bio Final

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What does the law of conservation of energy state?

Energy cannot be either created or destroyed, but it can be transformed.

These discontinuous sequences of DNA nucleotides are synthesized by DNA polymerase and fused together by DNA ligase. leading strand primer Okazaki fragment lagging strand

Okazaki fragment

Determine which molecules are organic and which molecules are inorganic

Organic: Methane, Glycine Inorganic: Oxygen, Ammonia

Entropy is

a measure of the disorder or energy dispersal in a system.

An anticodon is a sequence of three nucleotides that is found on ribosomal RNA and synthesizes amino acids. is found on DNA and codes for an amino acid in a protein. is found on messenger RNA and specifies an amino acid. is found on transfer RNA and is complementary to messenger RNA codons.

is found on transfer RNA and is complementary to messenger RNA codons.

Glucose is a product of photosynthesis. Where do the carbon atoms of glucose produced during photosynthesis come from? starch soil water molecules in the air cow manure

molecules in the air

The fuel used to run our cars contains _____ energy. gravitational heat kinetic friction potential

potential

Kinetic energy is best described as _____

the energy of movement.

Kinetic energy is best described as _____ .

the energy of movement.

How does the structure of DNA encode genetic information? the length of the DNA molecule the structure of the bases the arrangement of deoxyribose and phosphate molecules the sequence of bases

the sequence of bases

Which statement is true about a scientific hypothesis?

A hypothesis is a possible explanation of an observed set of facts

Classify each type of connective tissue as loose or dense connective tissue.

Loose areolar adipose reticular Dense regular irregular elastic

Which statement describes the function of photosynthetic pigments in leaves?

They absorb light energy and trap high energy electrons.

Which statement best describes a metabolic pathway?

a linked sequence of chemical reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes

What is the final product of gene expression? a ribosome an RNA molecule RNA polymerase a protein a DNA molecule

a protein

Which equation is the simplified chemical equation for cellular respiration?

c6h12O6+ 6O2----->6 H2O + 6CO2

Which of these is a sign of malnutrition?

fluid buildup in the legs and feet

What property of water molecules leads to the high surface tension of liquid water?

formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules

Select the function of the centrioles in the transmission of genetic information. formation of the mitotic spindle production of ribosomal subunits production of energy to drive cell division duplication of DNA

formation of the mitotic spindle

Where (or how) do we obtain essential amino acids? from bright orange fruits and vegetables by synthesizing them from other amino acids from oils in our diet from protein in our diet from carbohydrates in our diet

from protein in our diet

Which enzyme separates the two complimentary strands of DNA during DNA replication? DNA polymerase ligase helicase primase

helicase

Which type of DNA mutation results in a change in the reading frame of an mRNA? substitution of one nucleotide with another deletion of a single codon insertion of a single nucleotide substitution of one codon for another

insertion of a single nucleotide

Which hormone controls appetite in the long term? none of these all of these ghrelin leptin PYY

leptin

Which cellular component is a membrane‑bound organelle that digests nutrients and cellular waste?

lysosome

Identify the factors that affect membrane permeability. membrane thickness size and shape of the diffusing molecule rate of active transport number of transport channels in the membrane temperature

membrane thickness size and shape of the diffusing molecule temperature

Which term describes the process of sister chromatids not separating at the centromere during cell division? nondisjunction desegregation cytokinesis aneuploidy

nondisjunction

In humans, fertilization of the egg takes place in the ovaries. vas deferens. cervix. oviduct. vagina.

oviduct.

Coffee or tea with sugar dissolved in it is an example of a water-based solution. Coffee in this case is the ____, sugar is the __, and therefore the sugar molecules must be ___.

solvent; solute; hydrophilic

Which is an example of transport work in a cell? the contraction of a muscle cell the building of a polysaccharide from monosaccharide monomers the active transport of K+K+ and Na+Na+ ions across a membrane the diffusion of a molecule across a membrane

the active transport of K+K+ and Na+Na+ ions across a membrane

Once excess calories are stored as triglycerides, it is more difficult to release this energy because triglycerides are stored in muscle tissue, which makes them hard to release. triglycerides are used for short-term energy storage only. the body utilizes food molecules in the bloodstream and stored glycogen first. triglycerides are hard to find in order to break down. the body breaks down liver tissue instead.

the body utilizes food molecules in the bloodstream and stored glycogen first.

What is a deletion mutation? the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a DNA molecule changing a single pyrimidine nucleotide to a purine nucleotide in a DNA molecule the loss of one or more nucleotide pairs in a DNA molecule the exchange of one nucleotide for another nucleotide

the loss of one or more nucleotide pairs in a DNA molecule

What is inbreeding? the mating individuals to maximize genetic diversity in an endangered species the mating of two closely related individuals to produce offspring the mating of two unrelated individuals to produce offspring the mating of two individuals who have different alleles for a particular trait

the mating of two closely related individuals to produce offspring

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable, or semipermeable, meaning that the membrane allows only water, but not solutes, to enter and leave the cell. the membrane allows substances to exit the cell, but not to enter. the membrane allows substances to pass through freely. the membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

the membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

Which statement describes a genotype? the pair of DNA sequences an organism has for a trait one variation of the code for a protein a section of DNA in which the code for a protein is located the physical trait produced by an organism's genetic makeup

the pair of DNA sequences an organism has for a trait

Select the definition of pleiotropy. the interaction in which one locus affects or covers the outcome of another locus a measurement of phenotype intensity the relationship in which a heterozygote displays the phenotype of both alleles the phenomenon in which a single gene affects several phenotypes

the phenomenon in which a single gene affects several phenotypes

Which describes a locus? the linkage of one gene to a nearby gene the precise location of a gene on a chromosome the number of alleles for a gene the specific sequence of a gene

the precise location of a gene on a chromosome

Which phrase best defines the term microscopic anatomy? the study of the function of the body or its parts the study of the structure of the body or its parts, including only structures that are visible only under magnification the study of the structure of living things through the comparison of different species the study of the structure of the body or its parts, including only structures visible to the naked eye

the study of the structure of the body or its parts, including only structures that are visible only under magnification

What determines a protein's function? the sequence of amino acids the number of amino acids linked together the percentage of hydrophilic amino acids in the protein the location of its gene on the chromosome the three-dimensional shape of the folded protein

the three-dimensional shape of the folded protein

At the start of the simulation, the salinity of Jesse's plasma is higher than the salinity inside the red blood cell. Observe how Jesse is affected when you use transmembrane proteins to move ions across the membrane. Select Show H2O Molecules in the interactive to add water molecules to the simulation. Under optimal conditions, the fluid inside the red blood cell is isotonic to the fluid outside of the cell. Based on your observations of the cell and the graph, which concentrations are equal inside and outside the cell?

the total concentrations of sodium and chloride ions, and the concentrations of water molecules

You have been hired to develop a drug to inhibit the action of a certain enzyme. Where should the drug bind to allosterically inhibit the enzyme?

to a site on the enzyme other than the active site

Which statement describes incompletely dominant alleles? any allele whose presence can be masked by another allele two alleles that are expressed separately and equally two alleles that blend to create an intermediate phenotype any allele that can hide the presence of a different allele

two alleles that blend to create an intermediate phenotype

Which molecules are reactants in photosynthesis in plants? chloroplasts water oxygen carbon dioxide carbohydrates

water carbon dioxide

What are the chances that a curly-haired father and a straight-haired mother can give birth to a child with curly hair? 50% 25% 75% 100% 0%

What are the products of the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid [TCA] cycle)? 1 ATP 1 H2OH2O 4 reduced coenzymes 2 pyruvate 2 CO2

1 ATP 4 reduced coenzymes 2CO2

Given the parental genotypes, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring produced by this cross? 1 red : 3 white 3 red : 1 white 1 red : 2 pink : 1 white 2 red : 1 pink : 1 white

1 red : 2 pink : 1 white

A diploid cell of baker's yeast has 32 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in each of its haploid spores? 64 8 16 32 1

An organism has 28 pairs of chromosomes in its diploid somatic cells. How many chromosomes are in its gametes? 28 14 56 7

A human female has ______ chromosomes in each skin cell and ______ chromosomes in each egg. 23; 23 46; 23 92; 46 46; 46 23; 46

46; 23

The _____ chromosomes in a human cell from inside the cheek are found in the _____ . 22; nucleus 24; cytoplasm 46; nucleus 23; nucleus 46; cytoplasm

46; nucleus

Choose the DNA sequence of the strand that is complementary to 5' GTATCTGCCA 3'. 5' CATAGACGGT 3' 5' ACCGTCTATG 3' 5' UGGCAGAUAC 3' 5' TGGCAGATAC 3' 5' GUAUCUGCCA 3'

5' TGGCAGATAC 3'

In order to function properly and stay alive, cells must maintain a relatively constant internal environment (homeostasis). The plasma membrane helps the cell maintain homeostasis. The membrane is mostly made up of lipids and proteins, and it is selectively permeable (semipermeable). Which statements are true regarding the cell membrane's role in homeostasis? A) If there is an excess of carbon dioxide inside the cell, some of the carbon dioxide molecules permeate the membrane and leave the cell. B) If there is a higher solute concentration inside the cell and a lower solute concentration outside the cell, water will permeate from the inside to the outside of the cell. C) Passive forms of transport move molecules such as water across the cell membrane with no energy added. D) Molecules, such as oxygen gas, permeate the membrane along a concentration gradient, with molecules diffusing from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. Which of the statements are true regarding the cell membrane's role in homeostasis?

A and C

In order to function properly and stay alive, cells must maintain a relatively constant internal environment (homeostasis). The plasma membrane helps the cell maintain homeostasis. The membrane is mostly made up of lipids and proteins, and it is selectively permeable (semipermeable). Which statements are true regarding the cell membrane's role in homeostasis? If there is an excess of carbon dioxide inside the cell, some of the carbon dioxide molecules permeate the membrane and leave the cell. If there is a higher solute concentration inside the cell and a lower solute concentration outside the cell, water will permeate from the inside to the outside of the cell. Passive forms of transport move molecules such as water across the cell membrane with no energy added. Molecules, such as oxygen gas, permeate the membrane along a concentration gradient, with molecules diffusing from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. Which of the statements are true regarding the cell membrane's role in homeostasis? A and C B and D A, B, and D A, B, C, and D

A and C

In an otherwise normal cell, what happens if one mistake is made during DNA replication? Mistakes are never made during DNA replication. A cell cycle checkpoint detects the error and pauses the cell cycle so the error can be corrected. The mutation will be inherited by the individual's offspring. The cell will begin to divide uncontrollably, forming a malignant tumor. Nothing; mistakes just happen.

A cell cycle checkpoint detects the error and pauses the cell cycle so the error can be corrected.

You are investigating a crime. The DNA profile database has no perfect matches to the DNA collected at the crime scene. However, one profile in the database has at least one band in common with the crime scene DNA at every STR site. Which conclusion is most likely to be true? A parent-child relationship exists between the DNA collected at the crime scene and the DNA in the database. A high probability exists that the DNA in the database and the DNA collected at the crime scene are from the same person. No logical conclusion can be drawn from these results. A sibling relationship exists between the DNA collected at the crime scene and the DNA in the database. No close family relationship exists between the DNA collected at the crime scene and the DNA in the database.

A parent-child relationship exists between the DNA collected at the crime scene and the DNA in the database.

How do chlorophyll pigments absorb energy from light? A photon causes chlorophyll to absorb a proton from a water molecule. A photon excites chlorophyll, causing it to gain multiple electrons from electron donors in the lumen. A photon causes a water molecule to release a H+H+ ion, which is absorbed by chlorophyll. A photon excites H+H+ ions in the stroma, which bind to chlorophyll and increase its potential energy. A photon excites an electron in the chlorophyll to a higher energy state.

A photon excites an electron in the chlorophyll to a higher energy state.

What happens during the initiation step of DNA transcription? A portion of the DNA unwinds and RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA within the transcription bubble. RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of the DNA creating an mRNA strand. A ribosome attaches to the initiation codon of a completed mRNA strand. The mRNA detaches from the RNA polymerase as the RNA polymerase leaves the DNA strand.

A portion of the DNA unwinds and RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA within the transcription bubble.

How do stop codons on mRNA function to end protein synthesis? A series of three stop codons in a row adds the three amino acids that signal the terminal end of the growing polypeptide chain. When the amino acid methionine is added to a polypeptide chain in response to a stop codon, the polypeptide chain breaks away from the ribosome. A stop codon does not code for an amino acid, so protein synthesis ends when no new amino acid is added to the polypeptide chain. Since a stop codon is composed of more than three nucleotide bases, a stop codon cannot enter the ribosome, which forces protein synthesis to end.

A stop codon does not code for an amino acid, so protein synthesis ends when no new amino acid is added to the polypeptide chain.

The study of biology can be understood through the organizational hierarchy of life. Each level of life builds upon the next level, and this increasing complexity is what leads from molecules to an entire ecosystem. How is the tissue level different from the other levels of life? A tissue is a collection of molecules and reactions that form the basic unit of all living things. A tissue is an individual living thing, such as a bacterium, fungus, protist, plant, or animal. A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a function. A tissue is a group of multiple organs that work together to perform vital functions for the organism.

A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a function.

Cellular respiration is carried out in the presence of oxygen (aerobic conditions) or the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions). Determine whether each event occurs under aerobic conditions, anaerobic conditions, or both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Aerobic conditions citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) electron transport chain Anaerobic conditions fermentation Both glycolysis

Aerobic conditions: citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) electron transport chain Anaerobic conditions: fermentation Both: glycolysis

Several hundred types of cells make up the tissues found in humans and animals. Which of these are tissues found in humans and animals? nervous tissue connective tissue epithelial tissue All of these are tissues found in humans and animals. muscle tissue

All of these are tissues found in humans and animals.

Which statement regarding organ systems is true? All of these statements are true. Organ systems work together with other organ systems in the body to maintain life. Organ systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment. Physiologists study how organ systems function. The digestive system is made up of muscle, epithelial, connective, and nervous tissues.

All of these statements are true.

The inheritance pattern for snapdragon flower color exhibits incomplete dominance. A snapdragon that is homozygous for the red allele is crossed with a snapdragon that is homozygous for the white allele. What is the phenotypic outcome of the offspring that result from this cross? Some offspring have red flowers; some have white flowers. All offspring have red and white spotted flowers. All offspring have pink flowers. All offspring have red flowers.

All offspring have pink flowers.

Mendel formulated the law of independent assortment to explain the basic rules of inheritance based on his experiments with pea plants. With the modern understanding of chromosomes, alleles, and the process of gamete formation, what is the physical basis for the law of independent assortment? Homologous chromosomes separate into different daughter cells in anaphase I of meiosis. Alleles on duplicated chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles during anaphase of mitosis. Alleles that are located in close proximity to each other on a chromosome are inherited together. Alleles on nonhomologous chromosomes separate randomly into gametes during meiosis.

Alleles on nonhomologous chromosomes separate randomly into gametes during meiosis.

When a muscle contracts, calcium ions are forced into an extracellular space against their concentration gradient. Which mechanism explains how this happens?

An ion pump is used to move the calcium ions.

The study of biology can be understood through the organizational hierarchy of life. Each level of life builds upon the next level, and this increasing complexity is what leads from molecules to an entire ecosystem. How is the organ level different from the other levels of life? An organ is a collection of several tissues that interact to perform specific functions. An organ is a collection of molecules and reactions that form the basic unit of all living things. An organ is an individual living thing such as a bacterium, fungus, protist, plant, or animal. An organ is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a function.

An organ is a collection of several tissues that interact to perform specific functions.

How is the organ system level different from the other levels of life? An organ system is a collection of several tissues that interact to perform specific functions. An organ system is a group of multiple organs that work together to perform vital functions for the organism. An organ system is a collection of molecules and reactions that form the basic unit of all living things. An organ system is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a function.

An organ system is a group of multiple organs that work together to perform vital functions for the organism.

The study of biology can be understood through the organizational hierarchy of life. Each level of life builds upon the next level, and this increasing complexity is what leads from molecules to an entire ecosystem. How is the organism level different from the other levels of life? An organism is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a function. An organism is an individual living thing, such as a bacterium, fungus, protist, plant, or animal. An organism is a group of interacting individuals from one species that inhabit the same geographic area. An organism is a collection of several tissues that interact to perform specific functions.

An organism is an individual living thing, such as a bacterium, fungus, protist, plant, or animal.

Which of the statements correctly contrasts anabolic and catabolic pathways? Anabolic pathways use oxygen, whereas catabolic pathways do not use oxygen. There is no contrast. Anabolic and catabolic are synonymous terms. Anabolic pathways are synthesis pathways, whereas catabolic pathways are degradation pathways. Anabolic pathways release energy, whereas catabolic pathways require energy.

Anabolic pathways are synthesis pathways, whereas catabolic pathways are degradation pathways.

Which of the statements correctly contrasts anabolic and catabolic pathways? There is no contrast. Anabolic and catabolic are synonymous terms. Anabolic pathways require energy, whereas catabolic pathways release energy. Anabolic pathways use oxygen, whereas catabolic pathways do not use oxygen. Anabolic pathways are degradation pathways, whereas catabolic pathways are synthesis pathways.

Anabolic pathways require energy, whereas catabolic pathways release energy.

When a muscle moves, a phosphate is removed from ATP. Breaking a bond in ATP allows the chemical energy stored in the bond to disperse in a muscle cell in the forms of mechanical energy and heat energy. How does the second law of thermodynamics apply to this process? As the confined energy in ATP is released, some of the energy does work and some escapes as thermal energy. When the energy transforms from chemical energy stored in ATP into other forms of energy in the muscle, none of the energy is destroyed. Using ATP obeys the second law by making energy more disordered, but producing ATP defies the second law by making energy more ordered. The stable and uniformly distributed energy in ATP becomes unstable and disorganized when the energy is released from ATP and disperses.

As the confined energy in ATP is released, some of the energy does work and some escapes as thermal energy.

In the process of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down into simpler compounds. Respiration is carried on in the presence (aerobic) or absence (anaerobic) of free oxygen. Which of the processes occur during anaerobic respiration? A. Citric Acid Cycle B. Glycolysis C. Fermentation D. Electron Transport Chain all of the above C only A, B, and D B and C

B and C

A few unidentified seeds were found in a sealed clay jar during an archaeological dig. Radiocarbon dating showed that the seeds were 725 years old. When the seeds were planted, plants grew from them. Based on cell theory, what statements can confidently be made regarding these unidentified plants and seeds? A. The plants are made of cells, but their seeds do not contain cells. B. Living cells inside the seeds divide to generate the new plant cells. C. Plant cells grow spontaneously from molecules in the dead seeds. D. Both the seeds and mature plants are composed of cells.

B. Living cells inside the seeds divide to generate the new plant cells. D. Both the seeds and mature plants are composed of cells.

How does an acquired mutation in a gene alter the function of a cell? Base pair mutations in a gene are passed from mRNA into a protein via transcription. Base pair mutations in a gene are passed directly into mRNA via translation. Base pair mutations in a gene are passed directly into mRNA via transcription. Base pair mutations in mRNA are passed directly into a protein via transcription. Base pair changes in the gene are passed directly into altered amino acids by a ribosome.

Base pair mutations in a gene are passed directly into mRNA via transcription.

The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy, or disorder, in a system constantly increases. How do biological systems remain highly ordered? Biological systems require an input of energy to remain highly ordered. Biological systems are not impacted by entropy, so they remain highly ordered. Biological systems only contain chemical energy, so they remain highly ordered. Biological systems follow the third, rather than the second, law of thermodynamics.

Biological systems require an input of energy to remain highly ordered.

Which of the statements is an example of an alternative hypothesis?

Bird‑of‑paradise males with brighter feathers will have greater reproductive success than drabber males.

Throughout antiquity, doctors would test for diabetes mellitus by tasting their patients' urine for sweetness. What is the source of diabetic sufferers' sweet‑tasting urine?

Blood glucose remains elevated due to a lack of insulin, so glucose is excreted in the urine.

How are the functions of the endocrine system and nervous system similar? Both work closely with the circulatory system and immune system. Both are major components of structural support for the body. Both are involved in the regulation of fluid balance in the body. Both are important in protecting the body from damage and disease. Both are important in communicating information through the body.

Both are important in communicating information through the body.

How are the lymphatic system and circulatory system related? Select the TWO answers that are correct. Both are involved with the transport of fluids throughout the body. Both pump blood between the heart, lung, and body cells. Both include the spleen and bone marrow as major components. Both are important in oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Both include a large network of vessels that carry fluid.

Both are involved with the transport of fluids throughout the body. Both include a large network of vessels that carry fluid.

In a human DNA sample, you detect DNA that is specifically from the X chromosome. Why are you unable to definitively determine the sex of that person (male or female) from the presence of the X chromosome? Both males and females have an X chromosome, and you would have to check for the presence of a Y chromosome. X chromosomes do not determine gender so you would have to have additional DNA analysis. Males and females have different types of X chromosomes, so you would have to know which specific X chromosome was detected. Both males and females have an X chromosome so you would also have to evaluate the autosomes to deteremine sex.

Both males and females have an X chromosome, and you would have to check for the presence of a Y chromosome.

What is energy? A. the transfer of heat between two objects B. the heat required to raise a solution's temperature C. the ability of a system to do work D. the frequency at which a compound vibrates

Which equation is the simplified chemical equation for cellular respiration? 2C3H4O3+2H2O⟶C6H12O6+O22⁢C3⁢H4⁢O3+2⁢H2O⟶C6⁢H12⁢O6+O2 C6H12O6+6O2⟶6H2O+6CO2C6⁢H12⁢O6+6⁢O2⟶6⁢H2O+6⁢CO2 6H2O+6CO2⟶C6H12O6+6O26⁢H2O+6⁢CO2⟶C6⁢H12⁢O6+6⁢O2 C6H12O6+O2⟶2C3H4O3+2H2OC6⁢H12⁢O6+O2⟶2⁢C3⁢H4⁢O3+2⁢H2O C6H12O6+O2⟶6CO+4H2+2H2O C6⁢H12⁢O6+O2⟶6CO+4⁢H2+2⁢H2O

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6H2O+6CO2C6⁢H12⁢O6+6⁢O2⟶6⁢H2O+6⁢CO2

Why is carbon so prevalent in biological molecules, such as nucleic acids?

Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms. Carbon can share electrons with hydrogen to form hydrocarbons. Carbon‑based molecules can take on a number of different conformations.

Match each description to the correct membrane protein.

Carrier Protein: A passage that is open on only one side of the membrane at a time and binds the molecule or the ion being transported Channel protein: A passage that directly links the intracellular and extracellular fluids and creates a water-filled pore

Benign tumors are non‑cancerous tumors. How are malignant tumors different from benign tumors? The cells in a malignant tumor reproduce rapidly for a short period, form a fibrous layer around the tumor, and resemble nearby non‑tumor cells. In a malignant tumor, the cells remain localized and do not spread into other tissues or travel elsewhere in the body. Cells in a malignant tumor exhibit uncontrolled growth, the ability to invade other tissues, and may be able to metastasize. Malignant tumors are harmless growths that only cause cancer if the tumor metastasizes to another part of the body.

Cells in a malignant tumor exhibit uncontrolled growth, the ability to invade other tissues, and may be able to metastasize.

Classify the organisms according to the metabolic processes they perform.

Cellular respiration but not photosynthesis tigers frogs mushrooms Photosynthesis but not cellular respiration Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration dandelions ferns

Which statement accurately summarizes the process of photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts capture sunlight, water is split, oxygen is released, and carbon dioxide is used to convert chemical energy into glucose.

Which statement accurately summarizes the process of photosynthesis? Chloroplasts capture oxygen, sunlight turns oxygen into carbon dioxide, and carbon dioxide is used to convert glucose into energy. Chloroplasts capture sunlight, water is split, oxygen is released, and carbon dioxide is used to convert chemical energy into glucose. Chloroplasts capture sunlight, water is split, oxygen is released, and carbon dioxide is used to convert oxygen into glucose. Chloroplasts capture sunlight, carbon dioxide is split, oxygen is released, and oxygen is used to convert captured energy into glucose. Chloroplasts capture carbon dioxide, water is split, sunlight turns carbon dioxide into oxygen, and oxygen is used to convert glucose into energy.

Chloroplasts capture sunlight, water is split, oxygen is released, and carbon dioxide is used to convert chemical energy into glucose.

Classify the descriptions as pertaining to collagenous, reticular, or elastic fibers.

Collagenous fibers provide strength contribute to attachments between bone and muscles Reticular fibers join connective tissue to nearby tissues form structure of lymph nodes Elastic fibers made of elastin provide recoil

Which statement describes the central dogma of biology? DNA is transcribed into an amino acid sequence. RNA is translated into an amino acid sequence. DNA is transcribed into RNA. RNA is translated into an amino acid sequence. RNA is transcribed into DNA. DNA is translated into an amino acid sequence. DNA is translated into RNA. RNA is transcribed into an amino acid sequence.

DNA is transcribed into RNA. RNA is translated into an amino acid sequence.

Which enzyme pairs corresponding nucleotides to a preexisting DNA chain in order to synthesize a new strand of DNA? DNA polymerase primase ligase helicase

DNA polymerase

Which statement about PCR is true? PCR does not generate a complementary DNA strand. DNA polymerase is the enzyme that copies DNA in PCR. Primers are not necessary for PCR. PCR can only replicate a few strands of DNA, and cannot replicate specific regions. PCR does not require nucleotides.

DNA polymerase is the enzyme that copies DNA in PCR.

Which description is the best definition of recombinant DNA? DNA that composes the genome of a cell that is the product of multiple rounds of asexual reproduction. DNA that contains segments of DNA as well as segments of RNA within a single genome. DNA that contains both the template strand and the newly synthesized DNA strand within a single DNA molecule. DNA that is composed of a combination of DNA sequences from two or more organisms.

DNA that is composed of a combination of DNA sequences from two or more organisms.

Scientists use two main approaches to satisfy their curiosity about the natural world: discovery science and hypothesis‑driven science. Classify the findings as examples of discovery science or hypothesis‑driven science.

Discovery Science: A team of international researcher sequenced the human genome and identified 20,500 unique genes. A geneticist searched for heritable genetic mutations through a breeding program using irradiated fruit flies and identified numerous types of mutations. Hypothesis-Driven Science: A cancer research team proposed that a specific gene was linked to breast cancer and found elevated levels of the gene in cancer cells

What does the first law of thermodynamics state about energy? Energy is constantly being created to replace energy that has been lost. Energy is stored in objects, but it is depleted when the objects are in motion. Energy disappears each time it is transformed until it all ceases to exist. Energy cannot be either created or destroyed, but it can be transformed.

Energy cannot be either created or destroyed, but it can be transformed.

Classify each phrase as describing an enzyme, an active site, or a substrate.

Enzyme: a protein containing an active site may be a phosphate group Active site: a biological catalyst a specific enzyme location that binds with the substrate Substrate: a substance that the enzyme acts upon

How do enzymes catalyze reactions?

Enzymes bind with and change the conformation of substrates.

How do enzymes catalyze reactions? Enzymes are denatured by a reaction to catalyze it. Enzymes bind with and change the conformation of substrates. Enzymes change the free energy of the products. Enzymes increase the activation energy of a reaction. Enzymes carry out a reaction without needing reactants.

Enzymes increase the activation energy of a reaction.

Which of the statements best describes the overall role of enzymes in metabolism?

Enzymes increase the speed of reactions.

Which of the statements best describes the overall role of enzymes in metabolism? Enzymes decrease the speed of reactions. Enzymes prevent reactions from requiring ATP. Enzymes increase the speed of reactions. Enzymes only synthesize large molecules.

Enzymes increase the speed of reactions.

What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have membrane‑bound compartments called organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not.

Ashley hypothesizes that adding coffee grounds to the soil will help the plants grow faster. She designs a controlled experiment to determine if this hypothesis is supported. She grows one group of soybean seedlings under normal conditions. She mixes three tablespoons of coffee grounds into the soil of the second group and grows the seedlings under the same light, temperature, and watering regimen. After three weeks, she measures the height of the seedlings and compares the two groups. Identify the parts of the experiment. Place only one term in each category. You will not place all the terms. Would it be a good experimental design if she also, as part of the same experiment, tests seedling growth at different temperatures by growing one group at 20 ∘C20⁢ ∘C (68 ∘F)(68⁢ ∘F) and the other group at 25 ∘C25⁢ ∘C (77 ∘F)?

Ex group: seedlings grown with coffee grounds Control group: seedlings grown without coffee grounds DV: Seedling height IV: Soil No, the other conditions should remain the same for the experiment to be scientifically sound.

Why does radiation therapy increase the risk of cancer reoccurring? Exposure to radiation can damage the DNA of normal cells, which can contribute to cancer. Radiation causes cells to break away from the tumor and travel to other parts of the body. Radiation therapy leaves scar tissue, which is prone to developing tumors. Radiation disrupts the cell cycle controls, causing cells to divide uncontrollably.

Exposure to radiation can damage the DNA of normal cells, which can contribute to cancer.

Select all of the scenarios that are examples of artificial selection.

Farmers kept the seeds of plants that grew plump and flavorful tomatoes, then used the seeds in subsequent growing seasons. Prehistoric humans raised wolf pups that were comfortable around people, and they killed pups that were too aggressive.

Gastric bypass is one of the most common and effective ways to treat severe obesity. Select the statement that describes gastric bypass.

Gastric bypass reduces the body's ability to digest and absorb food by partitioning a small part of the upper stomach from the rest of the stomach and connecting that small stomach pouch to the small intestine.

Select the statement that describes gastric bypass. Gastric bypass reduces the body's ability to digest food by rerouting the small intestine to connect directly to the esophagus, bypassing the stomach entirely. Gastric bypass reduces the body's ability to digest and absorb food by partitioning a small part of the upper stomach from the rest of the stomach and connecting that small stomach pouch to the small intestine. Gastric bypass reduces the body's ability to absorb food by disconnecting the gallbladder from the small intestine, preventing bile from entering the small intestine and ensuring that fats are not digested and absorbed. Gastric bypass reduces the desire to eat by inserting stents to hold the upper part of the stomach in a distended position, stimulating the stretch receptors in the stomach wall that signal fullness.

What does the second law of thermodynamics state about energy? Given the opportunity, energy disperses away from a concentrated source into places with less energy. Energy transformations cause energy to degenerate from a highly organized state to a state of disorganization. As heat disperses into a colder object, coldness disperses into the heat source until their temperatures are equal. Thermal energy from a warm object will move into a colder object until all the thermal energy has been transferred.

Given the opportunity, energy disperses away from a concentrated source into places with less energy.

Classify each description with the correct cellular respiration pathway.

Glycolysis generates two net ATP per molecule of glucose beginning reactant is glucose produces two pyruvic acid molecules Citric acid (Krebs) cycle generates two GTP per molecule of glucose generates carbon dioxide starts with the formation of citrate Electron transport chain generates 28 ATP per molecule of glucose generates a proton gradient

Why do Gram‑negative bacteria tend to be more resistant to antibiotics than Gram‑positive bacteria?

Gram‑negative cells have an outer membrane that impedes entry of the drugs into the cell.

What would happen if algae, cyanobacteria, and plants were wiped out? Heterotrophs would not be able to use autotrophs as an energy source. Carbon dioxide would be rapidly released from dying autotrophs. Autotrophs would not be able to use heterotrophs as an energy source. Oxygen levels would rise. Heterotrophs would convert to autotrophs.

Heterotrophs would not be able to use autotrophs as an energy source.

What is the binomial name of a human?

Homo sapiens

Although both humans and bacteria have ribosomes, streptomycin—which blocks ribosome function—does not harm a human who ingests it. Why?

Human cells have ribosomes that do not bind streptomycin; only prokaryotic ribosomes are affected by this drug.

Consider what happens to energy in photosynthesis. How does this differ from what happens to energy in cellular respiration? Plants create energy using carbon dioxide and water in photosynthesis, whereas they gather extra energy from light during cellular respiration. Photosynthesis releases energy from storage molecules, whereas cellular respiration puts energy from light into these molecules. Energy is stored in both processes, but photosynthesis only happens in plants and cellular respiration only happens in animals. In photosynthesis, energy is captured from light, whereas in cellular respiration energy is transferred from storage molecules to ATP.

In photosynthesis, energy is captured from light, whereas in cellular respiration energy is transferred from storage molecules to ATP.

Consider two cells, where one cell is haploid and the other is diploid. Which of the following differences between the two cells is observed during prophase of mitosis? In the haploid cell, only one pair of homologous chromosomes are present, whereas in the diploid cell, two pairs of homologous chromosomes are present. In the haploid cell, only one pair of telomeres are present, whereas in the diploid cell, two pairs of telomeres are present. In the haploid cell, only one pair of centrosomes are present, whereas in the diploid cell, two pairs of centrosomes are present. In the haploid cell, only one pair of sister chromatids are present, whereas in the diploid cell, two pairs of sister chromatids are present.

In the haploid cell, only one pair of sister chromatids are present, whereas in the diploid cell, two pairs of sister chromatids are present.

How do the nucleus and ribosomes work together to generate a protein? A specific gene breaks away from the DNA and exits the nucleus, allowing the ribosomes to use the gene as instructions to synthesize a protein. Ribosomes produce mRNA that migrates into the nucleus and uses a gene in the DNA as instructions to synthesize a specific protein. Ribosomes migrate into the nucleus, attach to a gene in the DNA, and use the gene as a transcript to synthesize a specific protein. In the nucleus, DNA is transcribed to mRNA, which the ribosomes use as instructions to synthesize a specific protein.

In the nucleus, DNA is transcribed to mRNA, which the ribosomes use as instructions to synthesize a specific protein.

Glycolysis is a step in the breakdown of glucose. Which statements describe glycolysis? It uses some of the oxygen from breathing. It breaks down glucose to two pyruvate molecules. It occurs in a cell's mitochondria. It is common to aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

It breaks down glucose to two pyruvate molecules. It is common to aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Which statement accurately describes how cancer develops? It develops through a multistep process in which multiple mutations cause a series of events that lead to cancer. It is a multistep process by which multiple mutagens cause a series of cancer-causing alleles. It is inherited and is independent of environmental factors. It is a caused by carcinogens that act on inherited alleles that cause cancer. It always develeops through a single mutation due to excess exposure to a mutagen.

It develops through a multistep process in which multiple mutations cause a series of events that lead to cancer.

What is the primary role of the small intestine? It stores food for later use. It digests and absorbs nutrients from food. It mixes chyme with its villi. It produces bile salts to aid in fat digestion. It extracts water from chyme.

It digests and absorbs nutrients from food.

An enzyme catalyzes a reaction in a way that results in a lower activation energy. What is the significance of a lower activation energy? It increases overall cellular energy expenditure. It slows the reaction, preventing metabolic mistakes. It increases the rate at which enzymes are consumed. It increases the rate of a cellular reaction.

It increases the rate of a cellular reaction.

Which statement is true about Y chromosome analysis? It can be used to determine whether a man is likely to pass on traits such as hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. It can be used to determine whether a person has a genetic disease caused by a mutant allele on an autosome. It can be used to determine whether a man is carrying traits such as hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. It is commonly used to determine the sex of an individual. It is commonly used to determine paternity and ancestry.

It is commonly used to determine paternity and ancestry.

When there is insufficient oxygen present and a muscle cell needs to generate ATP, what happens to the pyruvic acid generated by glycolysis?

It is converted to lactic acid.

Which of the statements are bioethical arguments for the preservation of biodiversity?

It is the responsibility of humans to defend species from harm caused by human actions. As intelligent and moral entities, it is the obligation of humans to be stewards of the Earth's variety.

How does the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) maintain pregnancy until the placenta produces the appropriate hormones? It helps to promote the implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall, preventing menstruation. It prevents the sloughing off of the uterine wall by signaling the ovaries to produce estrogen. It inhibits the production of progesterone, therefore maintaining the thickened endometrium. It maintains the corpus luteum, which then continues to produce progesterone.

It maintains the corpus luteum, which then continues to produce progesterone.

What does it mean to say that a person has a heterozygous genotype for a disease and no disease phenotype? It means that the person has two copies of the disease allele. It means that the person is a carrier who has already sired children who show symptoms of the disease. It means that the person has two copies of the normal allele. It means that the person exhibits the symptoms of the disease if the disease allele is recessive. It means that the person does not show symptoms of the disease if the disease allele is recessive.

It means that the person does not show symptoms of the disease if the disease allele is recessive.

Why is cellular respiration referred to as an aerobic process? It requires a cell to be motile. It generates energy as a product. It requires oxygen to occur. It does not require oxygen to occur. It generates water as a product.

It requires oxygen to occur.

How are DNA fragments separated using gel electrophoresis? Larger DNA fragments move more slowly through the gel than smaller fragments. Smaller DNA fragments bind more strongly to the gel than do larger DNA fragments. DNA fragments complementary to probes in the gel travel more slowly through the matrix. Negatively charged DNA fragments move through the gel more quickly.

Larger DNA fragments move more slowly through the gel than smaller fragments.

Which statements describe the light‑dependent reactions of photosynthesis, which describe the Calvin cycle (light‑independent reactions of photosynthesis), and which describe both?

Light‑dependent reactions use H2OH2O use chlorophyll to capture light energy synthesize ATP and NADPH generate oxygen gas Calvin cycle use carbon dioxide produce sugars need ribulose bisphosphate Both the light‑dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle happen inside chloroplasts in plants

A nutrition researcher finds that placing young rats on a completely fat-free diet results in abnormal growth, unhealthy skin and fur, and a shortened lifespan. However, if the fat-free diet is supplemented with plant material, then the young rats show none of these symptoms. Which statements explain why plant material prevents the symptoms? Ingesting plant material inoculates the rat gut with bacteria that synthesize linoleate. Linoleate is an essential fatty acid for animals and is commonly found in plant material. Prostaglandin synthesis from linoleate requires inorganic cofactors found only in plant material. Plants express the enzymes required to synthesize linoleate. The plant material contains phytoestrogens that stimulate the synthesis of linoleate in the skin.

Linoleate is an essential fatty acid for animals and is commonly found in plant material. Plants express the enzymes required to synthesize linoleate.

Scientists generally agree that plants require at least 17 essential nutrients for growth. These nutrients are sometimes broken into two categories: macronutrients and micronutrients. Classify each of the names and statements that describe the essential nutrients as belonging to either the macronutrient category or the micronutrient category.

Macronutrients required in large amounts main components of organic molecules phosphorus (P)(P) carbon (C)(C) Micronutrients required in small amounts mainly enzyme cofactors chlorine (Cl)(Cl) manganese (Mn)(Mn)

Consider the equation for the conversion of maltose to glucose. maltose+H2O−→−−−maltase-2glucose

Maltase binds maltose and cleaves the sugar into two glucose molecules.

Classify each description as being a characteristic of microtubules, intermediate filaments, or actin filaments?

Microtubules: are composed of tubulin subunits, make up the core of cilia and flagella, maintain cell shape by resisting compression Intermediate filaments: fix certain organelles in place, are not involved in cell motility Actin filaments: function in muscle contraction, play a role in cleavage furrow formation during cell division

Some inherited syndromes, for example MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers), interfere with the function of mitochondria. From what you know about mitochondria, why do you think the muscles and the nervous system are the predominant tissues affected in MERRF?

Mitochondria are the most metabolically active and require the most energy.

For what reason has the American Society for Reproductive Medicine created guidelines to help reduce the number of multiples born as a result of IUI and IVF? Twins and quadruplets are often healthier than single births. Parents of multiples are less likely to want more children. Multiples are often plagued with health problems. Multiple births are often advantageous to the mother.

Multiples are often plagued with health problems.

Which statement describes the mechanism by which new alleles are formed? Random segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis leads to new allele formation. Mutations accumulate in a genetic sequence over time, which brings about new alleles. New alleles are formed in the offspring when two heterozygous parents mate. Natural selection, occuring over many generations, leads to the formation of new alleles. All of the possible alleles already exist, and new alleles cannot be formed.

Mutations accumulate in a genetic sequence over time, which brings about new alleles.

Why would there be no evolution without mutations? Mutations allow organisms to adapt to changes that occur in their environments, increasing the chances of survival if the mutation is beneficial. Mutations cause some organisms to die out while allowing others to survive and thrive in the same environment. If a mutation occurs that increases an organism's chances of survival, then it will allow that organism to survive anywhere. Evolution could occur without mutations; it would just occur at a much slower rate.

Mutations allow organisms to adapt to changes that occur in their environments, increasing the chances of survival if the mutation is beneficial.

As scientists began to investigate how cells function, certain patterns began to arise. This led to the formulation of cell theory. Which statement is not part of cell theory?

New cells arise from modified organelles in the extracellular matrix

Why is type O Rh-negative the "universal donor?" More people have type O blood than any other blood type. Three surface markers are present on the donor blood cells (A, B, and O) that are recognized as compatible in all recipients. The O and Rh surface markers on the donor red blood cells block immune reactions in the recipient. No surface markers are present on the O Rh-negative blood cells to react with the recipient's immune system. Three surface markers are present on the donor blood cells (A, B, and O), which block immune reactions in the recipient.

No surface markers are present on the O Rh-negative blood cells to react with the recipient's immune system.

If a man has an X-linked recessive disease, can his sons inherit that disease from him? No, all his sons have one X chromosome. Yes, all his sons inherit their Y chromosomes maternally. Yes, all his sons have one X chromosome. No, all his sons inherit their X chromosomes maternally. Yes, all his sons inherit their X chromosomes maternally.

No, all his sons inherit their X chromosomes maternally.

From what you have read in this chapter, would you advise family and friends to limit the amount of time they spend talking on their cell phones?

No, because the peer-reviewed study cited multiple concerns, including that it did not distinguish specific types of cancers and no dose-response relationship was consistently found.

In diploid organisms, having two homologues of each chromosome can be beneficial if one allele of a gene encodes a nonfunctional protein. Can haploid organisms avoid the negative effects of nonfunctional alleles? Yes, because there are always other alleles for other genes that will compensate for a nonfunctional allele. No, because there are two chromosomes each with a single allele that is always the same, and one cannot compensate for the other being nonfunctional. No, because there is only one allele for the gene in each cell, and the nonfunctional allele has no other allele to mask it. Yes, because there are two chromosomes each with a single allele that is always the same, and one can compensate for the other being nonfunctional. Yes, because there is only one allele for the gene in each cell, and the nonfunctional allele will be masked by another allele of a different kind.

No, because there is only one allele for the gene in each cell, and the nonfunctional allele has no other allele to mask it.

Classify each description or example as describing facultative anaerobes, obligate anaerobes, or both.

Obligate anaerobes unable to use oxygen for aerobic respiration may be poisoned by oxygen a bacteria species that produces ATP by fermentation only Facultative anaerobes able to change from aerobic to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen becomes unavailable use oxygen for aerobic respiration if oxygen is available a bacteria species capable of aerobic respiration and fermentation Both capable of growing in the absence of oxygen capable of producing ATP without oxygen

Why must essential amino acids and fatty acids be consumed in our diet? Our bodies cannot manufacture them. They help the body store energy in the form of fat. They make food more palatable to consumers. Our bodies need essential amino acids to build simple sugars. They help digest and break down protein-rich foods.

Our bodies cannot manufacture them.

What hormone reduces food intake by promoting satiety? chyme PYY ghrelin insulin gastrin

PYY

Photosynthesis can be broken down into two basic mechanisms ("photo" and "synthesis"). Which sequence accurately describes these two mechanisms?

Photo refers to the absorption of light; Synthesis refers to carbon fixation.

Photosynthesis can be broken down into two basic mechanisms ("photo" and "synthesis"). Which sequence accurately describes these two mechanisms? Photo refers to carbon fixation with light; Synthesis refers to the presence of water to make oxygen. Photo refers to reliance on the pigment chlorophyll; Synthesis refers to carbon fixation. Photo refers to carbon fixation with light; Synthesis refers to the absorption of carbon dioxide. Photo refers to the absorption of light; Synthesis refers to the release of carbon dioxide. Photo refers to the absorption of light; Synthesis refers to carbon fixation.

Photo refers to the absorption of light; Synthesis refers to carbon fixation.

The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration involve many of the same substances. Which of the given are involved only in photosynthesis, which are involved only in cellular respiration, and which take part in both?

Photosynthesis only sunlight chloroplasts Cellular respiration only mitochondria Both electron transport chain water (H2O)(H2O)

Classify each of the characteristics as being exclusive to photosynthesis, exclusive to cellular respiration, or shared by both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis: occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells requires sunlight to proceed synthesizes carbohydrates to store energy Cellular respiration: releases carbon dioxide (CO2)(CO2) occurs in both plant and animal cells Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration: generates ATP generates energy using a proton (H+)(H+) gradient occurs in plants requires an electron transport chain

Why do most plant leaves appear green? Pigments in plant cells absorb blue and red light, but much of the green light is reflected. Pigments in plant cells absorb green wavelengths from the visible spectrum of light. Carotenoid pigments in some plant organelles reflect green wavelengths of light. Xanthophyll pigments in plant cells reflect yellow wavelengths of light.

Pigments in plant cells absorb blue and red light, but much of the green light is reflected.

Which of the statements accurately describes both pleiotropy and polygenic inheritance? Polygenic inheritance refers to the cumulative effect of two or more genes on a single trait. Pleiotropy refers to a single gene that affects multiple traits. Polygenic inheritance refers to the effect of a single gene on a single trait. Pleiotropy refers to a single gene that affects multiple traits. Polygenic inheritance refers to the cumulative effect of two or more genes on a single trait. Pleiotropy refers to a single gene that affects a single trait. Polygenic inheritance refers to a single gene that affects multiple traits. Pleiotropy refers to the cumulative effect of two or more genes on a single trait.

Polygenic inheritance refers to the cumulative effect of two or more genes on a single trait. Pleiotropy refers to a single gene that affects multiple traits.

What is the purpose of careful primer design before PCR? Primers are used to separate the original DNA strand to give polymerase a place to start replication. Primers are enzymes that speed up the rate of a PCR reaction. Primers indicate the section of DNA that will be amplified and mark where DNA polymerase begins replication. Primers are the nucleotides that are used in a PCR reaction to form DNA strands. Primers allow for complementary nucleotides to be added to the new strand of DNA.

Primers indicate the section of DNA that will be amplified and mark where DNA polymerase begins replication.

What happens during the elongation step of DNA transcription? A portion of the DNA unwinds and RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA within the transcription bubble. RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of the DNA creating an mRNA strand. The mRNA detaches from the RNA polymerase as the RNA polymerase leaves the DNA strand. A ribosome attaches to the initiation codon of a completed mRNA strand.

RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of the DNA creating an mRNA strand.

Type 1 diabetes results from a loss of insulin production from the pancreas. People with diabetes take recombinant human insulin expressed in bacteria. How would you cure the disease instead of treating it? Making the insulin gene in hamster cells would allow for a cure. There is no way to alter the genetic information to cure a disease caused by a nonfunctional gene. Replacing the defective insulin gene in a patient through gene therapy would allow for a cure. Gene therapy would replace the gene in a cell culture or in a genetically modified organism, but it would not cure the disease. Making the insulin gene in a genetically modified organism would allow for a cure.

Replacing the defective insulin gene in a patient through gene therapy would allow for a cure.

Determine the time frame that is most appropriate for the descriptions of events during the menstrual cycle. Rising estrogen levels trigger a sharp increase in the release of luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland, which promotes release of the mature oocyte.day 14 The shedding of the inner lining of the uterus that would have supported implantation and early embryo growth had fertilization occurred.days 1-5 The inner lining of the uterus grows in response to increased levels of estrogen produced by the maturing follicles.days 6-13 The follicle becomes corpus luteum and begins production of progesterone.days 15-28

Rising estrogen levels trigger a sharp increase in the release of luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland, which promotes release of the mature oocyte. day 14 The shedding of the inner lining of the uterus that would have supported implantation and early embryo growth had fertilization occurred. days 1-5 The inner lining of the uterus grows in response to increased levels of estrogen produced by the maturing follicles. days 6-13 The follicle becomes corpus luteum and begins production of progesterone. days 15-28

Which process occurs during anaphase of mitosis? Replicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. Sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell. Chromosomes are replicated. Two nuclear membranes form around two groups of chromosomes. The nuclear membrane disassembles.

Sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists of two distinct regions known as smooth ER and rough ER. Classify each statement about structure and function as characteristics of smooth ER, rough ER, or both.

Smooth ER: It's surface that faces the cytoplasm lacks ribosomes It stores calcium ions A major Function is lipid synthesis Rough ER: Its surface that faces the cytoplasm is studded with ribosomes A major function is the manufacture of proteins Both: Is a part of endomembrane system

How do the redundant properties of the genetic code protect humans from some mutations (changes in the gene sequence)? Some mutations do not change the tRNA anticodon. Some mutations do not change the amino acid coded by the anticodon of the mRNA. tRNA anticodons will only be altered and the resulting protein remains unchanged. Some mutations do not change the amino acid coded by the mRNA codon. Different side chains on amino acids do not affect protein folding.

Some mutations do not change the amino acid coded by the mRNA codon.

You are listening to a news report that claims a new study has found convincing evidence that a particular weight-loss product is much more effective than diet and exercise. Which statement would be an example of scientifically "convincing" evidence in this case?

Statistical tests showed significantly more weight loss in the participants who used the weight-loss product than those who relied on diet and exercise.

Which statement best describes why scientists use statistics to make conclusions?

Statistics allow complex data to be described and interpreted

If the sequence of one strand of DNA is AGTCTAGC, what is the sequence of the complementary strand? AGTCTAGC CGATCTGA GTCGACGC TCAGATCG GCTAGACT

TCAGATCG

What should the researchers do next in order to follow up on the results of their study on F9 gene therapy? Repeat the study using the same protocol on the patient who had the most favorable response to the treatment the first time. Change the protocol to use a different gene than F9 to determine if patients could produce more FIX with another gene. Begin commercial production of their F9 gene therapy and make it available to all people with hemophilia B. Test the same protocol on a larger number of patients to see if the results are the same for a more diverse group of people.

Test the same protocol on a larger number of patients to see if the results are the same for a more diverse group of people.

Match each function or characteristic to the hormone that is primarily responsible for its control in the male reproductive system.

Testosterone growth of facial hair inhibition of GnRH secretion bone mass Follicle‑stimulating hormone spermatogenesis stimulation of Sertoli cells Luteinizing hormone stimulation of Leydig cells production of testosterone

Some mutations do not affect the amino acid sequence of the protein produced using the mutated gene. How can the correct amino acid be incorporated into the protein despite a mutation in the gene sequence? The amino acid specified by the mutated codon may be unchanged by the mutation. Only the first of the three nucleotides in a codon is used to determine the correct amino acid. Some mutations are detected and corrected as the pre‑mRNA is being synthesized. Enzymes correct many of the mistakes in the amino acid sequence after the protein is made.

The amino acid specified by the mutated codon may be unchanged by the mutation.

During the cell cycle, the cell must pass through several checkpoints that confirm that the cell is ready to progress to the next phase of the cycle. If the requirements of one phase have not been met, the cell cannot proceed to the next phase. These checkpoints help control the rate of cell division. If a mutation disables one of these checkpoints, what is most likely to happen? The cell can enter the phases of the cell cycle in random order. Cells divide slowly, reducing organ function. Cells remain in one phase of the cell cycle for the rest of their existence. The cell begins dividing too often, forming a tumor.

The cell begins dividing too often, forming a tumor.

Why do many species of algae appear green? They fluoresce green in sunlight. Carbon fixation turns their tissue green. They live in plant leaves, so they appear green. The chlorophyll pigment they contain is green. Algae are only green during the night, when they are not conducting photosynthesis.

The chlorophyll pigment they contain is green.

What would happen if spindle fibers failed to form during the cell cycle? The parent cell would not be able to replicate its DNA. The parent cell would have two nuclei, each with a complete set of chromosomes. The chromosomes of the parent cell would not divide. The parent cell would have two nuclei, each with a complete set of chromosomes. The result would be two daughter cells without a nuclear membrane to separate the chromosomes from the cytoplasm. The chromatin of the parent cell would not condense into chromosomes.

The chromosomes of the parent cell would not divide.

Which conditions would cause diffusion to happen more slowly?

The difference in concentration between two areas is small. Very large molecules are diffusing instead of smaller, more compact molecules. The solution gets cooler. The molecules are diffusing through a high density liquid.

Arteries and veins are situated adjacently to each other at the base of extremities so that heat passes from the blood of the arteries to the opposite‑flowing blood of the veins. What would happen to the heat that is normally passed from the arteries to the veins if this countercurrent heat exchange system were not in place? The heat would be lost to the environment. The heat would be returned to the body core. The heat would be converted to chemical energy. The heat would be transferred to metabolizing cells.

The heat would be lost to the environment.

How does adenosine triphosphate (ATP) drive energy‑required reactions in the cell? ATP allows metabolic reactions to proceed without an enzyme. The hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to a non‑spontaneous reaction. ATP lowers the activation energy of a reaction. The hydrolysis of ATP releases heat to drive energy‑requiring reactions. ATP generates a proton gradient to drive reactions.

The hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to a non‑spontaneous reaction.

Which of the following accurately describes why specific material uses a protein to cross the membrane?

The hydrophobic core of a membrane will only allow hydrophobic (i.e., non-polar) substances to cross without a membrane protein.

Why is the hypothalamus sometimes called the thermostat of the body? The hypothalamus is a temperature sensor that sends out signals to adjust body temperature. The hypothalamus is an effector that receives signals from sensors in the skin when body temperature rises too high. The hypothalamus has a set point for temperature that can be adjusted to either above or below 37 C. The hypothalamus is located in the front of the brain where it is most centralized for sensing body temperature. The hypothalamus is an effector that receives signals from sensors in the skin when body temperature drops too low.

The hypothalamus is a temperature sensor that sends out signals to adjust body temperature.

Select the statements that describe the structure and origin of the double membranes in mitochondria and plant chloroplasts.

The inner membrane is permeable to large molecules, and the outer membrane is permeable to small molecules. Prokaryotic ancestors of chloroplasts and mitochondria were engulfed but not digested by other cells.

Which choice describes diffusion? The movement of a substance across a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, up its concentration gradient. The movement of a substance across the cell membrane against its concentration with the help of transport proteins and ATP. The movement of a substance from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, down its concentration gradient. The movement of a substance from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated, down its concentration gradient.

The movement of a substance from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated, down its concentration gradient.

Heating a protein can cause it to denature, or unfold. What would happen to the function of a protein in a denatured state? The amino acids that make up the protein would fall apart because the bonds that hold them together are weak. Nothing would happen because protein function is determined solely by the sequence of amino acids and not by the three-dimensional shape. The protein function would be much slower than normal. The protein would not be functional because the three-dimensional shape dictates protein's function. The protein function would change and end up damaging the cell.

The protein would not be functional because the three-dimensional shape dictates protein's function.

What change occurs when an enzyme binds to a substrate with induced fit? The shape of the substrate changes to allow more substrate to bind to the enzyme. The shape of the substrate changes to detatch from the enzyme's active site. The shape of the enzyme's active site changes to better fit the substrate. The shape of the enzyme's active site changes to loosely bind to the substrate.

The shape of the enzyme's active site changes to better fit the substrate.

Which statement best explains why stomach acid does not harm the lining of the stomach? The stomach is lined with a layer of thick protective mucus. Stomach acid is a weak acid. Stomach acid is only produced by an ulcer. The stomach flushes the acid into the small intestines very quickly. The stomach acid is quickly absorbed by the liver.

The stomach is lined with a layer of thick protective mucus.

What is an advantage of receiving a replacement organ grown from one's own cells versus receiving an organ transplant from a donor? Grown organs are cheaper than organ transplants. Replacement organs from one's own cells function better than donated organs. Cells in donor organs divide at a slower rate. There is less chance of organ rejection, and there is no need to wait on a transplant list. Cells in donor organs do not undergo cell division after they are transplanted.

There is less chance of organ rejection, and there is no need to wait on a transplant list.

Imagine that you have discovered a new species that has the ability to consume other organisms for energy and also contains chloroplasts. What would these properties tell you about the organism? This organism is a prokaryote. This organism lives in an environment where light levels are too low for photosynthesis to occur. This organism lives in an environment where sugar sources are only available in sunlight. This photosynthetic organism is unique because it contains mitochondria to use the sugar it absorbs. This organism is both a heterotroph and an autotroph.

This organism is both a heterotroph and an autotroph.

Both torpor and hibernation are states of decreased activity and metabolism in animals. What is the primary difference between torpor and hibernation?Torpor occurs in animals with lower metabolic rates, whereas hibernation occurs in those with higher metabolic rates. Torpor is a short period of dormancy, whereas hibernation is a long period of dormancy. Torpor occurs in extremely hot conditions, whereas hibernation occurs in extremely cold conditions. Animals in torpor experience drops in body temperature, whereas hibernators do not.

Torpor is a short period of dormancy, whereas hibernation is a long period of dormancy.

Antibiotics became widely used in the 20th century. Classify the statements about human use of antibiotics as true or false.

True: Bacterial diseases that once caused many deaths can often be successfully treated with antibiotics. Some disease causing bacteria are resistant to some types of antibiotics. Antibiotics kill both harmful and beneficial bacteria. False: Taking antibiotics help the immune system build antibodies to fight the infection. Antibiotics released into water bodies become inactive immediately and cannot kill bacteria in the environment. Supplemental livestock feed with antibiotics decrease the number of strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among the livestock.

Although the path of one glucose molecule through glycolysis generates a total of four ATP molecules, there is a net gain of only two ATP for each glucose molecule that enters the pathway. Why does the passage of one glucose molecule through glycolysis have a payoff of only two ATP molecules?

Two ATP molecules are used in the initial phase of glycolysis, reducing the net gain to two ATP.

A gene has the sequence ATCGATTG. What is the sequence of the complementary RNA? CAAUCGAU UAGCUAAC GTTAGCTA TACGTAAC ATCGATTG

UAGCUAAC

Identify the stop codon used in the transcription translation interactive. UAA UGA AUG GGC Identify why this codon functions as a stop codon. It is a nonsense codon that does not code for an amino acid. It is formed by a mutation and has no corresponding mRNA anticodon. It is composed of DNA nucleotides which signal for translation to cease. It codes for an amino acid that the cell is not able to produce.

UGA It is a nonsense codon that does not code for an amino acid.

Match each description with its blood component.

Water the solvent in which all other blood components are suspended Fibrinogen a protein that is important for clot formation Erythrocyte a cell that increases the carrying capacity for oxygen Platelet a cell fragment that reduces blood loss by facilitating coagulation Neutrophil an immune system cell that destroys and phagocytizes pathogens

Match each description to the correct blood component.

Water the solvent in which all other blood components are suspended White blood cell a cell that identifies and helps destroy foreign bodies Red blood cell a cell that increases the carrying capacity for oxygen Platelet a cell fragment that reduces blood loss by facilitating coagulation

Why does water have a neutral pH?

Water dissociates to form the same number of the ions H+H+ and OH−.

Which statement best explains why fermentation occurs in mammals?

When oxygen concentration is low, it replenishes NAD+NAD+ needed during glycolysis.

Consider your brother and your son. If you are male, which statement is correct? You and your brother inherited the same Y chromosome from your dad, and you passed the same Y chromosome on to your son. You and your brother inherited different Y chromosomes from your dad, and you passed your Y chromosome on to your son. You and your brother inherited the same Y chromosome from your dad, and you passed a different Y chromosome on to your son. You cannot tell the inheritance pattern with the information given. The inheritance of the Y chromosome is dependent on which X chromosome is inherited.

You and your brother inherited the same Y chromosome from your dad, and you passed the same Y chromosome on to your son.

How do enzymes recognize their substrates? a binding site that complements the charge of the substrate a binding site that fits the shape and complements the charge of the substrate an unstructured, negatively charged tail that recruits the substrate to the enzyme a binding site that fits the shape of the enzymatic product

a binding site that fits the shape and complements the charge of the substrate

Identify the description of sickle‑cell disease. a heritable condition caused by a point mutation that alters the shape of hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to become crescent shaped under certain conditions a genetic condition which causes deformation and destruction of red blood cells in response to mosquito bites a genetic blood disorder that causes very slow formation of clots and can lead to death from blood loss after small injuries a condition in which the body does not produce sufficient numbers of red blood cells, resulting in poor oxygenation of cells

a heritable condition caused by a point mutation that alters the shape of hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to become crescent shaped under certain conditions

Which combination contains the normal chromosome number? a human egg - 23; a human sperm - 23; a human zygote - 46 a human egg - 23; a human sperm - 23; a human zygote - 23 a human egg - 46; a human sperm - 23; a human zygote - 23 a human egg - 23; a human sperm - 46; a human zygote - 46 a human egg - 46; a human sperm - 46; a human zygote - 46

a human egg - 23; a human sperm - 23; a human zygote - 46

Which statement best describes a metabolic pathway? the set of molecular reactions in which enzymes make or break down sugars chemical reactions that do not involve the use of enzymes and that maintain homeostasis a linked sequence of chemical reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes a chemical reaction that makes or breaks down molecules

a linked sequence of chemical reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes

Which substance is most likely to dissolve in olive oil?

a nonpolar molecule

Which of these describes a catabolic pathway? a pathway that consumes energy a pathway that constructs molecules from smaller subunits a pathway that breaks down molecules into smaller subunits a pathway that transmits a signal within a cell

a pathway that breaks down molecules into smaller subunits

Which of these describes an anabolic pathway? a pathway that transmits a signal within a cell a pathway that generates ATP a pathway that breaks down molecules into smaller subunits a pathway that generates molecules from smaller subunits

a pathway that generates molecules from smaller subunits

What is a monomer?

a small molecule that can react with similar molecules to form a polymer

what is a monomer?

a small molecule that can react with similar molecules to form a polymer

What is the nucleolus?

a structure in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits

Which is the definition of a sex‑linked trait? a trait that is shared by siblings of the same gender a trait usually inherited with another trait on the same chromosome a trait that is coded by a gene located on a sex chromosome an allele that is inherited from a particular gender

a trait that is coded by a gene located on a sex chromosome

In humans, oculocutaneous (OCA) albinism is a collection of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by an absence of the pigment melanin in skin, hair, and eyes. That is, normal pigmentation (𝐴)(A) is dominant over albino characteristics (𝑎)(a) . For this question, assume the phenotype is determined by a single gene with two alleles. If both parents display the albino phenotype, what are all of the possible genotypes that may be observed in their offspring? aa only AA and Aa AA, Aa, and aa AA only

aa only

The primary function of the small intestine is to digest carbohydrates. produce amylase. store bile salts. temporarily store food. absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.

absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.

The sodium-potassium pump, also known as the Na+/K+ ATPase, is shown. The movement of ions through this membrane protein is an example of

active transport.

One portion of a homeostatic feedback mechanism relays sensory information to the control center. What is the term for this portion? receptor afferent pathway efferent pathway control center effector

afferent pathway

In humans, oculocutaneous (OCA) albinism is a collection of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by an absence of the pigment melanin in skin, hair, and eyes. That is, normal pigmentation (A) is dominant over albinism (a). For this question, assume it is a single gene with two alleles. If both parents display the albino phenotype, what possible phenotypes may be observed in their offspring? normal pigmentation only marbling of albino and normal pigmentation albinism only normal pigmentation or albinism

albinism only

Which of these can result in a trisomy such as Down syndrome? an egg with 24 chromosomes fertilized by a sperm with 23 chromosomes an egg with 22 chromosomes fertilized by a sperm with 24 chromosomes an egg with 23 chromosomes fertilized by a sperm with 22 chromosomes an egg with 22 chromosomes fertilized by a sperm with 23 chromosomes an egg with 23 chromosomes fertilized by a sperm with 23 chromosomes

an egg with 24 chromosomes fertilized by a sperm with 23 chromosomes

Which example describes a theory?

an established explanation for a phenomenon or group of observations that is falsifiable and is well‑supported by evidence

Which statement best describes a metabolic pathway? a pool of substrates that spontaneously form larger molecules a set of general reactions catalyzed by enzymes that bypass the transition state an ordered sequence of synthetic or degradative reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes a set of molecular reactions in which enzymes either synthesize or break down glucose

an ordered sequence of synthetic or degradative reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes

Within the context of genetics, which statement best describes an organism with a wild type phenotype? an organism that has the phenotype that occurs most frequently in natural populations an organism that has any phenotype that occurs in nature an organism that has the phenotype that occurs the least frequently in natural populations an organism that exhibits a phenotype other than the most often observed in nature

an organism that has the phenotype that occurs most frequently in natural populations

A(n) _____ reaction creates bonds between substrate units; a(n) _____ reaction breaks down bonds between substrate units. catabolic; anabolic catabolic; enzymatic anabolic; enzymatic anabolic; catabolic analog; monologue

anabolic; catabolic

Which statement describes recessive alleles? any allele whose presence can be masked by another allele any allele that can hide the presence of a different allele two alleles that blend to create an intermediate phenotype two alleles that are expressed separately and equally

any allele whose presence can be masked by another allele

What is a genetically modified organism? a gene that has been genetically engineered any cell that contains genes that are never used in that cell any modified organism that produces a product it does not normally make a plant that produces enzymes for gene therapy an animal carrying defective genes in its cells

any modified organism that produces a product it does not normally make

The largest artery in the human body carries blood from the left ventricle to the body and is called the aorta. superior vena cava. pulmonary artery. pulmonary vein.

aorta

Photons are critical to the process of photosynthesis because photons _____

are needed to excite the electrons of the pigment atoms in chlorophyl.

Which statements describe characteristics of stomata in plants? are cell structures that carry out photosynthesis in plants are openings into a plant that are surrounded by guard cells allow gases, such as CO2 and O2, to enter and escape from a plant are tubes composed of cells that extend from plant roots to the leaves transport sugars produced in the leaves to other parts of the plant

are openings into a plant that are surrounded by guard cells allow gases, such as CO2 and O2, to enter and escape from a plant

Tumors that do not spread throughout the body are ______, and those that do spread are termed ______. benign; malignant malignant; benign mutagen; carcinogen tumor suppressor; proto-oncogene benign; mutagen

benign; malignant

Cardiovascular disease is analogous to blocked plumbing. a leaky roof. disconnected electrical wires. a broken dishwasher.

blocked plumbing.

A homozygous black‑haired dog is mated with a homozygous white‑haired dog. If the alleles for hair color are codominant, which phenotype do you expect their puppies to have? gray hair black hair both black and white hair either black or white hair

both black and white hair

Salivary amylase breaks down _____ in the mouth. pepsin and carbohydrates pepsin and protein carbohydrates pepsin, protein, and carbohydrates protein and carbohydrates

carbohydrates

Which substances are produced during photosynthesis in plants? chloroplasts carbon dioxide water carbohydrates oxygen

carbohydrates oxygen

Which molecules are reactants in photosynthesis in plants?

carbon dioxide water

A potential cancer-causing gene coding for a protein with cell cycle control responsibilities is a(n) ______, and a gene coding for a protein that stimulates cell division is a ______. oncogene; tumor suppressor oncogene; proto-oncogene tumor suppressor; oncogene oncogene; mutagen carcinogen; proto-oncogene

carcinogen; proto-oncogene

Which substances contain, or are examples of, lipids?

cell membrane beeswax testosterone

Which of the substitution mutations most substantially impacts the resulting polypeptide? changing A to C within the DNA segment ATC near the 5′5′ end of the template DNA strand changing the first T to A within the DNA segment TGT at the 3′3′ end of the DNA strand changing T to A within the DNA segment TGC near the middle of the DNA strand Why did this substitution mutation have the greatest impact? A stop codon was changed to one encoding an amino acid, elongating the polypeptide. A codon encoding an amino acid was changed to a stop codon, truncating the polypeptide. It caused a frameshift mutation, impacting all the downstream amino acids in the polypeptide. It changed the start codon, so no polypeptide was synthesized from the resulting mRNA.

changing A to C within the DNA segment ATC near the 5′5′ end of the template DNA strand A stop codon was changed to one encoding an amino acid, elongating the polypeptide.

The carbon fixation process of photosynthesis uses ________ energy.

chemical

If you fly in an airplane from California to New York, you lose three hours of time. When you wake up at 7:00 a.m., your body still thinks it is 4:00 a.m., so you feel groggy and disoriented. This groggy and disoriented feeling is an example of the effect of a disruption in your tidal cycle. seasonal lag. circadian rhythm. insomnia.

circadian rhythm.

What is the key feature of DNA that allows it to be copied? the arrangement of chromosomes the sugar-phosphate backbone complementary base pairing Okazaki fragments

complementary base pairing

Which of these are photosynthetic organisms?

cyanobacteria algae plants

Which of these are photosynthetic organisms? fungi molds cyanobacteria algae plants

cyanobacteria algae plants

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by ________ . releasing energy decreasing the activation energy maintaining the activation energy forming bonds increasing the activation energy

decreasing the activation energy

What is the shape of DNA molecules? linear X-shaped double helical globular

double helical

Chyme exiting the stomach first enters into the gallbladder. pancreas. large intestine. esophagus. duodenum.

duodenum.

In eukaryotic cells, each stage of cellular metabolism generates a different net amount of ATP. Which stage directly generates the greatest number of ATP molecules per metabolized glucose molecule?

electron transport chain and ATPATP synthase

DNA mutations can arise from uncorrected errors in DNA replication, inheritance, and a poor diet lacking in vitamins and minerals. catching an influenza virus from a person with mutated genes. abnormal cell division. chronic sleep deprivation. environmental insults.

environmental insults.

A specialized protein in saliva breaks up starch molecules in food into smaller chains of simple sugars. In this reaction, which molecule is the enzyme, which is the substrate, and which is the product? One of the four answer choices will not be used.

enzyme: the specialized protein Substrate: the starch molecules Product: the small chains of simple sugars

Protein function is lost or reduced when a protein is denatured. Which of the environmental factors listed can cause protein denaturation?

extreme pH excessive heat

Select the cause of heartburn. infectious agents that cause food and liquid to pass through the large intestine too quickly abnormal reabsorption of bile acids, leading to excess bile acid content in the large intestine failure of the pyloric sphincter to completely close, allowing chyme to enter the small intestine failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to completely open, trapping food in the esophagus

failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to completely open, trapping food in the esophagus

To repair a cell membrane, which macronutrient would supply the needed building blocks?

fats

To repair a cell membrane, which macronutrient would supply the needed building blocks? amino acids fats nucleic acids protein carbohydrates

fats

Predict the sex of a baby with an XX pair of sex chromosomes. male female This cannot be determined with the chromosome information given.

female

Where is the oxytocin necessary for uterine contractions that lead to childbirth first secreted? fetal pituitary gland placenta hypothalamus maternal pituitary gland

fetal pituitary gland

Choose the best definition of plasma. cells that carry oxygen‑binding hemoglobin blood ions that balance osmotic pressure dissolved respiratory gases carried by the blood fluid in which blood cells are suspended

fluid in which blood cells are suspended

The duodenum receives secretions from the ______ and ______. pancreas; liver gallbladder; pancreas salivary glands; pancreas gallbladder; liver liver; salivary glands

gallbladder; pancreas

Which of these photon wavelengths contains the greatest amount of energy? infrared radiation radio waves visible light gamma rays microwaves

gamma rays

Which term describes section of genetic material that encodes a polypeptide? gene response element enhancer region oligonucleotide

gene

Cancer is particularly dangerous and a difficult disease to treat because it can metastasize, or spread, to other parts of the body. Which is an essential process that allows cancer to metastasize? inhibition of cell division as a result of increased cell density in a tissue programmed cell death through the process of apoptosis exposure to toxins, including tobacco and asbestos generation of a new network of blood vessels through angiogenesis

generation of a new network of blood vessels through angiogenesis

What will be the amino acid sequence of the protein translated from this mRNA sequence? leu, pro, ile glu, gly, tyr glu, pro, tyr leu, gly, ile

glu, gly, tyr

Excess energy can be stored for short periods of time in the muscle and liver tissue as _____ , and for long periods of time as _____ in fat cells. glycogen; triglycerides triglycerides; glycogen glycogen; calories calories; calories triglycerides; calories

glycogen; triglycerides

Identify where each of the steps of cellular respiration occurs within a eukaryotic cell.

glycolysis cytosol citric acid cycle mitochondrial matrix electron transport chain mitochondrial membrane

Which of the blood components is responsible for carrying the majority of oxygen found in blood? platelets albumin hemoglobin basophils

hemoglobin

Humans' ability to shiver is an attempt to increase the body's internal temperature and maintain _______ .

homeostasis

A home pregnancy test detects the presence or absence of which hormone in urine? estrogen follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) early pregnancy factor (EPF) human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

What intermolecular force is responsible for holding the two strands of a DNA double helix together? hydrogen bond phosphodiester bond covalent bond ionic bond

hydrogen bond

Olive oil is _______________ because _______________ .

hydrophobic; it does not interact with water

Hormones play a large role in female reproductive success. Which of these is considered the master coordinator of the female reproductive cycle? thalamus ovaries hypothalamus anterior pituitary gland follicles

hypothalamus

Identify which structure in more developed animal brains is responsible for temperature control and is therefore sometimes referred to as the thermostat of the body. cerebellum thyroid thalamus hypothalamus

hypothalamus

Where is ghrelin produced? in the colon in cells lining the pancreas in the large intestine in the hypothalamus in cells lining the stomach

in cells lining the stomach

Which thermoregulation mechanisms can an animal use when it is too warm or too cool? bask in direct sunlight to cool down or seek shade in a breezy spot to warm up raise fur or feathers to cool down or lower fur or feathers to warm up increase blood flow to the skin to cool down or decrease blood flow to warm up increase muscular activity to cool down or decrease muscular activity to warm up

increase blood flow to the skin to cool down or decrease blood flow to warm up

What organ system of the body is responsible for protecting the body against mechanical injury, invasion of pathogens, and dehydration? digestive circulatory integumentary skeletal

integumentary

Which of the statements are characteristics of a good hypothesis?

is able to be tested using validated techniques is created from careful research and logical reasoning

Activation energy is best defined as the energy that

is required to bring the reactant molecules to a transition state.

Activation energy is best defined as the energy that is required to form products that are at a higher energy than the reactants. is required to bring the reactant molecules to a transition state. is transferred to the products at the end of the reaction. is used to make new chemical bonds and form products. is released when an enzyme binds its specific reactant molecules.

is required to bring the reactant molecules to a transition state.

Why is Taq polymerase used as the DNA polymerase in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? it allows for longer DNA sequences to be copied than with DNA polymerases from other species it is able to copy a target DNA sequence without the use of DNA primers as a replication starting point it is thermodynamically stable at the temperature used to separate the DNA strands it makes fewer copying errors during replication than other types of DNA polymerase

it is thermodynamically stable at the temperature used to separate the DNA strands

Fermentation in animals produces _____ , whereas fermentation in brewer's yeast produces _____ . oxygen; alcohol lactic acid; alcohol alcohol; oxygen alcohol; lactic acid lactic acid; glucose

lactic acid; alcohol

Two daughter strands of DNA are synthesized during DNA replication. Which term describes the new chain of DNA that begins at the origin of replication and is synthesized continuously in the direction of replication? lagging strand Okazaki fragment primer leading strand

leading strand

Which of these foods is a rich source of protein? berries (e.g., blueberries and raspberries) leafy greens lean meat, such as chicken breast olive oil whole grains (e.g., whole wheat bread)

lean meat, such as chicken breast

The events listed are parts of the overall process of photosynthesis. For each event, identify the chloroplast structure that facilitates the event. Each structure may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

light‑dependent reactions thylakoid membrane CO2‑dependent reactions stroma Calvin cycle stroma ATP production thylakoid membrane

What is brown adipose tissue? fatty loose connective tissue that stores nutrients dense regular connective tissue that resists tension metabolically active loose connective tissue that warms the body areolar connective tissue that supports other tissues

metabolically active loose connective tissue that warms the body

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up along the middle of a cell? telophase prophase metaphase cytokinesis anaphase

metaphase

What is the monomer that makes up DNA? amino acid phosphate chromosome guanine nucleotide

nucleotide

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. Like other polymers, nucleic acids are made up of repeating units called monomers. What are the monomers, or building blocks, of nucleic acids? fatty acids amino acids monosaccharides nucleotides

nucleotides

Certain nutrients that are important for a healthy and balanced diet are considered essential nutrients. Which of the statements describes essential nutrients for the human body? nutrients that must be consumed because they cannot be stored in the body something that must be consumed to give the body sufficient calories nutrients that the body cannot synthesize or does not produce in sufficient quantities nutrients synthesized by the body, which are used to build proteins

nutrients synthesized by the body, which are used to build proteins

Cirrhosis of the liver is seen most commonly in which groups? obese people coffee drinkers malnourished people alcoholics

obese people alcoholics

Since DNA is replicated semiconservatively, what does each new daughter cell receive from the parent cell after replication and mitosis? one of the original strands and one new strand a combination of new strands with original strands interspersed either both original strands or two new strands two new strands of DNA with the original strands being degraded

one of the original strands and one new strand

Which statement describes an allele? a section of DNA in which the code for a protein is located one variation of the code for a protein the physical trait produced by an organism's genetic makeup the pair of DNA sequences an organism has for a trait

one variation of the code for a protein

Which of the products of photosynthesis are used for cellular respiration? Select all that apply. carbon dioxide (CO2)(CO2) carbohydrates water (H2O)(H2O) oxygen (O2)

oxygen (O2) carbohydrates

Classify each condition, cause, and symptom to the appropriate blood pH range.

pH 7.34 and below acidosis cause: renal disease symptom: fatigue pH 7.35-7.45 physiological pH range cause: buffers resist pH changes symptom: buffering system maintains acid-base balance pH 7.46 and above alkalosis cause: excessive vomiting symptom: tetany

Facilitated diffusion is a protein‑facilitated movement of solutes across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Which of the terms best describes facilitated diffusion?

passive transport

The muscular contraction used to push food down the esophagus and to mix chyme in the stomach is called peristalsis. digestion. chyme. forced contraction. regular contraction.

peristalsis

Complete the photosynthesis reaction by placing the compounds and energy sources into the reaction as reactants or products. One molecule will not be placed.

photosynthesis reactants: CO2, Water, Light energy Photosynthesis products: simple sugars, oxygen

If an original DNA strand contained the sequence ATGCGTTCAGCGATT, but a mutation occurred such that it now read ATTCGTTCAGCGATT, what type of mutation would this be? point mutation deletion mutation inversion mutation insertion mutation translocation mutation

point mutation

Human skin color ranges from very light to dark black, with many distinct skin tones in between. What type of inheritance pattern governs skin color? multifactorial inheritance incomplete dominance polygenic inheritance codominance X-linked inheritance

polygenic inheritance

During pregnancy, the placenta produces progesterone and estrogen. What functions do these hormones serve? relax the ligaments in the pelvis maintain the lining of the uterine wall promote maintenance of the corpus luteum prevent new follicles from maturing

prevent new follicles from maturing maintain the lining of the uterine wall

What is the digestive function of the liver? production of proteases production of bile storage of bile filtration of blood

production of bile

Place the phases of mitosis in order from start to finish. telophase-metaphase-anaphase-prophase prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase anaphase-metaphase-prophase-telophase telophase-anaphase-metaphase-prophase metaphase-prophase-telophase-anaphase

prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase

What are the four types of organic molecules that make up all living things on Earth?

proteins nucleic acids carbohydrates lipids

Which examples are functions of the vagina? receives and nourishes the fertilized ovum provides a passageway for childbirth provides a site for fertilization receives the penis and semen during sexual intercourse

provides a passageway for childbirth receives the penis and semen during sexual intercourse

Cellular respiration consumes glucose during glycolysis. What product of glycolysis can be subsequently modified to enter the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions? NAD+ pyruvate lactic acid acetyl‑CoA ATP

pyruvate

During fermentation, NADH gives up electrons to regenerate NAD+ by giving electrons to glucose. pyruvate. the electron transport chain. O2. another NAD+.

pyruvate

The addition of arsenic to the cellular respiration interactive disrupts acetyl CoA production. Therefore, arsenic prevents the conversion of a reactant into the desired acetyl CoA product. Which molecule does arsenic prevent from being converted into acetyl CoA? glucose citrate pyruvate acetate

pyruvate

A scientist interested in height could measure a subset of people, known as a sample, from different populations. Which factors would affect the result of a statistical test measuring differences in height between two populations?

randomness of individuals included in each sample the number of individuals measured in a sample variation in height among individuals in a sample

Which statement best describes ovulation? release of a zygote from the ovary in response to luteinizing hormone release of a secondary oocyte from a mature follicle an increase in the levels of estrogens during the follicular phase binding of a zygote to the inner lining of the uterus formation of the corpus luteum, which begins production of progesterone

release of a secondary oocyte from a mature follicle

The most significant difference between biofuels and fossil fuels is that biofuels are renewable fuels made from living organisms, whereas fossil fuels are nonrenewable fuels extracted from the earth. only found in specific regions of the world, whereas fossil fuels are found everywhere around the world. more energy rich than fossil fuels, so smaller quantities of biofuels are needed to produce the same amount of energy. a type of fossil fuels. made from biological organisms that have already died but have not completely decomposed, whereas fossil fuels are made from inorganic substances.

renewable fuels made from living organisms, whereas fossil fuels are nonrenewable fuels extracted from the earth.

Which cellular structure synthesizes proteins? ribosome rough endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion nucleus

ribosome

Select the answer that puts the pulmonary circuit in the correct order. pulmonary vein, left atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs left atrium, pulmonary vein, lungs, pulmonary artery, right ventricle right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium lungs, pulmonary artery, right ventricle, left atrium, pulmonary vein lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery

right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium

Human prenatal development lasts 9 months and is broken down into three trimesters. During which trimester do external genitalia develop? second trimester first trimester third trimester The time of development varies from person to person.

second trimester

What is the function of the mitotic spindle? separating sister chromatids condensing chromosomes keeping sister chromatids connected pinching a cell into two daughter cells

separating sister chromatids

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA for profiling based on the number of chromosomes. gender of the individual. shape of the double helix. number of PCR products. size (length).

size (length).

Which statement correctly indicates a functional location during gene expression? Ribosomes work in the nucleus. tRNAs work in the cytoplasm. RNA polymerase works in the cytoplasm. mRNA is used in the nucleus. Genes work in the cytoplasm.

tRNAs work in the cytoplasm.

A macronutrient is a nutrient _______ .

that is required in large amounts

A macronutrient is a nutrient _______ . that the body makes in large quantities that is stored in large amounts in the body that is abundant in the diet with a large molecular weight that is required in large amounts

that is required in large amounts

Gene therapy is defined as the ability to guide the process of meiosis so that the desired gene combinations from each parent are present in the oocyte (egg) that becomes fertilized. the opportunity to modify any existing genes in an individual. a medical intervention that will alter the genetic makeup of an individual's chromosomes. the ability to fix a genetic mistake that an individual may be born with by inserting a healthy version of the specific gene into the individual's body. the ability for an individual to replace genes with which they were born with other desired versions of the same genes.

the ability to fix a genetic mistake that an individual may be born with by inserting a healthy version of the specific gene into the individual's body.

Which is an example of transport work in a cell the contraction of a muscle cell the building of a polysaccharide from monosaccharide monomers the active transport of K+ and Na+ ions across a membrane the diffusion of a molecule across a membrane

the active transport of K+and Na+ ions across a membrane

What is an insertion mutation? the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a DNA molecule the loss of one or more nucleotide pairs in a DNA molecule the replacement of one nucleotide by another nucleotide changing a single pyrimidine nucleotide to a purine nucleotide in a DNA molecule

the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a DNA molecule

Select the function of the centromere in the transmission of genetic information. the attachment point for sister chromatids the replication of chromosomes the swelling of the cell in preparation for division the production of ribosomal subunits the formation of the mitotic spindle

the attachment point for sister chromatids

Use the following information for the question below: You conduct a clinical trial to test whether a new drug relieves the symptoms of arthritis better than a placebo. You have four groups of participants, all of whom have moderately painful arthritis (rated 7 on a scale of 1 to 10). Each group receives a daily pill as follows: group 1-placebo; group 2—15 mg; group 3—25 mg; group 4—50 mg. At the end of two weeks, participants in each group are asked to rate their pain on a scale of 1 to 10. Based on the process of science, what is the experimental variable?

the drug itself

What is a substitution mutation? the exchange of one nucleotide for another nucleotide in mRNA the removal of one or more nucleotide pairs in a DNA molecule the exchange of one nucleotide for another nucleotide in a DNA molecule the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a DNA molecule

the exchange of one nucleotide for another nucleotide in a DNA molecule

What is the meaning of threshold in a response pathway? the minimum stimulus that will initiate a response the maximum stimulus that will initiate a response the minimum achievable level of response the maximum achievable strength of an input signal

the minimum stimulus that will initiate a response

Local officials have announced that a dam will be built on a river in Paula's town. Paula is a graduate student concerned with the impacts that the dam may have on the eastern hellbender population. Eastern hellbenders are fully-aquatic salamanders that depend on rivers and streams for their survival. Paula has decided to base her graduate research on the dam and any impacts that it may or may not have on eastern hellbenders. In order to do this, she must create and test which of these choices?

the scientific hypothesis

Which of the statements describes heat? the energy caused by molecules moving at high speeds the energy inherent to an object based on its molecular composition the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C the transfer of energy from a system with more thermal energy to a system with less thermal energy

the transfer of energy from a system with more thermal energy to a system with less thermal energy

During ovulation, an egg is released from an ovary. Once released, the egg is absorbed by the endometrium. is digested by enzymes in the oviduct. travels down the endometrium to the uterus. travels down the oviduct to the uterus. travels down the uterus to the oviduct.

travels down the oviduct to the uterus.

Which statement describes codominant alleles? two alleles that blend to create an intermediate phenotype two alleles that are expressed separately and equally any allele that can hide the presence of a different allele any allele whose presence can be masked by another allele

two alleles that are expressed separately and equally

Cell division by mitosis is a mechanism of asexual cell replication. Some single‑celled organisms reproduce by cell division, and cell division enables multicellular organisms to grow and to repair damaged cells. Which is a product of cell division by mitosis? daughter cells that are genetically variable two daughter cells with identical chromosomes daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes four daughter cells that are genetically the same

two daughter cells with identical chromosomes

In certain breeds of chickens, black feathers (𝐶𝐵CB ) are codominant with white feathers (𝐶𝑊CW ). What is the genotype of a chicken of this breed with black feathers?𝐶𝐵𝐶𝐵 or CB⁢CW 𝐶𝑊𝐶𝑊 𝐶𝐵𝐶𝐵 𝐶𝐵𝐶𝑊

Bio Final

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