BIO Final

After eating a large meal of pasta, an individual's blood sugar levels are elevated. In response to this, the pancreas secretes a hormone called insulin, which acts to lower blood sugar levels. Once the blood sugar levels drop to the normal level, the pancreas stops secreting insulin. This is an example of acid-base imbalance. reactions between carbon monoxide and acids. a positive feedback loop. a negative feedback loop. energy being made into proteins

a negative feedback loop.

In flowering plants, the sperm does not have to swim to the egg. The sperm reaches the eggs by cell division within the spore case. burrowing through the embryo sac wall. digestion of the seed coat. wind pollination. a pollen tube.

a pollen tube.

Rheumatic fever (RF) is an inflammatory disease following infection from Streptococcus bacteria. It mainly affects children between ages 5 and 15 and occurs approximately 20 days after strep throat or scarlet fever. Severe RF can result in degeneration of the heart valves. Based on this scenario, RF is most likely to cause slower heartbeat. uncoordinated contraction of ventricles. faster heartbeat. "backslide" of blood from a ventricle to an atrium.

"backslide" of blood from a ventricle to an atrium.

As a 7-year-old child, you helped your father nail a birdhouse 7 feet high on a 10-foot-tall maple tree. If the tree grew an average of 12 inches per year, except during a dry year when it grew only 2 inches, how high in the tree is the birdhouse when you are 18 years old? 10 feet 17 feet 19 inches 17 feet, 2 inches 7 feet

7 feet

________ maintains seed dormancy, and ________ ends seed dormancy by stimulating enzymes that break down the food reserves of the seed to fuel seedling growth. cytokinin; auxin Gibberellin; abscisic acid abscisic acid; gibberellin abscisic acid; ethylene auxin; cytokinin

abscisic acid; gibberellin

Gap junctions allow the rapid passage of electrical signals among heart cells. prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atrium. connect veins and arteries. are found in white blood cells.

allow the rapid passage of electrical signals among heart cells.

What is the advantage of a closed circulatory system over an open one? A closed system carries more blood. A closed system moves blood more efficiently. There are more blood cells in a closed system. Blood flows more slowly in a closed system. In a closed system, the blood comes nearer to each cell.

A closed system moves blood more efficiently.

Testosterone is made in the testes, where it stimulates sperm development. Additionally, testosterone is carried in the blood throughout the body, stimulating the growth of facial hair and muscles. Therefore, testosterone is a local hormone. a neurotransmitter. an endocrine hormone. both a neurotransmitter and an endocrine hormone.

an endocrine hormone.

Elongation of cells in stems is promoted by ethylene and cytokinins. abscisic acid and ethylene. auxins and gibberellins. cytokinins and abscisic acid. enzymes and phytochromes.

auxins and gibberellins.

As a doctor, you discover a new virus that prevents the body from creating memory cells. Based on what you know about human defenses against disease, you predict that this virus is infecting and destroying which type of white blood cell? Lymphocytes Macrophages Dendritic cells Natural killer cells Mast cells

Lymphocytes

Insect urinary systems consist of protonephridia nephridia nephrostomes flame cells. Malpighian tubules.

Malpighian tubules.

Which of the following produces the cellulose-digesting enzyme (cellulase) in a cow's digestive tract? Liver Pancreas Gallbladder Microorganisms in the rumen Cells lining the small intestine

Microorganisms in the rumen

You discover a plant that has unusual fruit around the seed and leaves with parallel veins. In which of the two major groups of flowering plants does it belong, and why? Either monocot or dicot, depending on the presence or absence of flowers Dicots, because it has fruit around the seed Monocots, because it has parallel veins Neither monocot nor dicot, because it has fruits

Monocots, because it has parallel veins

In a random screening of athletes at a recent event, a runner was disqualified for testing positive for an injected form of erythropoietin. Which of the following is a consequence of extra erythropoietin in the circulatory system? Low blood pressure More red blood cells "Thin" blood that does not clot efficiently A low white blood cell count

More red blood cells

All organisms that generate energy (ATP) aerobically need to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from their bodies. This process is known as elimination. respiration. conduction. absorption.

Respiration

Which set of chambers supplies blood to the pulmonary circulation? Atria Ventricles Right atrium and right ventricle Left atrium and left ventricle

Right atrium and right ventricle

Most of the carbon dioxide released from cells is transported in the blood as dissolved carbon monoxide. bicarbonate ions in the plasma. carbon dioxide attached to hemoglobin. carbohydrates, such as glucose.

bicarbonate ions in the plasma.

Erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow. liver. spleen. heart.

bone marrow.

Air flow into and out of the lungs is an example of diffusion. active transport. facilitated diffusion. osmosis. bulk flow.

bulk flow.

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs as a result of active transport of gases between the blood and the alveolus. active transport of gases between hemoglobin and the alveolus. diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus. facilitated diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus. facilitated diffusion of gases between the hemoglobin and the alveolus.

diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus.

Which of these pathways best summarizes the route of a mineral that is absorbed by a plant? Root hairs → epidermis → cortex → endodermis → pericycle → xylem Root hairs → epidermis → endodermis → cortex → xylem Root hairs → pericycle → endodermis → cortex → xylem Root hairs → cortex → epidermis → phloem → xylem Root hairs → endodermis → cortex → pericycle → xylem

Root hairs → epidermis → cortex → endodermis → pericycle → xylem

Which tissue is characterized by a basement membrane and a single layer of flattened cells with a free surface? Simple epithelium Connective tissue Muscle tissue Stratified epithelium Undifferentiated tissue

Simple epithelium

Which of the following explains why a sample of the filtrate taken from the proximal tubule is NOT ideal for conducting a drug test or toxicology screen? Some of the toxins and drugs do not enter the filtrate until they are secreted in the distal tubule. As soon as the toxins and drugs enter the proximal tubule, they are immediately reabsorbed. Many of the toxins and drugs are not added to urine until it enters the bladder. Only a blood test can detect drugs and toxins because they are too large to enter the kidney tubule system.

Some of the toxins and drugs do not enter the filtrate until they are secreted in the distal tubule.

Identify the animal that lacks a specialized respiratory organ. Grasshopper Bat Bird Sponge Trout

Sponge

Which of these animals uses collar cells to obtain food for intracellular digestion? Sponges Protists Hydra Humans Earthworms

Sponges

Which part of the digestive tract has the lowest pH? Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Pancreas

Stomach

If basal metabolism drops, which anterior pituitary hormone is released to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine? ADH ACTH FSH Prolactin TSH

TSH

Why does a typical fish die quickly when it is removed from water? Oxygen diffuses more rapidly in water than it does in air. The gills collapse and dry out in the air. Gills split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, which is used for cellular respiration. Water contains more oxygen, per unit volume, than does air.

The gills collapse and dry out in the air.

Root hairs develop from the cortex. endodermis. epidermis. Casparian strip. pericycle.

epidermis.

The respiratory systems of fishes, frogs, sponges, and earthworms are similar in that they have a countercurrent exchange system. employ an extensive system of air sacs that ensures a unidirectional flow of air. exchange gases across a moist respiratory surface. utilize a complex network of air-conducting tubes. have internal respiratory structures.

exchange gases across a moist respiratory surface.

Which sequence of animals represents the evolution of the animal respiratory system? fish, lizard, salamander, bird fish, salamander, lizard, bird salamander, lizard, fish, bird bird, lizard, salamander, fish

fish, salamander, lizard, bird

In 2007, research confirmed the existence of hormones that control the timing of flowering. These hormones are called auxins. ethylenes. cytokinins. florigens. abscisic acids.

florigens.

What phenomenon is illustrated in the figure? phototropism thigmotropism apicotropism gravitropism

gravitropism

A plant, such as an iris, that reproduces asexually most of the time probably forms spores. is found in a changing environment. has offspring that live in the same environment as the parents. produces offspring that move into new environments. lacks the ability to make flowers.

has offspring that live in the same environment as the parents

Alveoli have a moist surface. are thick-walled. are not permeable to dissolved oxygen. are found in gills. are blind sacs that extend from tracheae.

have a moist surface

Interferon kills bacteria. helps cells resist viral infection. causes fever. causes inflammation.

helps cells resist viral infection.

What would happen if Casparian strips were not present and water and minerals could pass between endodermal cells of the plant root rather than through endodermal cells? A. Minerals would leak back out of the extracellular space of the vascular cylinder as fast as they were pumped into it. B. Root hairs would lose their ability to take up minerals. C. Too much energy would be needed to move the minerals between endodermal cells. D. An increased concentration gradient of the minerals in the extracellular space of the vascular cylinder would be better maintained. E. The minerals would enter the conduction vessels of the vascular cylinder much more rapidly.

A. Minerals would leak back out of the extracellular space of the vascular cylinder as fast as they were pumped into it.

Based on the leaflike sepals in the flower shown in the figure and on the other visible characteristics, this flower is an A. complete dicot flower B. incomplete monocot flower C. complete monocot flower D. incomplete dicot flower

A. complete dicot flower

Which of the following is a common function of stems but NOT of roots? A. support B. storage C. absorption D. anchorage

A. support

Which of the following tissues is used for energy storage? Adipose Blood Cartilage Dense connective Epithelial

Adipose

Which of the following represents the correct air pathway during exhalation? Trachea, larynx, bronchi, alveoli, bronchioles Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli Bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli, trachea, larynx Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, larynx, trachea

Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, larynx, trachea

Based on the nutritional label in this figure, which of the following is needed in the greatest quantity (or activity) to thoroughly digest this food? Bile Lipases Proteases Peptidases Amylase

Amylase

What is the correct sequence of blood vessels from the heart through the body and back to the heart? Veins, venules, capillaries, arterioles, arteries Arterioles, arteries, capillaries, veins, venules Arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, capillaries Veins, venules, arteries, arterioles, capillaries Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Cells that produce antibodies and provide future immunity against similar pathogens are dendritic cells. natural killer cells. mast cells. B cells. T cells.

B cells.

Grass flowers pack petals and sepals. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. These flowers are pollinated at night, so they don't benefit from showy petals or sepals. B. They are incomplete flowers lacking one or more floral parts. C. They are pollinated by flies, which don't require showy, scented petals. D. They are imperfect flowers lacking stamen or carpals.

B. They are incomplete flowers lacking one or more floral parts.

How are cardiac and smooth muscles similar? Both have only thin protein filaments. Both are typically under conscious control. Both are involuntary. Both are connected to bones. Both use cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) as an energy source.

Both are involuntary.

Which of these structures is analogous in function to the tracheoles of insects? Body surface of a flatworm Bronchi of a human Skin of an earthworm Gills of a fish

Bronchi of a human

In north-central Florida, the cars, homes, streets, and ponds are covered with an impressive coating of bright yellow dust every spring. Upon closer, microscopic examination, the yellow "dust" turns out to be pollen grains. This area of Florida has pine trees, showy daytime-flowering plants, and often-unnoticed nighttime-flowering plants, with sweet-scented flowers, releasing pollen at the same time of year. Based on this information, which group of plants do you think is responsible for the yellow pollen? Why? A. The daytime-flowering plants are responsible. Because they spend energy producing showy flowers that attract animal pollinators, daytime-flowering plants need to produce lots of pollen for the animals to eat. B. The nighttime-flowering plants are responsible. Because they spend energy producing sweet-scented flowers that attract bat and moth pollinators, nighttime-flowering plants need to produce lots of pollen for the bats and moths to eat. C. The pines are responsible, because conifers are pollinated by wind and must produce enormous amounts of pollen in order to ensure that some of it reaches the female cones.

C. The pines are responsible, because conifers are pollinated by wind and must produce enormous amounts of pollen in order to ensure that some of it reach the female cones

The ________ mechanism explains the movement of water and minerals through xylem. A. translocation B. bulk-flow C. cohesion-tension D. pressure-flow E. assisted diffusion

C. cohesion-tension

Wolves, seals, and cats have enlarged canines and molars designed for shearing rather than grinding or chewing. How would you classify these animals on the basis of the type of teeth they possess? Omnivores Carnivores Ruminants Herbivores

Carnivores

What happens if homeostasis is NOT maintained? Organisms function better. Cellular metabolism is unchanged. Cells begin dividing uncontrollably. Cells lose the ability to carry out normal functions. Organisms stop using negative feedback loops.

Cells lose the ability to carry out normal functions.

Several chemical pollutants from a paper mill are released into the nearby environment. Compound A is rich in calcium and magnesium. Compound B binds tightly to all free polypeptides and proteins in the soil. Compound C is structurally similar to abscisic acid. Based on this scenario, which compound will most likely harm the surrounding vegetation, and what effect(s) will it have on the plants? Compound B, because it ties up free polypeptides and proteins in the soil, preventing their uptake by plants, which is critical for plant growth. Compound C, because abscisic acid inhibits the active transport of potassium ions and thus closes the stomata, which will interfere with CO2 uptake and H2O transport. Compound A, because these minerals will act as toxins to the plant as they are absorbed through the roots.

Compound C, because abscisic acid inhibits the active transport of potassium ions and thus closes the stomata, which will interfere with CO2 uptake and H2O transport.

_________ cells that convert sugar to starch in mature roots are part of the _______ tissue system. A. xylem; vascular B. phloem; vascular C. periderm; dermal D. parenchyma; ground E. companion; ground

D. parenchyma; ground

A plant, by opening and closing its stomata, must achieve a balance between A. oxygen loss and water uptake B. carbon dioxide loss and sugar uptake C. sugar loss and oxygen uptake D. water loss and carbon dioxide uptake E. carbon dioxide upstate and oxygen loss

D. water loss and carbon dioxide uptake

Which type of animal would you dissect to locate a nephridium? Flatworm Earthworm Reptile Insect Bird

Earthworm

In addition to the nervous system, which vertebrate organ system controls physiological processes in animals? Reproductive Skeletal Muscular Endocrine Respiratory

Endocrine

Because of the freezing temperatures of the deep ocean, all deep-sea fish must be endotherms. True False

False

Cardiac muscle requires input from the nervous system to contract. True False

False

Of the following answer choices, which would NOT be found in a closed circulatory system? Blood Vessels Hemocoel Heart

Hemocoel

Which of the following best explains why anabolic steroid abuse by male athletes can lead to a decrease in testes size? Circulating anabolic steroids increase the release of FSH and LH, which slow down growth and function of the testes. Circulating anabolic steroids decrease the release of FSH and LH, which slow down growth and function of the testes. High levels of anabolic steroids decrease the production of testosterone through negative feedback, which decreases the size of the testes. High levels of anabolic steroids increase the production of testosterone through positive feedback, which decreases the size of the testes. High levels of anabolic steroids cause the adrenal glands to release more estrogen.

High levels of anabolic steroids decrease the production of testosterone through negative feedback, which decreases the size of the testes.

What is the effect of increased levels of parathyroid hormone? Increased blood calcium levels Decreased blood calcium levels Increased metabolism Decreased metabolism Increased estrogen levels

Increased blood calcium levels

Which of the following predictions is the most accurate about a person who has normal external barriers and specific internal defenses but lacks nonspecific internal defenses? He will have many more infections than normal. Invading microbes will be able to enter through the respiratory tract. He won't get sick because the external barriers will keep out pathogens. He won't get sick because the specific defenses will kill invading pathogens.

Invading microbes will be able to enter through the respiratory tract.

________ plants bloom only when the duration of uninterrupted darkness is shorter than a critical length. Neutral-day Long-day Short-day Gibberellin-regulated Phytochrome-system

Long-day

When Europeans first came to North America, one of the most disastrous impacts on native populations was the introduction of "Old World diseases." These diseases, such as smallpox, influenza, and plague, devastated the Native American population as the number of settlers grew steadily. One author has called this "the greatest human catastrophe in history, far exceeding . . . the Black Death of Medieval Europe." Based on this scenario and what you know about the immune system, what can you conclude about the Native American and European populations? Native American immune systems were inherently inferior to those of the Europeans and were not capable of developing immunity to the same microbes. Native American immune systems had not evolved in the presence of these novel microbes and were at a great disadvantage when exposed to them over a relatively short period of time. Native Americans were genetically vulnerable to these diseases, which are not caused by microbes. The Europeans had been vaccinated against all of these diseases.

Native American immune systems had not evolved in the presence of these novel microbes and were at a great disadvantage when exposed to them over a relatively short period of time.

After seeds were planted, some of the seedlings did not emerge from the soil. Is it possible they did not grow because some of the seeds were planted upside down? No; auxins in the shoots cause curvature away from gravity. No; sunlight penetrates soil to the depth of seeds and shoots grow toward the sunlight. Yes; if the seed was oriented so that the embryonic shoot pointed down, it would grow in that direction because sunlight doesn't reach it. Yes; after seeds are planted, water and settling of the soil may cause them to shift in their orientation. No; gibberellins and abscisic acid, in balanced concentrations, cause shoots to grow away from gravity.

No; auxins in the shoots cause curvature away from gravity.

Which of the following characteristics helps differentiate between a monocot and a dicot? Presence or absence of an apical meristem Presence or absence of pollen grains Number of flower parts Seeds covered by a fruit Presence of vascular tissue

Number of flower parts

Steroid hormones can diffuse into all cells of the body; however, not all cells respond to steroid hormones. Why? Only cells containing cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors to the steroid hormone can respond. Only cells displaying plasma membrane receptors can respond to a lipid-soluble hormone. Not all cells contain the genes necessary to respond to steroid hormones. Only cells with surface protein receptors can respond to steroid hormones. Not all cells are lipid soluble and therefore they cannot respond to steroid hormones.

Only cells containing cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors to the steroid hormone can respond.

Which of the following statements about gas exchange in animals with interacting circulatory and respiratory systems is FALSE? Air or water moves across the respiratory surface by bulk flow. Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through respiratory membranes by diffusion. Oxygen is actively transported into the circulatory system. Gases are transported in the circulatory system by the bulk flow of blood. Carbon dioxide moves from the tissues into the blood by diffusion.

Oxygen is actively transported into the circulatory system.

Which of the following causes cervical dilation and helps stimulate uterine contractions during labor? Estrogen Progesterone Oxytocin Prostaglandins Acetylcholine

Oxytocin

What happens to phytochromes after several days of dark, rainy weather? Pr stimulates flowering. Pr and Pfr become unstable and both are destroyed. Pr absorbs darkness and converts to Pfr. Pr and Pfr are both formed from inactive phytochrome. Pfr spontaneously reverts to Pr.

Pfr spontaneously reverts to Pr.

Which of the following defense cells are able to squeeze through the intact walls of capillaries into the tissues to attack and ingest invading microbes? Phagocytes Lymphocytes Mast cells Natural killer cells B cells

Phagocytes

Which of the following structures has both a digestive and a respiratory role? Esophagus Stomach Pharynx Larynx Nose

Pharynx

Which of the following is the correct order of the tissues in a young dicot stem, from the center of the stem outward? Cortex → xylem → vascular cambium → phloem → pith → epidermis Pith → xylem → vascular cambium → phloem → cortex → epidermis Cortex → vascular cambium → xylem → phloem → epidermis → pith Pith → cortex → phloem → xylem → vascular cambium → epidermis Pith → phloem → cortex → xylem → vascular cambium → epidermis

Pith → xylem → vascular cambium → phloem → cortex → epidermis

In a healthy kidney, glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed into the blood at which location in the nephron? Ureter Proximal tubule Distal tubule Nephron loop Glomerulus

Proximal tubule

What is the process by which water and nutrients are removed from the filtrate and returned to the blood? Secretion Reabsorption Filtration Excretion Elimination

Reabsorption

Which of these blood cells have no nucleus in mammals? Red blood cells White blood cells Lymphocytes All blood cells in mammals lack nuclei.

Red blood cells

Which of the following events initiates the process of exhalation? Contraction of the diaphragm Expansion of the lungs Contraction of the intercostal (rib) muscles Relaxation of the diaphragm

Relaxation of the diaphragm

Which of the following is closest to the external surface of the kidney? Renal pelvis Renal cortex Renal medulla Nephron loops Collecting ducts

Renal cortex

Which of the following correctly traces the path of urine? Renal pelvis → urethra → bladder → ureter Renal pelvis → ureter → bladder → urethra Renal pelvis → uterus → bladder → urethra Renal pelvis → bladder → ureter → urethra Ureter → urethra → bladder → renal pelvis

Renal pelvis → ureter → bladder → urethra

Which of the following is (are) produced by the kidney and is (are) important in the regulation of blood pressure? Erythropoietin Aldosterone only ADH only Renin and angiotensin Aldosterone and ADH

Renin and angiotensin

Southern Copperhead snake venom contains a protein called disintegrin. Disintegrins bind to a class of membrane receptors called integrins. Platelets use integrin receptors to aggregate at a site of tissue damage. Why does the snake venom contain this molecule? After the snake bites its prey, the molecule helps in wound healing. The molecule helps kill the snake's prey by producing large clots that travel in the body and produce heart attacks and strokes. The molecule interferes with clot formation so that the venom can travel more efficiently from the site of the bite to the rest of the body. By binding to the platelets, the molecule inhibits the formation of fibrin.

The molecule interferes with clot formation so that the venom can travel more efficiently from the site of the bite to the rest of the body.

Why does removing an overripe, mushy apple from a container of otherwise good apples help preserve the good apples? The overripe apple makes ethylene gas, which can cause the good apples to ripen more quickly than usual. Gibberellins help preserve the good apples. The production of cytokinins is inhibited in the remaining good apples. Chemicals in the overripe apple stimulate the conversion of sugar to starch in the good apples. Ethylene production in the good apples is inhibited by the lack of ethylene production in the overripe apple.

The overripe apple makes ethylene gas, which can cause the good apples to ripen more quickly than usual.

What is the evolutionary significance of a flower that has large, brightly colored petals? Such flowers produce only microspores or megaspores, not both. Such plants are usually self-pollinators and do not rely on external factors for pollination. In general, these are aquatic plants, and water aids in their pollination, regardless of color and odor. The wind is a significant factor in pollination, especially because of the large petals. These flowers attract pollinators that are animals.

These flowers attract pollinators that are animals.

Which of the following is NOT a feature shared by all animal respiratory surfaces? They are moist. They have large surface area. They are thin. They are associated with capillary beds.

They are associated with capillary beds.

How do endocrine hormones affect their target cells? They cause changes in cell metabolism only. They affect gene transcription only. They cause changes in cell metabolism and/or gene transcription. They stimulate the synthesis of glycogen. They increase the permeability of the target cell.

They cause changes in cell metabolism and/or gene transcription.

How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries? They contain red blood cells. They have a wall only one cell layer thick. They have "dead ends." They are made by lymphocytes. They contain plasma.

They have "dead ends."

A student athlete suffered an injury while playing softball and subsequently has pain in her shoulder. Her doctor prescribes cortisone, a strong anti-inflammatory steroid. When filling the prescription, the pharmacist warns her that an increased risk of contracting a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia, is associated with the use of steroids. Based on your knowledge of the immune system and on the information in this scenario, what do you conclude about anti-inflammatory steroids? They interfere with mast cell function. They inhibit a part of the nonspecific immune response. They cause a temporary condition similar to an autoimmune disease. They stimulate bacterial reproduction.

They inhibit a part of the nonspecific immune response.

What is the role of valves in the veins? They keep blood from flowing backward when the veins are squeezed by skeletal muscles. They push the blood upward toward the heart. They slow blood flow in the veins so that the blood can move more slowly in the capillaries. They block the flow of blood to the heart until it has time to contract again. They push the blood back toward the capillaries so that all the oxygen can be removed.

They keep blood from flowing backward when the veins are squeezed by skeletal muscles.

Suppose you have some seeds that refuse to germinate when placed in moist soil. What could you do to encourage the seeds to germinate? Boil them. Put them in direct sunlight. Treat them with auxin. Treat them with gibberellin. Treat them with abscisic acid.

Treat them with gibberellin.

What are the results of double fertilization? Triploid endosperm and diploid zygote Egg cell and sperm cell Embryo sac and pollen sac Diploid zygote and diploid endosperm A zygote and an embryo

Triploid endosperm and diploid zygote

Fishes have a two-chambered heart, a single atrium, and a single ventricle. True False

True

The surface area of all respiratory systems must be large compared with the size of the animal involved because diffusion is a relatively slow process. True False

True

Thrombin catalyzes the conversion of the plasma protein fibrinogen into fibrin. True False

True

The immature angiosperm pollen grain consists of a tube cell and a generative cell that will divide to produce ________ sperm cells. three four one two

Two

Which of the following nitrogenous waste products is the least toxic, but requires the most energy to produce? Uric acid Urea Ammonia Urine

Uric acid

The American holly tree requires a "male" tree and a "female" tree to produce red berries in the winter, which indicates that the male flowers lack ________ and the female flowers lack ________. carpels; stamens petals; ovules sepals; anthers petals; carpels anthers; stamens

carpels; stamens

Connective tissues include lymph, ligaments, tendons, and cardiac muscle. exocrine glands. skin cells. cartilage. vessel linings.

cartilage.

During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and becomes dome-shaped. relaxes and becomes dome-shaped. contracts and flattens. relaxes and flattens.

contracts and flattens

The human heart contains cells that do all of the following EXCEPT contract. respond to signals from the nervous system. generate electrical signals. create new red blood cells.

create new red blood cells.

The ideal Christmas tree has a conical shape. The top of the tree is pointed and narrow, with clear apical dominance, and the bottom of the tree is wide, with extensive lateral branching. Certain evergreen species are suitable for use as Christmas trees because they have this shape normally and thus require little pruning or training as they grow. For example, spruces and firs are often grown as Christmas trees, whereas yews and longleaf pines are not. Based on this information, spruces and firs are likely to have low levels of auxins near the top and low levels of cytokinins at the bottom of the tree. high levels of auxins near the top and low levels of cytokinins at the bottom of the tree. low levels of auxins near the top and high levels of cytokinins at the bottom of the tree. high levels of auxins near the top and high levels of cytokinins at the bottom of the tree.

high levels of auxins near the top and high levels of cytokinins at the bottom of the tree.

In stratified epithelium, such as the epidermis of the skin, cell division occurs in the surface cell layer only. in the cells at the base layer only. in the basement membrane only. throughout all the layers.

in the cells at the base layer only.

In vertebrates, which heart chamber supplies oxygenated blood to the body cells? right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle

left ventricle

If a plant is living under conditions that limit root growth, shoot growth is stimulated, due to less cytokinin being produced by the root. limited as well, due to more auxin being produced by the apical meristem. stimulated, due to more auxin being produced by the apical meristem. limited as well, due to less cytokinin being produced by the root. unaffected by the amount of root growth.

limited as well, due to less cytokinin being produced by the root.

Large amounts of extracellular material are characteristic of simple epithelium. stratified epithelium. loose connective tissue. nervous tissue. smooth muscle.

loose connective tissue

The descending limb of the nephron loop is not permeable to water. is permeable to salt and urea. pulls water from the renal medulla to make the filtrate more dilute. loses water to the medulla as the filtrate becomes more concentrated. responds to high levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the blood.

loses water to the medulla as the filtrate becomes more concentrated.

________ results in the production of spores in flowering plants. mitosis fertilization germination meiosis spermatogenesis

meiosis

Last summer a bee stung you for the first time. You developed only a small area of redness and swelling at the site. However, if you are stung again and have a severe reaction that occurs more rapidly, you know that this is due to the activation of memory cells. cytotoxic T cells. complement. helper T cells. tissue macrophages.

memory cells.

All bacteria and viruses are antibodies. microbes. pathogens. causes of cancer. plasma cells.

microbes.

Sodium and potassium are minerals that are important in blood clotting. muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction. the production of hemoglobin. the development of strong bones and teeth. the replication of DNA.

muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction.

Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors located ________ of the target cell. in the nucleus in the cytoplasm on the plasma membrane on the mitochondria on DNA

on the plasma membrane

All of the following are processes that occur during angiosperm reproduction EXCEPT the tube cell produces the pollen tube. one megaspore degenerates, and the other three divide once to produce the six-celled embryo sac. the microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid microspores. the generative cell forms two sperm cells via mitosis. the megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores.

one megaspore degenerates, and the other three divide once to produce the six-celled embryo sac.

Groups of tissues that function together form a(n) organ. organ system. system. individual. gland.

organ

Together, the stomach, intestines, mouth, and esophagus form a(n) organ. tissue. cell. organ system. ectotherm.

organ system.

Under the influence of hormones, branch roots emerge from the ________ of a growing root. central cylinder pericycle Casparian strip epidermis endodermis

pericycle

In a dicot stem, the ________ is between the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. cork apical meristem phloem pith xylem

phloem

Which of the following is "male" in the life cycle of angiosperms? seed cone megaspore mother cell embryo sac pollen grain endosperm

pollen grain

Hypertension damages the lining of the arterioles of the kidneys, which results in the release of molecules that further raise blood pressure. This is an example of a(n) negative feedback loop. positive feedback loop. controlling mechanism. uncontrolled mechanism. electrochemical mechanism.

positive feedback loop.

When you scratch a mosquito bite, you damage some cells. Damaged cells release histamine, which causes localized swelling that can crush additional cells, causing the release of more histamine. This is an example of positive feedback. negative feedback. neurotransmitter activity.

positive feedback.

White blood cells carry oxygen in blood. protect the body from microbes. are formed in the spleen. clot blood.

protect the body from microbes.

The major function of the large intestine is to digest food. produce digestive enzymes. make bile. reabsorb water. neutralize chyme.

reabsorb water.

Local hormones are released from one cell and transferred via the blood to target cells throughout the body. released from a nerve cell and then diffuse across a synaptic gap to influence the target cells. released by a cell into the surrounding interstitial fluid and affect only other nearby cells. electrical signals that move between adjacent cells. released from gap junctions directly into the cytoplasm of the connected cell.

released by a cell into the surrounding interstitial fluid and affect only other nearby cells.

Cutting a hedge with a trimmer stimulates it to become bushy because removing the lateral buds results in apical dominance under the influence of cytokinins. removing the apical meristems makes less ethylene, which stimulates lateral branches to grow. removing the apical meristems makes more auxin, which stimulates lateral branch buds to grow. removing the apical meristems results in less auxin, which results in more lateral branch growth.

removing the apical meristems results in less auxin, which results in more lateral branch growth.

On the tip of the root, the apical meristem forms the ________, which prevents the meristem from being worn away as it pushes through the soil. cortex endodermis root cap pericycle epidermis

root cap

Amylase is produced by the salivary glands only. small intestine only. pancreas only. salivary glands and pancreas. salivary glands, small intestine, and pancreas.

salivary glands and pancreas.

In vascular plants, sugar solutions and hormones are transported through tubes constructed of cells called tracheids. companion cells. plasmodesmata. sieve-tube elements. vessels elements.

sieve-tube elements.

An artificial pacemaker is a device that replaces the actions of the sinoatrial node. atrioventricular node. atria. ventricles.

sinoatrial node

During the spring, newly emerging leaves are sugar ________ and tree roots are sugar ________. sources; sources sinks; sources sinks; sinks sources; sinks

sources; sinks

The sexual life cycle of plants is described as alternation of generations because it alternates between flowers and spores. reproductive plants and vegetative plants. male plants and female plants. eggs and sperm. sporophytes and gametophytes.

sporophytes and gametophytes.

The adrenal medulla produces hormones in response to signals from the anterior pituitary. signals from the posterior pituitary. reduced blood levels of thyroxine. light. stress or exercise.

stress or exercise.

An emergency room physician has withdrawn blood from a vessel in your arm. The dark red color of the blood indicates that it was taken from an artery. going away from the heart. taken from a vein. on its way to the tissues of the arm. coming from the lungs.

taken from a vein.

Senescence in plants usually involves the formation of an abscission layer. the presence of cytokinins. the development of photosynthetic enzymes. shade from other plants. apical dominance.

the formation of an abscission layer.

All of the following are true statements about the lymphatic system EXCEPT that lymphatic vessels resemble veins because they have valves. the lymphatic system returns fluids to the bloodstream. the lymphatic system transports carbohydrates from the small intestine to the blood. the lymphatic system helps defend the body against disease.

the lymphatic system transports carbohydrates from the small intestine to the blood.

Plasma that leaks out of the blood in the capillary beds is returned to the venous circulation by the small intestine. suppressor B cells. the lymphatic system. the inflammatory response.

the lymphatic system.

What would you expect to be missing in a plant that exhibits primary growth but not secondary growth? an expanded root system An elongated stem flowers vascular tissue thick woody branches

thick woody branches

Pea plant tendrils wrapping around a string demonstrate thigmotropism gravitropism. lumitropism. amylotropism phototropism.

thigmotropism

The left ventricle is more muscular than the right ventricle because it must push the blood through the pulmonary arteries only. through the body's extensive system of vessels that nourish all cells. against gas pressure in the lungs. through wider blood vessels.

through the body's extensive system of vessels that nourish all cells.

It is important that the atrioventricular (AV) node produce a delay between the contraction of the atria and the contraction of the ventricles because this allows the heart to rest for a brief period of time. ventricles to fill to capacity. atria to contract in smooth synchrony. ventricles to contract in smooth synchrony.

ventricles to fill to capacity.

A ________ person has the highest energy expenditure at rest. moderately physically active moderately sedentary very physically active, muscular very sedentary, overweight

very physically active, muscular