Bio II Exam 3 (Chapters 31, 32, 33, 34)

Use the information to answer the following questions. The figure depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. At which location is the mycelium currently absorbing the most nutrients per unit surface area, per unit time? A) A B) B C) C D) D

A) A

A pseudocoelomate has: A) A body cavity that is found between the mesoderm and endoderm B) A body cavity that is encased in the mesoderm C) A body cavity that is found between the ectoderm and the mesoderm D) A true body cavity

A) A body cavity that is found between the mesoderm and endoderm

Sharks have..... A) A gametic life cycle in which gametes are the only haploid structures B) A zygotic life cycle in which the adult shark is diploid C) A gametic life cycle in which gametes are the only diploid structures D) An alternation of generation, with a multicellular haploid structure (the embryo) and a multicellular diploid structure (the adult)

A) A gametic life cycle in which gametes are the only haploid structures

Viviparous sharks as well as some mammals feature a placental connection between mother and fetus. This is most likely an example of: A) Convergent evolution B) Divergent evolution C) Homology D) Sexual selection

A) Convergent evolution

What characteristic of animals allows for the diversity in body shape and size that is found in the Kingdom Animalia? A) Hox genes B) Sexual reproduction C) Fox genes D) Genetic recombination

A) Hox gene

Dr. House has a patient that is showing gastrointestinal symptoms. He uses a scope to look inside his patient's intestines. He finds that his patient is infected with a type of worm that has a round-shaped body. Upon further investigation, Dr. House discovers that his worm is able to molt its outer cuticle. Which phylum does this worm most likely belong too? A) Nematoda B) Annelida C) Platyhelminthes D) Errantia

A) Nematoda

Which trait is common between cnidarians, humans, and butterflies? A) Specialized tissues B) Bilateral symmetry C) Two germ layers D) Molting of an outer cuticle

A) Specialized tissues

A mushroom is A) The result of a mating event between hyphae of two different mycelia B) A structure which helps its mutualistic plant partner by providing it with compounds that are toxic to many herbivores C) A bundle of aseptate mycorrhizae above the soil surface D) A hyphal structure that supports a rich community of symbiotic cyanobacteria

A) The result of mating event between hyphae of two different mycelia

Which trait in amphibians makes them so susceptible to certain factors that are contributing to population declines, such as fungal infections and pollution? A) Thin, absorbant skin B) Reliance upon water for reproduction C) Three-chambered hear D) None of these

A) Thin, absorbant skin

Which of the following organisms is likely to be able to move around the fastest? A) #1, because its arms are articulated and allow it move quickly toward prey items B) #2, because its symmetry allows for the concentration of sense organs in the anterior end C) #3, because its mesoderm allows the development of strong muscles D) #3, because it can detach itself and quickly move through ocean currents

B) #2, because its symmetry allows for the concentration of sense organs in the anterior end

Cnidarians have how many germ layers? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

B) 2

During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. Amniotic egg 2. Endoskeleton 3. Jaws 4. Lung or lung derivatives 5. Limbs with digits A) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 B) 2, 3, 4, 5, 1 C) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 D) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 E) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5

B) 2, 3, 4, 5, 1

Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans? A) Swim bladder B) A mineralized, bony skeleton C) Opercula D) A spiral valve intestine

B) A mineralized, bony skeleton

In a plankton tow off the coast of Florida, you collected several embryos in the very early stages of development. You follow these embryos as they develop over several weeks and noticed that they have radial cleavage. The larvae have bilateral symmetry , yet the adults have radial symmetry, with many spines protruding from the body. The animal is likely.... A) A cnidarian B) An echinoderm C) A nematode D) A mollusc

B) An echnioderm

Which of the following statements comparing symmetry in sessile and swimming animals is most probable? A) Radial symmetry occurs most frequently in animals that catch their prey by rapid swimming B) Bilaterally symmetric animals can be more streamlined for swimming than radially symmetric animals C) Bilateral symmetry allowed animals to evolve nerves D) Radial symmetry is more advantageous for active swimming that is bilateral symmetry

B) Bilaterally symmetric animals can be more streamlined for swimming than radially symmetric animals

Both Australopithecus afarensis.... and Homo neanderthalensis have... A) Interbred with Homo sapiens B) Bipedalism C) A brain size similar to chimpanzee D) A greater weight that modern humans

B) Bipedalism

What makes humans different from other apes? A) Social interactions B) Bipedalism C) Tool use D) Opposable thumbs

B) Bipedalism

Because _____ are endotherms, _______. A) Crocodiles...... they have especially high reproductive rates B) Birds...... some are able to live in habitats that would be too cold for crocodile C) Snakes...... they are sluggish when temperatures are too cold D) Birds...... have a low metabolic rate and therefore require little food compared to turtles and lizards

B) Birds...... some are able to live in habitats that would be too cold for crocodile

Which of the following would you classify as something other than an animal? A) Coral B) Choanoflagellate C) Sponge D) Jellyfish

B) Choanoflagellate

We find many adaptions among animals that increase the amount of surface area of a whole or part of the body in relation to the animal's total volume. Such adaptions include a platyhelminthes flat body plant, the gills of a crustacean, and the tracheae tubes of an insect. These are adaptions for which of the following biological needs? A) Removal of nitrogenous wastes B) Diffusion of oxygen into the body C) Resisting desiccation D) Balancing osmotic gradients

B) Diffusion of oxygen into the body

What do animals as diverse as a sponge and a shark have in common? A) Presence of organs B) Heterotrophy C) Type of body symmetry D) Method of gas exchange

B) Heterotrophy

The clade Anthropoidea includes all the following expect: A) Apes B) Lemurs C) Monkeys D) Humans

B) Lemurs

Which trait is NOT found in all of these organisms: camel, shark, salamander? A) Hinged jaw B) Lungs C) Closed circulatory system D) Notochord

B) Lungs

This animal is a... A) Arthropod B) Mollusc C) Annelid D) Flatworm E) Nematode

B) Mollusc

Arthropods have a(n) ___________ circulatory system, which contains ______. A) Open; blood B) Open; hemolymph C) Closed; blood D) Closed; hemolymph

B) Open; hemolymph

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle? A) Jaws B) Post-anal tail C) Vertebrae D) Four-chambered heart

B) Post-anal tail

Which of the following statements about protostomes is true? A) Cleavage in early protostomes development is radial B) The first opening that forms during protostomes gastrulation becomes the mouth C) Protostomes have only two tissue layers D) Cell fate is not set in early cleavage stages, and therefore identical twins often occur in protostomes E) Protostomes lack true tissues

B) The first opening that forms during protostomes gastrulation becomes the mouth

Fungi are important to the earth's ecosystem because: A) Most are an important food source for animals B) They are decomposers that break down dead organisms and release nutrients back into the environment C) They are important oxygen producers D) All of these

B) They are decomposers that break down dead organisms and release nutrients back into the environment

Which of the following characteristics is shared by hagfishes and lamprey? A) A rasping tongue B) Jaws C) A well-developed notochord D) Paired fins

C) A well-developed notochord

You find a population of terrestrial vertebrates living in the Australian desert. Which adaptation would you most expect to find in these organisms? A) Endothermy B) Ectothermy C) Amniotic egg D) Cartilaginous skeleton

C) Amniotic egg

Fungi, along with ______, are in the group _______. A) Slime molds, Opisthokonta B) Animals, Amoebozoa C) Animals, Opisthokonta D) Slime molds, Amoebozoa

C) Animals, Opishtokonta

_________ are also known as the segmented worms. Segmentation is useful because _______. A) Annelids...... it allows for multiple digestive tract, hence increases feeding success B) Nematodes...... it allows for multiple digestive tract, hence increases feeding success C) Annelids...... it allows for more flexibility in using the coelom as a hydrostatic skeleton D) Nematodes...... it allows for more flexibility in using the coelom as a hydrostatic skeleton

C) Annelids...... it allows for more flexibility in using the coelom as a hydrostatic skeleton

What is the probable sequence in which the following animals clades originated, from earliest to most recent? A) Deuterostomes, bilaterians, amniotes, vertebrates, tetrapods B) Deuterostomes, bilaterians, vertebrates, tetrapods, amniotes C) Bilaterians, deuterostomes, vertebrates, tetrapods, amniotes D) Bilaterians, deuterostomes, amniotes, vertebrates, tetrapods

C) Bilaterians, deuterostomes, vertebrates, tetrapods, amniotes

Reproduction in fungi: A) Can only occur when unmated + and - hyphae come together B) Is a sporic reproductive life cycle C) Can be sexual and/or asexual D) Occurs only as asexual budding

C) Can be sexual and/or asexual

At one time, Chondrichthyes were thought to have split off from other vertebrates before the evolution of bone. Now we have concluded that the Chondrichthyes split off after the evolution of bone had started. This change demonstrates _______ A) Hagfishes and lampreys have ancestors with bone B) Cartilage contributes to keeping sharks light so they do not sink C) Characteristics can be lost over evolutionary time D) Evolution is one-way and straight line

C) Characteristics can be lost over evolutionary time

During the heterokaryotic stage of fungal reproduction: A) Spores are produced B) Asexual reproduction occurs via sporangia C) Each cell contains at least two haploid nuclei D) + and - mating type hyphae come together to form a gametangia

C) Each cell contains at least two haploid nuclei

True muscle tissue and most connective tissue arise.... A) From the mesoderm in triploblastic animals and the mesoglea in diploblastic animals B) From the mesoderm in both diploblastic and triploblastic animals C) From the mesoderm in diploblastic animals D) From the endoderm in diploblastic animals only E) From the endoderm in both diploblastic and triploblastic animals

C) From the mesoderm in diploblastic animals

Fungi share the following traits with animals A) Muscles and nerves B) Cell walls made of cellulose C) Heterotrophy via absorptive nutrition D) Cell wall made of chitin

C) Heterotrophy via absorptive nutrition

You find a new species of worm and want to classify it. Which of the following lines of evidence would allow you to classify the worm as a nematode and not an annelid? A) It is segmented B) It has a coelom C) It shed its external skeleton to grow D) It is triploblastic

C) It shed its external skeleton to grow

Your Bio 2 lab TA has grown a fungal mycelium from a spore for you to examine. You make a sketch of this mycelium, shown below. In this sketch, A) #2 represents a dikaryotic mycelium B) #1 represents the location where the diploid spore first started growing into hyphae C) #1 represents an area tat is currently actively growing D) #2 may have the potential to mate with another hyphae

D) #2 may have the potential to mate with another hyphae

An animals is a endotherm, has hair and lays amniotic eggs that develop outside the mother's body. It is.... A) A eutherian B) A bird C) A marsupial D) A monotreme E) A lepidosaur

D) A monotreme

Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods? A) A condrichthyan with two pairs of appendages B) A salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes C) An early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins D) A sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates

D) A sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates

How are fungal spores dispersed? A) Wind B) Animals C) Rain D) All of these

D) All of these

Use the following information to answer the question. In the United States and Canada, bats use one of two strategies to survive winter. They either migrate south, or they hibernate. Recently, those that hibernate seem to have come under attack by a fungus, Geomyces desctructans (Gd), an attack that is occurring from Missouri to New England, Canada, and even the state of Washington. Many infected bats have a delicate, white filamentous mat on their muzzles, which is referred to as white-nose syndrome (WNS). The fungus invades the bat tissues, causes discomfort, and awakens the bat from its hibernation. The bat fidgets and wastes calories, using up its stored bat. The bat then behaves abnormally, leaving its cave during daytime in winter to search for food. Their food, primarily insects, is scarce during the winter, and the bats ultimately starve to death. Since 2006, it is estimated that over six million bats have perished from WNS. The Gd mat on the fur of the bats should be expected to consist of _______. A) Yeasts B) Haustoria C) Basidia D) Hyphae

D) Hyphae

The Cambrian Period saw a rapid increase in... A) The number of different animal species, because the appearance of mitochondria allowed for aerobic metabolism B) The density of terrestrial animals, because an increase in oxygen made life in air possible C) The diversity of animals, because a decrease in oxygen allowed from more active aerobic organisms D) The diversity of animals, because of interactions between predators and prey

D) The diversity of animals, because of interactions between predators and prey

Fungi have an extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this characteristic to an organisms that gets most of its nutrition through absorption? A) This high ratio means that fungi have a thick, fleshy structure that allows the fungi to store more of the food it absorbs B) This high ratio create more room inside the cells for additional organelles involved in absorption C) The lower volume prevents the cells from drying out too quickly, which can interfere with absorption D) The high ratio allows for more material to be acquired from the surroundings and transported through the cell membrane

D) The high ratio allows for more material to be acquired from the surroundings and transported through the cell membrane

Suppose a researcher for a pest-control company developed a chemical that inhibited the development of an embryonic mosquito's endodermal cells. Which of the following would be a likely mechanism by which this pesticide works? A) The mosquito wouldn't be affected at all B) The mosquito would develop a weakened exoskeleton that would make it vulnerable to trauma C) The mosquito would have trouble with respiration and circulation, due to impaired muscle D) The mosquito would have trouble digesting food, due to impaired gut function

D) The mosquito would have trouble digesting food, due to impaired gut function

Which of the following is NOT true of mycorrhizal fungi? A) Mycorrhizal fungi form a mutualistic relationship with the roots of plants B) Mycorrhizal fungi form associations with the vast majority of seed plants C) The hyphae of the mycorrhizal fungus penetrates the root cell walls, bringing water and nutrients to the plants D) Typically, plants without mycorrhizal fungi grow larger than those with fungi

D) Typically, plants without mycorrhizal fungi grow larger than those with fungi

Which of the following clades of animals are amniotes? 1) Crocodilians 2) Amphibians 3) Birds 4) Primates A) 1, 2 and 4 B) 2 and 3 C) 1 and 3 D) 1 and E) 1, 2 and 3

E) 1, 2 and 3

While walking in the forest, your friend observed a small animal crawling on a tree. The animal had a rigid body with three body segments, two large eyes, and sex legs. To which clade did this animal most likely belong to? A) Gastropod B) Crustacean C) Chelicerate D) Cephalopod E) Insect

E) Insect