Bio Final
What is moving down the axon during an action potential? Ions, which are diffusing towards the synapse A wave of depolarization Synaptic vesicles Bulk flow of solutes
A wave of depolarization
A bone with length of 10 cm and a cross sectional area of 20 cm2 becomes 1 cm shorter (delta L) when 5 pounds of force is applied. If another bone is made of the same material and is the same length, but has a cross sectional area of 40 cm2, how much shorter will it become (delta L) if 5 pounds of force is applied? 2 cm 1 cm .5 cm .25 cm
.5 cm
Which of the following was a benefit of evolving neurons (check all that apply)? Neurons enabled animals to coordinate sensing, movement, and eating. Neurons enabled organisms to use chemical bulk flow for sending signals through the circulatory system. Neurons enabled organisms to send signals long distances across large bodies. Neurons enables organisms to sense, integrate and respond for the first time.
1, 3
How long would it take fructose to diffuse .1 cm across a cell if its diffusion coefficient is 5 x 10-4 cm2/s? a. 5 seconds b. 10 seconds c. 50 seconds d. 100 seconds
10
If the elastic extensibility of a ligament is 5.5% and it is 10 cm, how many cm long will it be when it starts to become plastic and deforms?
10.55 cm
A typical tendon has a strength of 16000 pounds per square inch (psi). Let's assume the Achilles tendon is roughly rectangular in cross section with dimension of .4 inches x .2 inches. You can use this to calculate the force at which the Achilles tendon will start to fail. At what force might the Achilles tendon start to fail (in pounds, lb)?
1280
Which of the following scenarios would lead to a negative membrane potential? Assume for each case that the appropriate leaky channel is present in the cell's membrane (select all that apply). K+ concentration outside cell > inside K+ concentration inside cell > outside Cl- concentration outside cell > inside Cl- concentration inside cell > outside
2, 3
You are studying mountain goats and want to know how body mass (dependent variable) depends on male horn length (independent variable). What is your isometric expectation for the scaling exponent b? 1/3 1/2 2 3
3
For a series of pill bugs (isopods) of different sizes, if you were to plot volume (y axis) versus cross sectional area (x axis) on a log-log plot, the slope would be: 2/3 if the bugs were isometric 3/2 if the bugs were isometric 3/2 if the bugs were allometric 1 if the bugs were isometric
3/2 if the bugs were isometric
What would be the Velocity Ratio (VR) of a lever with the distance from the load to the fulcrum = 10cm and the distance from the muscle to the fulcrum = 2 cm?
5
Initially, plaque build up in arteries will only occlude a small fraction of the flow. If the artery diameter is only 90% of normal (reduced by 10%) , how much will the flow rate be compared to normal? 90% 72% 65% 30%
65
Why is it important that the vents were alkaline for the "in Rockio" theory of the origin of life? A. There was a proton (H+) gradient between the outside and inside of the pores. B. It could explain the origin of ATP synthase C. The ocean is cold A + B B + C
A + B
In a redox reaction A. The donor molecule loses electrons to become oxidized. B. The donor molecule gives up electrons to become reduced. C. The acceptor molecule gains electrons to become oxidized. D. The acceptor molecule gains electrons to become reduced. B + C A + D
A + D
What have angiosperms manipulated animals to do for them? A. Sexual reproduction B. Grow leaves C. Dig holes for roots D. Disperse seeds B + C A + D
A + D
An organism that uses inorganic molecules to produce its energy and which can directly fix carbon from simple inorganic carbon molecules would be: A chemolithoautotroph A photoautotroph A chemoorganoauthotroph A chemolithoheterotroph
A chemolithoautotroph
What does a sensory neuron NOT necessarily need to generate a signal? Ions with concentration gradients A leaky channel A long axon Neurotransmitter output
A long axon
When do spontaneous reactions occur? They can happen if the reactants have enough energy to get over any energy barrier. If delta G of the reaction is negative they always happen immediately. They never happen.
They can happen if the reactants have enough energy to get over any energy barrier.
What would you expect the scaling coefficient (b) to be when comparing the growth of an organisms surface area (Y) when compared to its mass (X) if it is scaling isometrically? b = 3/2 b = 2/3 b =1 b = 3
b = 2/3
n glycolysis, which of the following reactants is becoming reduced? a. glucose b. NAD+ c. ATP d. NADH
b. NAD+
The tissue that differs in ploidy (chromosome number) between the gymnosperm and angiosperm life cycles following fertilization is the: embryo endosperm seed coat
endosperm
What causes the membrane potential to start to shift from the resting membrane potential before the action potential is triggered? ion channels open in the dendrites in response to some stimulus ion channels open in the cell body in response to some stimulus ion channels open in the axon in response to some stimulus ion channels open in the synapse in response to some stimulus
ion channels open in the dendrites in response to some stimulus
Crabs utilize gills on land and in the water. What structural modifications does that likely require? the use of stomates to let in oxygen some internal structure to keep gills from collapsing in air a strong carapace to protect the appendages long antennae to sense which medium they are in
some internal structure to keep gills from collapsing in air
We say that cephalochordates (lancelets) have pharyngeal "gill" slits. Why is "gill" in quotations? the gill is named for Professor Gill the gill does not perform the normal breathing function of a gill the gill is not really in the pharyngeal cavity
the gill does not perform the normal breathing function of a gill
What makes a mammalian lung less ideal than a bird lung (select all that apply)? the mammalian lung has unidirectional flow the mammalian lung has bidirectional flow the mammalian lung has uniform (mixed) pool gas exchange the mammalian lung has countercurrent gas exchange
the mammalian lung has bidirectional flow the mammalian lung has uniform (mixed) pool gas exchange
Which of the following eukaryotic organelles is not thought to have an endosymbiotic origin? the nucleus chloroplast mitochondrion
the nucleus
Free energy differs from total energy because: It doesn't cost any money. It is available to do work. It only includes the heat flow in the system It freely flows through the system
It is available to do work.
TRUE/FALSE: The diffusion rate is equal to the diffusive flux multiplied by the area that the molecules diffuse through.
T
Which of the following FALSELY describe how fMRI works. Signals from molecules in the brain can be spatially imaged in 3D. Comparisons of brains doing an activity versus one that is inactive can identify regions important in performing that activity. fMRI is unable to determine the brain location of emotions. fMRI can be used to show that monetary rewards stimulate the nucleus accumbens.
fMRI is unable to determine the brain location of emotions.
Which of the following is a characteristic that archaea differs from bacteria ? having no nuclear membrane having histones having a circular chromosome having a 70S sized ribosome
having histones
Compare the relative diffusion coefficient of oxygen in the following three habitats in Yellowstone National Park: A. cold spring B. hot spring C. hot, thick, muddy slurry of mud pot Assuming the temperature of the hot regions are close to 350 K and the cold spring is around 290 K. Assuming the viscosity of the slurries in the mud pots is 2x that in spring water.
hot spring highest, cold spring, hot thick muddy slurry of mud pot
Male fiddler crabs claw length (Y) grows much larger in proportion to their body length (X) as they get increase in size, resulting in giant claws for the large males. What is true about the scaling exponent (b) in the scaling equation describing claw length vs body length as they grow? it is isometric, b= 1 it is positively isometric, b > 1 it is isometric, b = 2 it is negatively isometric, b < 1
it is positively isometric, b > 1
Which of these tissue types is not part of a flower? carpel petals sepals phloems stamens
phloems
Which of the following is NOT a key body parts of a mollusc? proboscis muscular foot visceral mass mantle
proboscis
Which of these is NOT true about the ABC model of floral development? Carpels are formed when the C gene is expressed only Petals only form when B and A gene expression overlap C and A expression can happen in the same cell Differences in flower types are usually the result of differences in ABC gene expression
C and A expression can happen in the same cell
Which of the levers described below would give a Mechanical Advantage (MA): A) distance from fulcrum to load 20 cm, distance from muscle to fulcrum: 10 cm B) distance from fulcrum to load 20 cm, distance from muscle to fulcrum: 20 cm C) distance from fulcrum to load 5 cm, distance from muscle to fulcrum: 20 cm D) distance from fulcrum to load 200 cm, distance from muscle to fulcrum: 50 cm
C) distance from fulcrum to load 5 cm, distance from muscle to fulcrum: 20 cm
What is the role of stomates in a plant gas exchange system? providing a waxy cuticle to prevent evaporation providing an open pathway for water loss providing a regulated pathway for CO2 influx providing surface area for oxygen diffusion out of the guard cells
providing a regulated pathway for CO2 influx
Obtaining oxygen from air is easier than from water in many ways. Which of the following is NOT a feature in making oxygen uptake easier in air? relative oxygen concentration is higher in air relative viscosity is lower in air relative diffusion coefficient is lower in air relative density is lower in air
relative diffusion coefficient is lower in air
Which of these materials do you predict to have the highest elastic modulus (E)? foam marshmallow teeth skin
teeth
At mammalian body temperature, the Goldman equation is given by Eion=62mVlogPK[K+]out+PNa[Na+]out+PCl[Cl−]inPK[K+]in+PNa[Na+]in+PCl[Cl−]out If there is no membrane permeability for sodium or chlorine, what does this equation basically reduce to? the Nernst equation for K the Nernst equation for Na the Nernst equation for Cl it isn't possible to calculate this
the Nernst equation for K
Some of the challenges for gas exchange in aquatic single celled organisms include: the surface area/ volume ratio the diffusion distance the concentration of oxygen the size of membrane
the concentration of oxygen
Why is counter-current exchange better than co-current exchange for oxygen uptake? the initial diffusion rate is higher the transfer surface area is higher the initial oxygen concentration is higher the final blood oxygen concentration is higher
the final blood oxygen concentration is higher
The biggest difference between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria is the color of their nucleus the thickness of their membrane the thickness of their cell wall the charge on their membrane
the thickness of their cell wall
Which of the following plant tissues forms the secondary xylem and phloem? the leaves the cork cambium the root tip the vascular cambium the epidermis
the vascular cambium
Why does the action potential only go in one direction? the voltage gated sodium channels become inactivated the voltage gated potassium channels become inactivated the voltage gated calcium channels become inactivated neurons can only fire once every second
the voltage gated sodium channels become inactivated
The alveoli in the lungs transport oxygen across the thickness of the sac membranes. If this thickness doubles, the diffusion time would would be cut in four would be cut in half would increase by four times as much would increase by twice as much
would increase by four times as much
Why is an electron transport chain so useful to organisms? It enables them to capture large quantities of energy in small packets. It captures electrons and stores them in packages. It is a key part of fermentation so that organisms can generate acids.. The captured electrons can perform glycolysis
It enables them to capture large quantities of energy in small packets.
ATP is a great source of energy that enable organisms to do work. What kind(s) of work is it used for? It can only be used for chemical work, phosphorylating metabolites. It can only be used for physical work, phosphorylating proteins. It phosphorylates metabolites to perform chemical work and proteins to perform physical work. ATP is only useful for when you want to lift weights at the gym.
It phosphorylates metabolites to perform chemical work and proteins to perform physical work.
Which of the following kinds of gas exchange systems do NOT occur in Ecdysozoans? Negative displacement lungs book "lungs" gills trachea
Negative displacement lungs
Which of the following is not typically part of a prokaryotic cell? Nucleoid Ribosome Nuclear membrane Cell membrane Cell wall
Nuclear membrane
Which of the following shows the conversion important in aerobic respiration? Fe3+ => Fe2+ NO3- => NO2- SO4 => H2S O2 => H2O
O2 => H2O
A reaction that is exergonic AND spontaneous Never happens Only occurs if the reactants have enough energy to get over the activation barrier Always happens and occurs immediately Will only occur if coupled to an endergonic reaction
Only occurs if the reactants have enough energy to get over the activation barrier
Growth of different body parts can show different allometric relationships depending on the actual comparison. Comparing the growth of the head versus the body can show negative allometry while comparing the growth of the body versus the head can show positive allometry. T/F
T
TRUE / FALSE : Prokaryotes are more metabolically diverse than eukaryotes.
T
TRUE/FALSE: Carl Woese studied the phylogenetic relationships using the rRNA gene because there weren't many morphological characters that could distinguish different prokaryotic groups.
T
TRUE/FALSE: Cyanobacteria had a major impact on the earth's early atmosphere.
T
TRUE/FALSE: Pathogenicity islands are often inherited through lateral gene transfer (LGT) so many unrelated bacteria have the same genes that encode for the same exotoxin secretion systems.
T
True or false? "Martin and Koonin proposed that nuclear envelope evolved to help eukaryotes separate the splicing of mRNA from the translation of proteins" True False
T
True/ False: Fungi may have been important for helping plants colonize land as they acted as co-symbionts to overcome the harsh environment.
T
True/ False: Membranes form spontaneously from phospholipid monomers because bringing the monomers close together frees up the water molecules that surrounded them. This decreases the entropy of assembly of the monomers, but increases to a greater extent the entropy of the water molecules. True False
T
What was the amazing discovery made by Carl Woese? That ribosomal DNA was highly conserved. That all organisms have ribosomal DNA That prokaryotes were different from eukaryotes. That archaens were a unique form of prokaryotes more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria.
That archaens were a unique form of prokaryotes more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria.
A human baby's head seems really big compared to an adult. Which of the following is the most accurate explanation for why that is? A baby's head actually shrinks as it grows up. This is inverse allometry. The baby's head stays the same mass as the child grows. That makes the head appear bigger in the baby. The baby's head does actually grow substantially, but it does so more slowly than the body as a whole. This is negative allometry. The baby's head starts out big, and it actually grows faster than the body as a whole, so that by adulthood it's absolutely and proportionally freakin' enormous. This is positive allometry.
The baby's head does actually grow substantially, but it does so more slowly than the body as a whole. This is negative allometry.
What can happen when a cancer cell does not have proliferation inhibition? The cell will die The cell will become metastasized The cell will change its extracellular environment The cell will divide uncontrollably
The cell will divide uncontrollably
A lever system will have mechanical advantage (the crow bar principle) when The distance where the muscle force is applied is farther from the joint than the distance to the load The distance where the muscle force is applied is the same distance from the joint as the load The distance where the muscle force is applied is closer to the joint than the distance to the load You can never get any advantage out of a lever
The distance where the muscle force is applied is farther from the joint than the distance to the load
Organisms are typically open systems. What is an example of something that is not open with regards exchanging mass? An organism that holds its breath A tree during the night Animals that live in Antarctica The entire earth
The entire earth
The ring of life is a new representation of the idea that there are a lot of volcanoes around the Pacific ocean Life is never ending because of the continual birth and death of organisms The evolution of eukarya from the merger of one archaean and one bacteria Is a new hit single by Beyonce
The evolution of eukarya from the merger of one archaean and one bacteria
Why is it hard to know when multicellularity evolved? Multicellularity does not exist The first multicellular organisms had soft bodies that did not fossilize easily The first multicellular organisms had shells There are no rocks that are the right age
The first multicellular organisms had soft bodies that did not fossilize easily
Your knee is a good example of a type three lever system because: The muscle applies its force closer to the joint than the load applied to the foot, but on the opposite side of the joint. The muscle applies its force farther from the joint than the load applied to the foot, but on the opposite side of the joint. The muscle applies its force closer to the joint than the load applied to the foot, and on the same side of the joint. The muscle applies its force farther from the joint than the load applied to the foot, and on the same side of the joint.
The muscle applies its force closer to the joint than the load applied to the foot, and on the same side of the joint.
How can you distinguish a bone fracture caused by a tensile force from one caused by a torsional force? You can't. Both are caused by a straight break across the bone. You can't. Both are caused by a diagonal break across the bone. The tensional failure has a diagonal break and the torsional failure has a straight break. The tensile failure has a straight break and the torsional failure has a diagonal break.
The tensile failure has a straight break and the torsional failure has a diagonal break.
As animals went from unicellular protists to multicellular animals, they changed in a number of ways. Select which of these is NOT a reason we might say that sponges are the same as unicellular or colonial protists.
There secrete spicules for body wall strength
On a relative scale how do the leg of a bear and the leg of a deer compare? They both provide good mechanical advantage though the bear has the best mechanical advantage. The bear has good mechanical advantage and the deer has a good velocity ratio. The bear has a velocity ratio advantage and the deer has good mechanical advantage. They both provide a velocity ratio advantage though the deer has the best velocity ratio.
They both provide a velocity ratio advantage though the deer has the best velocity ratio.
Which of these is a way that angiosperms are different than gymnosperms?
They have double fertilization.
How do we know that excavata once had mitochondria but lost them (pick all that apply)? They have homologous genes to proteobacterial genes in their chloroplast DNA They have homologs to proteobacterial genes in their nuclear DNA They have hydrogenosomes with single membranes They have hydrogenosomes with double membranes
They have hydrogenosomes with double membranes They have homologs to proteobacterial genes in their nuclear DNA
Enzymes are useful in chemical reactions because... They change delta G for the reaction to make it negative. They lower the activation energy for the reaction. They give the products more energy.
They lower the activation energy for the reaction.
Why are prokaryotes so important? They make up a small but important % of the biomass on earth. They are simple in structure and function. They perform important functions for humans and other organisms. They are the only form of single celled life on earth.
They perform important functions for humans and other organisms.
What geometry should muscles have that are needed to make long excursions but not require too much muscle mass? They should be long in length but thick They should be long in length but thin They should be short in length but thick They should be short in length but thin
They should be long in length but thin
Which of these is NOT true about the nervous system? Thinking is only important in mammals because no other vertebrates have large forebrains The medulla is important for controlling the autonomic nervous system Afferent neurons bring information to the brain The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body in humans
Thinking is only important in mammals because no other vertebrates have large forebrains
What is the trade off that all organisms make to achieve ordered structures for life? Use heat to generate biological order. Trade organismal order for disorder in their surroundings. Convert low quality energy to high quality energy. Create and release mass to the larger universe.
Trade organismal order for disorder in their surroundings.
Select all the possible characteristics that apply to the protostomes (select all that apply). Diploblastic Triploblastic Lacking symmetry Bilateral symmetry No cephalization Cephalization
Triploblastic Bilateral symmetry Cephalization
If a tensile force is applied by hanging weights from the end of an elastic material, applying 10 grams of weight will cause the length change to be Four times as great as if 5 grams were used. Two times as great as if 5 grams were used. Just the same as if 5 grams were used. One half as much as if 5 grams were used.
Two times as great as if 5 grams were used.
Chytrid fungi show some of the features typical of fungal opisthokonts. This includes (pick all that apply) having posterior flagella having chitin in their cell wall having a dikaryon stage being absorptive heterotrophs
all except dikaryon
Which of the following is true? Hox genes are named for the homeobox DNA-binding protein domain they all encode. Mice, like fruit flies, have Hox genes. Mouse Hox genes, like those of fruit flies, are required for segment identity. Hox genes' arrangement on the chromosome is collinear with their embryonic expression pattern. all of the above
all of the above
a-proteobacteria are important because they can serve as mutualistic symbionts they can serve as parasitic symbionts they once served as a mutualistic symbiont to produce the mitochondria all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following are forms of evidence for an endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts? These organelles have their own circular genomic DNA. They are about the same size as free-living cyanobacteria and alpha proteobacteria. Organelle genes are often more similar to bacterial genes than those of their eukaryotic host. all three of these
all three of these
Methanogens consume methane contribute to the earth's cool temperature thrive in an oxygen environment are only found in anaerobic habitats
are only found in anaerobic habitats
Gram positive and gram negative bacteria have some similarities and some differences. Which ONE of the following is a similarity? a. They both have similar cell walls. b. They both can cause disease. c. They both include photoautotrophs. d. They both are only chemoautotrophs.
b. They both can cause disease.
What is perhaps surprising about an endoskeleton made of bone like ours? (select all that apply) bone is dynamic, able to be resorbed and deposited bone is unchanging in its form and rigidity bones can fuse during early growth bones form only once during a lifetime
bone is dynamic, able to be resorbed and deposited bones can fuse during early growth
3) Which of these following structures are shared by all organisms when creating ATP for chemical energy? a. All use O2 as an electron acceptor. b. All use the same electron transport carriers. c. All use H+ electrochemical gradients. d. All use organic molecules as electron donors.
c. All use H+ electrochemical gradients.
Which of these is not an example of "self assembly" or entropy-driven order? a. Formation of a lipid bilayer in protobiont cells. b. Formation of bacterial ribosomes in vitro. c. Chaperonin-facilitated polypeptide folding. d. Protein folding with hydrophobic amino acids inside away from water.
c. Chaperonin-facilitated polypeptide folding.
Which of these sequences is likely to have the fastest sequence change? a. ATPase gene b. 3rd codon position of nuclear gene c. Mitochondrial gene d. Opsin gene
c. Mitochondrial gene
Antibiotics can be used to fight pathogens. Which of these is NOT a mechanism for killing bacteria? a. Blocking nucleic acid synthesis b. Blocking protein synthesis c. Strengthening cell walls d. Inhibiting key metabolic pathways
c. Strengthening cell walls
14) Alpha proteobacteria are often found as endosymbionts; which of the following is not the result of symbiosis with an alpha proteobacteria? a. nitrogen fixation in legumes b. Ricksettia parasites in animal cells c. acquisition of chloroplasts d. acquisition of mitochondria
c. acquisition of chloroplasts
What is the closest living relative to land plants? glaucophytes red algae choleochaetophytes charophytes
charophytes
What is the closest living relative to metazoans (animals)?
choanoflagellates
What is the closest living single-celled relative to metazoans (animals)? amoebozoans choanoflagellates basidiomycetes slime molds
choanoflagellates
12) An organism that uses inorganic molecules to produce its energy and which gets its fixed carbon from organic carbon molecules would be: a. A photoautotroph b. A chemolithoautotroph c. A chemoorganoautotroph d. A chemolithoheterotroph
d. A chemolithoheterotroph
TRUE / FALSE : Increasing the area of a membrane will increase diffusive flux.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE : DNA is an autocatalytic molecule.
F, RNA IS
True or false? "Ultrabithorax mutant flies have four wings because an additional T2 segment is duplicated and inserted where the T3 segment would normally be and inhibits the T3 gene expression."
F
TRUE / FALSE : Enzymes are useful because they make ΔG negative overall for reactions.
FALSE
TRUE / FALSE : If comparing two highly diverged species, the maximum number of differences between a 1000 base pair gene sequence would be around 250 base pairs out of 1000.
FALSE
What is difficult about determining how life arose? The original forms of life probably no longer exist. Even the simplest present day forms of life are probably more complex than original life was. It is unclear whether early life depended on nucleic acids or proteins. All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is true of secondary xylem of a tree? It helps support it. It transports water from the roots to the leaves It forms from the inner derivatives of the vascular cambium. All of the above
All of the above
Why might be disadvantageous for a sensory neuron if it generated action potentials (i.e. why might it be better off without generating them)? An action potential creates a graded response An action potential does NOT generate a graded response The cell might respond too quickly. The cell might respond with the opposite sign.
An action potential does NOT generate a graded response
How did Iwabe et al's study differ from that of Carl Woese? A. They compared the same ribosomal gene on different organisms. B. They compared a different gene that had duplicated for the same organisms. C. They got a gene tree for each gene copy that was rooted. A and B B and C
B and C
When we make graphs, we usually plot the independent variable (the thing that we are changing) on the X axis and the dependent variable (the thing that responds to that change) on the Y axis. Typically for stress strain curves, stress is plotted on the Y axis and strain is plotted on the X axis. This makes sense for engineers as they often test materials by applying particular strains (length changes) and determine how much stress results. But as biologists, we often want to do the reverse, apply different stresses and see what the resulting strain is. Why are stress strain curves somewhat confusing when we think about them this way? Because stress is what we change, and even though it is the dependent variable, we plot it on the X axis. Because stress is what we change, and even though it is the independent variable, we plot it on the Y axis Because strain is the response, and even though it is the independent variable, we plot it on the X axis Because strain is the response, and even though it is the dependent variable, we plot it on the Y axis
Because stress is what we change, and even though it is the independent variable, we plot it on the Y axis
If the size of the brain region indicates the importance of a particular function, which of the following is true? The brain in a lamprey is primarily used for movement and balance. Amphibians use more of their brain for thinking than mammals. Birds rely on vision more than other reptiles. Sharks use their visual system more than fish.
Birds rely on vision more than other reptiles.
When you clean your room, you create order from chaos. Most of the following statements are true. Which one is not? Cleaning requires energy that you acquire from food Eating leads to an increase in disorder of the food you eat Cleaning leads to a release of heat Cleaning leads to an increase in the order in your room Cleaning leads to an increase in the order in the universe
Cleaning leads to an increase in the order in the universe
Eyes were of a particular challenge for Darwin's theory of natural selection. What helps to resolve his conundrum? All eye designs are the same All eye designs are complex Eye designs occur along a scale from low to high resolution and complexity All eyes are specified by different transcription factors
Eye designs occur along a scale from low to high resolution and complexity
TRUE/FALSE: All deuterostomes have extensive cephalization.
F
TRUE/FALSE: Ecdysis means using appendages to consume foodTRUE/FALSE: Echinoderms are only herbivores. True Correct! False
F
TRUE/FALSE: Echinoderms are only herbivores.
F
TRUE/FALSE: Fish have slow metabolisms and do not need efficient gas exchange.
F
TRUE/FALSE: Hox genes are completely different genes between organisms with different body plans
F
TRUE/FALSE: Most muscles in our bodies have a parallel orientation of muscle fibers.
F
TRUE/FALSE: The sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) stimulates activity of organs only.
F
TRUE/FALSE: When ATP is no longer produced, muscles enter a state of rigor mortis because the kinesin permanently attaches to microtubules.
F
True / False: Multicellular organisms can only reproduce sexually
F
True or False? "All photosynthetic organisms acquired their chloroplasts via the primary endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium."
F
Which of the following are not a stramenopile? Dinoflagellates Diatoms Brown algae Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Which of these organisms have radial symmetry?
Echinoderms
Life relies on two key reactions: the oxidation of glucose to produce CO2 and water and the reaction of CO2 and water to produce glucose. These reactions are: Both exergonic Both endergonic Exergonic and endergonic, respectively Endergonic and exergonic, respectively Both supersonic
Exergonic and endergonic, respectively OXIDATION IS EXERGONIC = RELEASING ENERGY
In Chlamydomonas, how does the mating type locus affect the zygote? Expression of the gsp allele makes a p type zygote Expression of the gsp and gsm alleles together makes a heterodimer that causes a zygote to develop Expression of the gsp allele makes a vegetative zygote
Expression of the gsp and gsm alleles together makes a heterodimer that causes a zygote to develop
TRUE / FALSE : Arthropods have metamerism but not heteronomy.
False, have both
Which of the following is a key eukaryotic trait that facilitated cell movement (pick all that apply)? Flexible cell membrane Nuclear membrane Digestive vacuoles Complex cytoskeleton Sexual reproduction
Flexible cell membrane Complex cytoskeleton
Coen and Meyerowitz came up with the ABC model of flower development. Which of the following is not a required part of their model? There are three types of floral hox genes. Expression of the genes overlaps to form the organ domains or whorls. Two of the genes repress each other forming a switch. Flowers differ in whether they use this mechanism for floral development.
Flowers differ in whether they use this mechanism for floral development.
Which of the following statements is true? Any measurable feature that fails to scale linearly with mass indicates allometry. For an isometric series of forms, length scales linearly with volume. For an isometric series of forms, length will be a function of mass (or volume) to the 1/3 power. For an isometric series of forms, length is a linear function of mass.
For an isometric series of forms, length will be a function of mass (or volume) to the 1/3 power.
When building a phylogenetic tree to show phylogenetic relationships, it is best to use: Genes that undergo lateral gene transfer Genes that undergo vertical gene transfer Genes that undergo both lateral and vertical gene transfer Genes that undergo neither lateral nor vertical gene transfer
Genes that undergo vertical gene transfer
Which is NOT true about Hox genes in mice and flies? Mice have many more copies of each Hox gene due to whole genome duplications in vertebrates Hox genes only determine limb development in flies Mice have many more copies of each Hox gene due to individual gene duplications Hox expression determines the fate of the somites in early vertebrate dvelopment
Hox genes only determine limb development in flies
Based on what you know from Fick's first law about the rate of diffusion, name two things that the mudpuppies could change to increase diffusion rate into their gills?
Increase concentration gradient difference Decrease concentration gradient distance
The reward circuit in your brain Is only activated when you are given money. Has recently arisen and has nothing to do with shaping the evolution of human behavior. Only involves acetylcholine receptors in the prefrontal cortex. Involves the dopaminergic receptors in the nucleus accumbens.
Involves the dopaminergic receptors in the nucleus accumbens.
Chemosensory neurons and neurons that respond to neurotransmitters can have similar detection systems. Match up the way in which the receptor and ion channel are coupled, with the name of this type of function. the receptor is the ion channel the receptor is indirectly coupled to the ion channel through a G protein
Ionotropic Metabotropic
Birds and mammals independently evolved several major innovations. Which is NOT one of those innovations? Large lung surface area Low metabolic rate Vertical posture Fully divided circulation
Low metabolic rate
What kind of DNA would you want to use for a phylogenetic comparison of humans and chimpanzees? Mitochondrial DNA because it changes quick enough to aquire changes in the 6MY divergence time. Ribosomal DNA because it changes quickly in the 6 MY divergence time. Humans and chimps have no genes in common and can't be compared. There are no differences in DNA between humans and chimps
Mitochondrial DNA because it changes quick enough to aquire changes in the 6MY divergence time.
If a material has a small elastic modulus, it will stretch More than a material with a large elastic modulus The same as a material with a large elastic modulus Less than a material with a large elastic modulus. It won't stretch at all because materials don't stretch
More than a material with a large elastic modulus
Which of the following is true? The Pax6 gene evolved independently in different animal phyla. Pax6 is necessary for eye development in mice, but not flies. Pax6 is so conserved that the mouse Pax6 gene can direct eye development in flies. Pax6 is necessary for eye development in flies, but not in humans. None of the above
Pax6 is so conserved that the mouse Pax6 gene can direct eye development in flies.
Below are ways that fungi can get energy/nutrients. Which should not be on this list? Mutualistic Photosynthetic Saprobic Parasitic
Photosynthetic
What is the difference between plasmogamy and karyogamy in fungal life cycles?
Plasmogamy is the fusion of cell membranes, karyogamy is the fusion of genetic material
Which evidence does NOT support the idea that RNA was the first system to both store information and perform enzymatic reactions? RNA can splice itself without proteins. RNA is more redundant than DNA. RNA performs enzymatic reactions in ribosomes. RNA can replicate itself.
RNA is more redundant than DNA.
Gibbs came up with his famous equation to determine if a reaction is spontaneous or not: ΔG=ΔH−TΔS. Which of the following reactions is/are likely to occur at room temperature? ReactionΔH (J/mole)ΔS (J/mole K)A-1001B-100-1C1001D100-1 Reaction A Reaction B Reaction C Reaction D Reactions A and C Reactions B and D
Reactions A and C
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for multicellularity? Extracellular environment Division of labor Resource hoarding Proliferation inhibition Programmed cell death
Resource hoarding
Which of these is not a component of a sarcomere? Z- line Retina Myosin Thick Filaments Actin Thin Filaments
Retina
Which of the following is a true statement about information? Stability means information remains constant over time. Fidelity means information is present in a number of copies. Redundancy means information is accurately read out. Entropy means information is present in many different versions.
Stability means information remains constant over time.
The brain likely arose Only once in evolution Once in vertebrates and once in invertebrates Several times across bilaterians Brains can't evolve
Several times across bilaterians
