Bio Final

Based on the diagram, which of the following most likely contributes to the specific expression pattern of gene X?

C) The activator is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that is present in some tissues but not in other

Which of the following questions is most relevant to understanding the Calvin cycle?

B) How is ATP used in the formation of 3-carbon carbohydrates?

The pedigree suggests that the gene is on a nuclear chromosome, and not on mitochondrial DNA, because

C) Maternal mitochondrial mutations are inherited by all of a mother's offspring.

Which statement best explains the data?

D) Both samples are energy-releasing reactions, but the entropy in sample A is greater because deltaG is more negative in sample B

Which of the following can be reasonably concluded from the experimental results?

D) Light from a lamp can substitute for sunlight in stimulating chloroplast processes.

Which of the following accurately describes one of the movements taking place?

D) Na+ transport out of the cell requires ATP hydrolysis

Which of the following best describes an even during step 2 in the simplified model below?

D) Noncoding sequences are removed from a newly synthesized RNA molecule.

What most likely causes the trends in oxygen concentration shown in the graph above?

D) Photosynthesis produces more oxygen than is consumed by respiration during the day.

According to the data above, what is the deepest water level at which light penetration...

1.5 meters

How many more times active is PFK in cells...

2.5 times

What is the ratio of surface area to volume for the cell that is predicted to exchange materials with the surrounding environment at a faster rate by diffusion?

3

Based on the information provided, what was the change (in degrees C) in water temperature associated with the change in respiration rate shown in Figure 2?

5.0 degrees C

Calculate the number of nucleotides in the mRNA that encode only the amino acids in the transmembrane portion of the protein.

72 nucleotides.

Which of the following describes a metabolic consequence of a shortage of oxygen in muscle cells?

C) A buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue due to fermentation

Which of the following is most likely if an IV of distilled water is administered to a patient?

C) The cells that are exposed to hypotonic solutions will expand as water moves osmotically into the cells from the blood.

In an additional sample containing the chloroplast/DCPIP solution was placed...which of the predictions would be most consistent with the experimental results?

C) The change in absorbance over time in the solution will be less than that of the other samples.

Signaling diagram for steroid hormones: Based on the information presented, which of the following will also occur in response to steroid signaling?

D) Production of a specific mRNA will increase as a result of the binding of the hormone-receptor complex to the DNA.

A mutation that affects Pitx1 gene function in all tissue types is most likely to be at which of the following genetic loci?

D) Promoter

Which of the following represents a cross between a white-eyed female and a red-eyed male?

D) Rr XtXt * Rr XtY

The data above represents the results of three different crosses...which of the following best explains the mechanism of inheritance of the gene?

D) The allele for blue is an X-linked dominant allele because there are no blue male offspring in cross 2.

Which of the following best explains the banding patterns exhibited in Figure 1?

A) The HbA DNA contains a recognition site for the Mst 2 restriction enzyme

Graphs representing enzymes sensitive to changes in pH include which of the following?

D) 1, 2, and 3 only

The unknown molecule should be classified as which type of molecule?

D) A nucleic acid

Using the straight line on the graph above, calculate the solute potential of the zucchini squash at 21 degrees C.

-8.6

An unbarred male heterozygous for the rose-comb trait is crossed with a barred female with a single comb. What proportion of the resulting progeny are expected to be barred males with single combs?

.25

A true breeding female with wild type wings and white eyes is crossed with a male with vestigial wings and red eyes. What proportion of the offspring are expected to be males with wild-type wings and white eyes?

.50

According to the data, the mice at 10 degrees C demonstrated greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than did the mice at 25 degrees C. This is most likely explained by which of the following statements?

A) The mice at 10 degrees C had a higher rate of ATP production than the mice at 25 degrees C.

Which of the following best explains why ATP production is greater in the tube with oxygen than in the tube without oxygen?

A) The rate of proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane is lower in the sample without oxygen.

Based on the information above, which of the following mutations is the most likely cause of sickle-cell anemia?

A) A single base-pair substitution in the gene encoding the beta-subunit

In order to provide accurate volumetric measurements of oxygen gas consumption, the experimental setup should include which of the following?

A) A substance that removes carbon dioxide gas

HBB gene...such a mutation would most likely result in altered

A) All properties of the molecule as a result of abnormal interactions between adjacent hemoglobin molecules

Which of the following descriptions of photosynthesis best explains the results of the experiment?

A) Availability of electrons for transfer to DCPIP depends on light energy.

Which of the following is the most likely outcome of replacing the lacZ gene in the E. coli lac operon with the gene encoding GFP?

A) Bacteria growing in the presence of lactose will fluoresce under ultraviolet light.

Which of the following question can best be answered by the diagram?

A) Does the addition of an enzyme reduce the activation energy required for a reaction?

The region on the graph labeled P represents cells in what stage of the cell cycle?

A) G1

Based on the data in Table 1, which of the following best explains why there are no individuals with constricted pods in the F1 generation?

A) Inflated pod shape is dominant to constricted pod shape

Which of the following statements is true regarding the movement of substances across cell membranes?

A) Ions are unable to move through the phospholipid bilayer because the nonpolar tail regions of the phospholipids are hydrophobic.

The data can best be used to support which of the following claims about the mechanism for regulating ferritin gene expression?

A) Iron increases ribosome binding to the ferritin mRNA.

Which of the following experimental designs should the students use as a control?

A) Place a catalase-soaked disk in a beaker of water

Which of the following enzymes were used and why?

A) Proteases and RNases to rule out protein and RNA as the transforming factors.

The diagram below shows the processes occurring in and around the inner mitochondrial membrane...based on the diagram, which question best investigates a factor that affects the processes shown?

A) What effect will lowering the pH in the intermembrane space have on the proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Which of the following representations of the movement of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions best shows how an action potential is transmitted to the postsynaptic neuron?

A) [Calcium goes in, sodium goes in, potassium goes out.]

GULO gene in lemurs...which of the following pairs of predictions is most helpful in explaining the discrepancy?

A) [No change to the protein | A premature stop codon..]

Which of the following correctly illustrates a dipeptide and an amino acid...

A) [O, C, OH facing H]

Which of the following cube shaped cells would be most efficient in removing waste by diffusion?

A) [Smallest one]

The most likely explanation for the results shown in Graph 1 is that

A) pH affects the shape of the active site of the enzyme

Which of the following radio-labeled precursors is most appropriate for the researcher to use?

B) 14C-labeled CO2

Enzymes with their highest activity at an alkaline pH are represented by which of the following graphs?

B) 2 only

The diagram above represents a model of signal transduction pathways in a cell that is targeted by two different hormones (H1 and H2). The components of the signal transduction pathways are identified in the figure legend... based on the model, which of the following mutations is most likely to result in a cell that will generate a cancerous tumor?

B) A mutation in the gene encoding G-PIP that results in a nonfunctional protein (it acts as a stop sign).

Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells...which of the following statements is justified by these observations?

B) An ancestral cell most likely engulfed an aerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells.

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of a mutation at the operator locus that prevents binding of the repressor protein?

B) Beta-galactosidase will be produces, even in the absence of lactose

Which of the following is the best explanation for the pattern of change in mass of the organisms over time?

B) Cellular respiration

Which of the following provides the best indication that light is required for the activation of electron transfer reactions in chloroplasts?

B) Comparing the observed results for sample 2 and sample 3

Previous experiments indicate that CDK5 is active only when attached to a protein called p35. Which of the following best predicts how p35 might play a role in regulating neuron function?

B) Degradation of p35 results in increased synaptic activity.

Based on the model, which of the following best explains how regulation of neurotransmitter release might increase the range of responses to a stimulus in the nervous system?

B) Different neurons in the same neural network can release different amounts of neurotransmitter.

The chemical reaction for photosynthesis is...which of the following is the most likely explanation?

B) During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released.

Which of the following best describes how sticklebacks in the same population with identical copies of the Pitx1 genes can still show phenotypic variation in the pelvic spine character?

B) Expression of the Pitx1 gene is affected by mutations at other genetic loci.

Which of the following subcellular structures is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells?

B) Golgi apparatus

The Trp operon...based on the figure above, which of the following correctly describes the regulation of the Trp operon?

B) In the presence of tryptophan, the repressor is active and binds to the Trp operator, preventing RNA polymerase from transcribing the operon.

Which of the following questions will best direct an investigation of the mechanism of ATP synthase?

B) Is the phosphorylation of ADP by ATP synthase dependent on the formation of a proton gradient?

In which nutrient is the plant most likely deficient?

B) Nitrogen

A researcher examining a root tip observes a plant cell with condensed sister chromatids...which of the following best describes what the next process will be in the cell?

B) Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell.

Which of the following biotechnology approaches could be used to identify ferritin mRNA in a sample of total cellular RNA?

B) RNA samples could be separated by size using agarose gel electrophoresis and incubated with labeled single-stranded DNA molecules that are complementary to the ferritin mRNA.

Which of the following physiological mechanisms will the researchers most likely observe among the surviving organisms in the lake?

B) Single-celled organisms will use various mechanisms to counteract the increased flow of water from cells to the environment.

Which of the following best describes the structure of the viral genome?

B) Single-stranded DNA

Paramecia are unicellular protists...which of the following is the correct explanation for the data?

B) The contraction rate increases as the osmolarity decreases because the amount of water entering the paramecia by osmosis increases.

Which of the following is the most likely effect of the mutation at nucleotide position 7 in the GULO gene of humans?

B) The deletion of the single nucleotide causes a frame shift, changing the primary structure downstream of the mutation and resulting in a nonfunctional protein.

In Drosophila melanogaster the allele for wild-type tan body color (B) is dominant...which of the following best explains the observed results of the cross?

B) The genes for body color and wing shape are located close to each other on the same chromosome.

Which of the following best describes the function of the double membrane system of this organelle?

B) The inner membrane has specialized proteins that create a hydrogen ion concentration gradient between the intermembrane space and the matrix.

Which of the following...molecular building blocks essential for life?

B) The nitrogen gas and ammonia gas

Which of the following provides the best justification for an assumption that might have been used in the computer simulation?

B) The purple allele is dominant to the white allele because all the offspring from the cross of the purple-flowered and white-flowered plants had purple flowers.

Which statement best explains this reaction?

B) This is a dehydration synthesis reaction because a hydrogen atom is removed from one amino acid and a hydroxyl group is removed from the other amino acid in order to from the dipeptide.

Which of the following best describes why ice was used during this experiment?

B) To prevent the breakdown of the enzyme

The figure below illustrates a eukaryotic cell. Which of the following best describes how the three structures indicated by the arrows work together?

B) To synthesize and isolate proteins for secretion or for use in the cell.

Which of the following best explains how organisms regulate ferritin protein levels in response to available iron?

B) Translation of ferritin mRNA is stimulated by iron.

All of the following are likely steps that would lead to the production of these gel patterns EXCEPT

B) Using a different restriction enzyme to treat the DNA of each individual

A genetic counselor is consulted by a young man who is worried about developing Huntington's disease...which of the following questions will best help the genetic counselor to evaluate the risk of the young man developing Huntington's disease and transmitting it to his children?

B) Were your parents or grandparents ever diagnosed with Huntington's disease?

Which of the following scientific questions could be investigated using a similar experimental setup?

B) What wavelength of light best activates electron transfer reactions in chloroplasts?

Which of the following best represents the DNA of the two daughter cells produced when a bacterial cell with this particular mismatch replicates its DNA and divides?

B) [A,T mutant; G,C normal]

Which of the following graphs best illustrates a likely result of the experiment?

B) [Carbs and lipids equal, Proteins and amino acids before higher]

Cancer can result from a variety of different mutational events. Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in the initiation of a cancerous tumor?

C) A defect in a cell-cycle checkpoint prevents a cell from entering the S phase.

Based on the model, which of the following describes the most likely mechanism by which CDK5 regulates neurotransmitter release?

C) CDK5 alters the activity of other proteins involved in the movement of synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane.

If chemical signals in the cytoplasm control the progression of a cell to the M phase of the cell cycle, then fusion of a cell in G1 with a cell in early M phase would most likely result in the

C) Condensation of chromatin in preparation of nuclear division in both cells.

The figure above shows a series of microscope images taken over time of ovalbumin production...the microscope images indicate that ovalumin

C) Crosses the endoplasmic reticulum membrane as it is translated, then moves to the Golgi apparatus, then to vesicles from which it is secreted.

Which of the following types of molecules did the bacteriophages most likely inject into the bacteria cells?

C) DNA

Which of the following describes the most likely consequence of a negative feedback pathway involving the lac operon?

C) Expression of the lac operon diminishes as lactose is depleted

Researchers investigating the regulation of neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons proposed a model in which CDK5, a protein expressed in axon terminals, inhibits the movement of synaptic vesicles to the presynaptic membrane... to test their model, the researchers used a modified version of green fluorescent protein...based on the model, which of the following best explains why a bright green fluorescence was observed following stimulation of a presynaptic neuron?

C) GFP contained in synaptic vesicles moved into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis.

Which of the following is true about the structure of the prokaryotic cell represented in the figure?

C) It has a cell wall exterior to the plasma membrane and contains ribosomes.

Which of the following represents the correct polypeptide...

C) Met-Val-Thr-Lys-Phe-Gly-His

The difference in trends in oxygen consumption among crickets and mice is do to their

C) Mode of internal temperature regulation

In Table 1, the ratio of phenotypes in the offspring from the testcross with F1 plants that had purple flowers and inflated pods suggests that the genes for flower color and pod shape are located

C) On a different chromosome

Cells in which region of the graph are ready to enter mitosis as the next step in the cell cycle?

C) R only

Which of the following is one way in which these two segments would differ?

C) Segment 1 would become denatured at a lower temperature than would segment 2 because A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds whereas G-C base pairs have three

The figure above represents a rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes the role of the structure labeled Y?

C) Structure Y is the location where proteins are synthesized.

The diagram above depicts a karyotype of an individual human. Which of the following statements concerning the karyotype in the diagram is true?

C) The diagram illustrates the results of nondisjunction during gamete formation.

Which statement explains the process that occurs immediately after the electrons are excited in photosystem 2?

C) The excited electrons are replaced when an enzyme splits a water molecule into two electrons, an oxygen atom, and two hydrogen ions.

The banding patterns of the DNA fragments reveal that

C) The mother cannot be the biological parent of all three children

The diagram above represents a typical rod-shaped bacterium. Which of the following best describes a feature shown in the diagram that is unique to archaea and bacteria?

C) The organism does not have a nuclear membrane surrounding its genetic material.

Which of the following best predicts which diagrammed microscope view the laboratory worker would see and best explains why?

C) View 2 because the rate of water movement into the RBCs equals the rate of water movement out of the cells.

Which of the following scientific questions is most relevant to the model represented in the figure above?

C) Which molecular substance is actively transported across the plasma membrane?

Of the following stages of meiosis illustrated for a typical cell, which contributes most to diversity among the warblers?

C) [Cell in metaphase, crossed over chromosomes.]

A micro-electrode is inserted into a neuron...which of the following plots most accurately represents the changes in membrane potential throughout a single action potential?

C) [Flat, bump, spikes up, spikes down, bump, flat.]

Which of the diagrams depicts the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction...

C) [Logarithmic]

A pathogenic bacterium has been engulfed by a phagocytic cell as part of the nonspecific immune response. Which of the following illustrations best represents the response?

C) [Lysosome present, bacterium has been engulfed]

Which statement would scientists from the 1930s cite as the strongest evidence that proteins...

D) DNA is made up of four different types of nucleotides, whereas proteins are made up of 20 different types of amino acids, enabling proteins to create many more chemical messengers than DNA can.

The cells found in the region of the graph labeled Q are involved in what major cell activity?

D) DNA synthesis

The process depicted in the image above is best summarized by which of the following descriptions?

D) During meiosis, crossing over leads to recombination of alleles between homologous chromosomes.

Which of the following best describes an advantage that eukaryote organisms have over prokaryote organisms?

D) Eukaryotes have organelles that allow for compartmentalization of cellular processes, which increases the efficiency of those processes.

The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?

D) Golgi complex

Which of the following observations best supports the hypothesis that CDK5 negatively regulates neurotransmitter release?

D) Inhibition of CDK5 activity in neurons increases the movement of synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane in response to a specific stimulus.

The tertiary structure and function of a polypeptide is principally determined by the

D) Interactions between amino acids present in the polypeptide

Rosalind Franklin's x-ray diffraction images taken in the 1950s most directly support which of the following claims about DNA?

D) The basic molecular structure is a helix

Which is the best explanation of the role of polar bodies during the formation of an egg?

D) The first polar body is produces in meiosis 1, when the pairs of homologous chromosomes are separated into two cells..

Which of the following best describes why the disks rose to the surface faster in the more concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions?

D) The higher substrate concentrations in the more concentrated solutions speeded the reaction

In sticklebacks, which of the following is most likely to occur if the jaw enhancer is disabled instead of the hindlimb enhancer?

D) The jaw does not develop normally, but a pronounced pelvic spine does develop because the Pitx1 gene is expressed in the developing pelvis but not in the developing jaw.

Which of the following best explains the contribution of the lac operon to the metabolic efficiency of a bacterial cell?

D) The lacZ gene is highly expressed only when lactose is available.

Given the codon chart...what would be the effect of a mutation that deletes the G at the beginning of the DNA sequence?

D) The reading frame of the sequence would shift, causing a change in the amino acid sequence after that point.

Which of the following diagrams correctly identifies both the structure of neurons and the direction of information flow between neurons?

D) [Direction flow goes from dendrites to axon terminals, left side is the cell body (thicker and wider) right side is not (two strands, smaller) in both presynaptic and postsynaptic situations.]

Which of the following figures most accurately illustrates enzyme-mediated synthesis of new DNA at a replication fork?

D) [Oyazaki fragments going left along 5-->3, straight arrow going right along 3-->5]

Which of the figures correctly depicts the interactions at the lac operon when lactose is NOT being utilized?

D) [Promoter | Operator (repressor protein) | Structural Genes]