Bio II Test 2 Chapters 23 and 24

Caulerpa

(Chlorophyll, Archaeolastida) Intertidal chlorophyte Branched ailments lack cods-walls and thus, are multi-nucleate. Looks like one huge "supercell"

What is yeast?

-Single celled fungi -Probably evolved from multiceulluar ancestor -Typically produces asexually by cell fission or budding -Facultative anaerobes that => EtOH under anaer cond

Why do we say that protists are a paraphyletic group?

...meaning that they represent some, but not all, of the descendants of a single common ancestor, that includes all eukaryotes except the green plants, fungi, and animals. ... Sexual reproduction evolved in protists

When did the first Eukaryotes likely evolve?

2.7 billion years ago

When did novel features evolve?

600 million years ago.

What % of vascular plants have mycorrhizal partners? What does the plant get? What does the fungus get?

80-90 percent. Mycorrhizae are symbiotic relationships that form between fungi and plants. The fungi colonize the root system of a host plant, providing increased water and nutrient absorption capabilities while the plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates formed from photosynthesis.

How old are the oldest fossils of fungi?

900 million to 1 billion years

Holdfast

A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself.

Stipe

A stemlike structure of a seaweed.

Endosymbiosis

A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.

Diatoms

A unicellular photosynthetic alga with a unique glassy cell wall containing silica

Lichen

An organism made of a fungus and either algae or autotrophic bacteria that live together in a mutualistic relationship.

What supergroup are plants in?

Archaeplastida

How many known species of fungi are there, approximately?

Around 120,000 species of fungi have been described by taxonomists, but the global biodiversity of the fungus kingdom is not fully understood. A 2017 estimate suggests there may be between 2.2 and 3.8 million species.

Protists as producers/food sources

As primary producers, protists feed a large proportion of the world's aquatic species. (On land, terrestrial plants serve as primary producers. ) In fact, approximately one-quarter of the world's photosynthesis is conducted by protists, particularly dinoflagellates, diatoms, and multicellular algae.

Ascomycota

Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species.

Which contain most of the fungal species?

Ascomycota: The Sac Fungi.

Basidiomycota (club fungi)

Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for basidiomycota-yeast) and reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores (usually four). These specialized spores are called basidiospores.

What are the 5 fungal phyla?

Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota

Heterothallic

Describes when only one mating type is present in an individual mycelium

Homothallic

Describing a species in which the individuals are self-fertile.

Excavata examples

Diplomonads, Euglenids

How did eukaryotes evolve?

Endosymbiosis

What organelles did we likely get through endosymbiosis?

Mitochondria

Trichomonas

STD

Mycology

Study of fungus

Amoebozoa examples

Such as Chaos, Entamoeba, Pelomyxa and the genus Amoeba itself. Species of Amoebozoa may be either shelled (testate), or naked, and cells may possess flagella. Free-living species are common in both salt and freshwater as well as soil, moss and leaf litter.

Chromalveolata examples

Such as diatoms, brown algae, and significant disease agents in animals and plants

Alveoli

Terminal air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs.

Primary endosymbiosis

The engulfment of a cyanobacterium by a larger eukaryotic cell that gave rise to the first photosynthetic eukaryotes with chloroplasts.

Plasmogamy

The fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of syngamy.

What supergroup do fungi belong to?

Unikonta

Dikaryon

A cell or organism carrying two genetically distinguishable nuclei. Common in fungi.

Aflatoxin

A chemical that causes liver cancer and is produced by molds growing on stored crops

Symbiosis

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.

Protist

A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.

What are mycorrhizae?

A fungus that grows in association with the roots of a plant in a symbiotic or mildly pathogenic relationship.

Secondary endosymbiosis

A process by which protist diversity is hypothesized to have evolved from a symbiotic association that arose when an autotrophic eukaryotic protist was engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryotic protist.

Why do we say Eukaryotes are "Combination Organisms"?

Because they have archael aND bacterial orgins. The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host. A relationship in which one organism lives within the body of another organism.

How do fungi and animals store their polysaccharides?

Carbohydrates are one of the major forms of energy for animals and plants. ... Plants store carbohydrates in long polysaccharides chains called starch, while animals store carbohydrates as the molecule glycogen. These large polysaccharides contain many chemical bonds and therefore store a lot of chemical energy.

Six protist supergroups

Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, Amoebozoa, and Opisthokonta.

Zygomycota

Form sexual spores where hyphae fuse, bread mold

Sporangiospores

Formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium

What part of the fungi is the mushroom?

Fruiting body

Explain how fungi are important in decomposition/recycling in ecosystems?

Fungi & Their Roles as Decomposers and Recyclers. ... In these environments, fungiplay a major role as decomposers and recyclers, making it possible for members of the other kingdoms to be supplied with nutrients and to live. The food web would be incomplete without organisms that decompose organic matter.

What types of environments to fungi thrive in?

Fungi are found all around the world and grow in a wide range of habitats, including deserts. Most grow on land (terrestrial) environments, but several species live only in aquatic habitats. Most fungi live in either soil or dead matter, and many are symbionts of plants, animals, or other fungi

Where are most fungi found? Where CAN they be found?

Fungi are found all around the world and grow in a wide range of habitats, including deserts. Most grow on land (terrestrial) environments, but several species live only in aquatic habitats. Most fungi live in either soil or dead matter, and many are symbionts of plants, animals, or other fungi

Are most fungi motile or non-motile?

Fungi are non-motile (they don't move) heterotrophs (they get food and energy from other organisms)

Can fungi photosynthesise?

Fungi are unlike algae in that they are heterotrophic. This means that they rely on food from their environment to obtain energy. Fungi, like animals do not carry out photosynthesis. Unlike animals, fungi do not ingest (take into their bodies) their food.

What are three ways that fungi reproduce asexually?

Fungi reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or producing spores.

Perfect fungi

Fungi that undergo sexual reproduction

Fungivore

Fungivory or mycophagy is the process of organisms consuming fungi. Many different organisms have been recorded to gain their energy from consuming fungi, including birds, mammals, insects, plants, amoebas, gastropods, nematodes, bacteria and other fungi.

Karyogamy

Fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus. Occurs in many fungi, and in animals and plants during fertilization of gametes

Dinoflagellates

Group of protists that form "blooms", can be toxic. make up phytoplankton and can be bioluminescent. They generally have two flagella, half are heterotrophic and the other half are photosynthetic, many species are luminescent

What is meant by "digestion precedes ingestion"?

However, unlike most animals, which ingest food and then digest it internally in specialized organs, fungi perform these steps in the reverse order; digestion precedes ingestion. ... Then, the smaller molecules produced by this external digestion are absorbed through the large surface area of the mycelium.

Coenocytic hyphae.

Hyphae that contain no septa and appear as long, continuous cells with many nuclei

Why do most fungi prefer moist environments?

Moisture accelerate the process of decomposition. But there are several microfungi which can also survive in dry condition if nutrient supply is ambient.

Are most fungi multicellular or unicellular?

Multicellular

What are the most common body structures of fungi?

Multicellular filaments single cells (yeast) some species grow as either filaments or yeasts but others grow as both

When did the first large multicellular eukaryotes evolve?

Multicellular organisms evolved from unicellular eukaryotes at least 1.7 billion years ago.

Chimera-like

Resembling or characteristic of a chimera (fabulous creature with parts of different animals).

Asexually Reproducing Protists

Rhizopoda reproduce most often using binary fission. Spirogyra, an algal protist, reproduce through conjugation. The one exception to this is the euglena division of algal protists, which does not reproduce sexually, only asexually by dividing longitudinally.

How did fungi play an essential role in the colonization of land?

Scientists have long-suspected that soil fungi formed mutually beneficial relationships with early land plants to play an essential role in assisting their initial colonization of terrestrial environments. ... In return, the fungi also benefit by receiving carbon from the plants

What is kelp?

Seaweed is a term which can be used to describe many different marine-based species of plants and algae. But sea kelp is more specific. It describes the largest subgroup of seaweed. Seaweed ranges dramatically in size, whilst sea kelp is always quite large.

Perforated septa

Septa are usually perforated by pores large enough for ribosomes, mitochondria and sometimes nuclei to flow between cells. ... Some fungi have aseptate hyphae, meaning their hyphae are not partitioned by septa.

Serial Endosymbiosis

Sequence of endosymbiotic events that led to an ancestral eukaryote.

How do protists vary in size

Single protist cells range in size from less than a micrometer to thousands of square meters (giant kelp). Animal-like cell membranes or plant-like cell walls envelope protist cells. In other protists, glassy silica-based shells or pellicles of interlocking protein strips encase the cells.

Why do we think mitochondria came before chloroplasts?

The endosymbiotic hypothesis for the origin of mitochondria (and chloroplasts) suggests that mitochondria are descended from specialized bacteria (probably purple nonsulfur bacteria) that somehow survived endocytosis by another species of prokaryote or some other cell type, and became incorporated into the cytoplasm.

Which supergroups were produces of primary endosymbiotic events with typical organelles?

The endosymbiotic theory deals with the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts, two eukaryotic organelles that have bacteria characteristics. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to have developed from symbiotic bacteria, specifically alpha-proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively.

What evidence do we have to support the idea that mitochondria evolved from prokaryotes—and from alpha-proteobacteria specifically?

The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA which is circular, not linear.

What evidence do we have to support the idea that chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes—and cyanobacteria in particular?

The first piece of evidence that needed to be found to support the endosymbiotichypothesis was whether or not mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and if this DNA is similar to bacterial DNA. This was later proven to be true for DNA, RNA, ribosomes, chlorophyll (for chloroplasts), and protein synthesis.

Pseudopod

A "false foot" or temporary bulge of cytoplasm used for feeding and movement in some protozoans.

Endophyte

A harmless fungus, or occasionally another organism, that lives between cells of a plant part or multicellular alga.

What is a slime mold?

A heterotrophic protist that thrives on decaying organic matter...

Blades

A leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis.

Giardia

A microorganism that infects the digestive system

Sporangium

A multicellular organ in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop.

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Trypanosomiasis

African sleeping sickness, which is caused by a protozoan that inflames the CNS and is spread to humans by the bite of the tsetse fly; also, Chagas' disease, which causes a serious cardiomyopathy after the bite of the house fly

Are fungi heterotrophs or autotrophs?

All are heterotrophs

Coniodiospores

Alternative Title: conidiospore. Conidium, a type of asexual reproductive spore of fungi (kingdom Fungi) usually produced at the tip or side of hyphae (filaments that make up the body of a typical fungus) or on special spore-producing structures called conidiophores.

Saprobe

An organism that derives its nourishment from nonliving or decaying organic matter.

Mixotroph

An organism that is capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy.

Facultative anaerobe

An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present.

Obligate anaerobe

An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it.

Obligate aerobe

An organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it.

Are fungi more closely related to plants or animals?

Animals

Mycosis

Any abnormal condition or disease caused by a fungus

What is the Ediacaran biota?

Early group of soft-bodied multicellular eukaryotes. Trace fossils of these organisms have been found worldwide, and represent the earliest known complex multicellular organisms. The Ediacaran biota may have undergone evolutionary radiation in a proposed event called the Avalon explosion, 575 million years ago.

Gas Bladder

In multicellular algae, an air-filled structure that assists in flotation.

Where is chitin located in fungi?

In their cell walls

Imperfect fungi

Informal category of fungi with no known sexual stage of reproduction

Mycetismus

Ingestion of toxins in poisonous mushrooms

Phytophthora infestans(oomycete group)

Irish Potato Famine

What are the ways we discussed in which fungi are important for human life?

Is a messenger for plants and animals, helps reproduce mass populations, can kill or affect populations, and is connected to almost all animals through its nutrient moving processes.

How are leaf-cutter ants engaged in a mutualism with a fungus?

Leaf cutter ants cut various types of foliage into pieces. They then carry these cut leaves back to their colony where they grind up the plant matter. They then inoculate the leaves with a fungus.

Protists as decomposers

Many of the protist organisms are decomposers, that is, they feed on dead organisms and obtain their nutritional requirements from them. Some examples of decomposer protists are oomycetes, chytrids, labyrinthulomycetes, molds, etc. Oomycetes are fungus-like protists and typically grow on dead animals

Chytrids

Member of the fungal phylum Chytridiomycota, mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores that represent an early-diverging fungal lineage.

What are phytoplankton and why are they important?

Microscopic plants living in the mixed layer; base of ocean food chain

Mitosomes

Modified mitochondria in diplomonads

Where do protists live?

Moist environments (ponds, lakes, streams)

What protist is in your sushi?

Nori

What is the group of protists to which the fungi are most closely related?

Nucleariids

Dimorphic

Occurring or existing in two different forms

What supergroup are animals/fungi found in?

Opisthokonta

Protists as pathogens

Pathogenic protists are single-celled organisms that cause diseases in their hosts. These types of protists enter a host, such as an animal or plant, and live within the organism. ... In addition to living in a host, a protist also causes an organism harm.

What kind of fungi is used to ripen cheeses like camembert and Roquefort? (hint: perfect or imperfect)?

Penicillium camemberti

What is the organism that causes malaria?

Plasmodium parasite. The parasite can be spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. There are many different types of plasmodium parasite, but only 5 types cause malaria in humans.

Oomycetes group

Previously classified as fungi.

What are some generalizations about protists

Protists are eukaryotes, which means their cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Most, but not all, protists are single-celled. Other than these features, they have very little in common. You can think about protists as all eukaryotic organisms that are neither animals, nor plants, nor fungi.

Why are protists important for coral reefs and which ones are most important?

Protists like zooxanthellae have a symbiotic relationship with coral reefs; the protistsact as a food source for coral and the coral provides shelter and compounds for photosynthesis for the protists. Protists feed a large portion of the world's aquatic species and conduct a quarter of the world's photosynthesis.

Sexual reproduction in protists

Protists reproduce sexually by a process involving cell fusion and zygote formation. During sexual reproduction, two cells fuse and their nuclei, their chromosomes and usually cytoplasm combine to form a new cell, the zygote. The process of fusion of haploid cells is called syngamy or fertilization

What causes red tide?

Rapid growth of dinoflagellates

Archaeplastida examples

Red algae, green algae, and plants

What is white-nose syndrome and why is it of importance to those in San Antonio?

The Bracken Cave is the home of up to 20 million Mexican free-tailed bats and one of the largest colonies of bats in the world. The fungus causes a disease called white-nose syndrome that kills bats when they hibernate in winter.

Glomeromycota

The Glomeromycota is a monophyletic group of soil-borne fungi that are among the most important microorganisms on Earth, not only because they form intimate mycorrhizal associations with nearly 80% of land plants but also because they are believed to have been crucial in the initial colonization of the terrestrial realm by plants.

Opisthokonta examples

The Opisthokonta is a large supergroup of eukaryotes including metazoans and fungi. In addition, the Opisthokonta also includes some flagellate (choanoflagellates), amoeboid (e.g. Nuclearia) and sporozoan (e.g. Ichthyosporea, Microsporidia) protists. ... Metazoa has the most advanced multicellular organization.

Thallus

The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems.

Hyphae

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

Septa

The cells that make up hyphae are divided by these cross sections

Why do we say protists are the "catch-all" category?

The kingdom protista is called a "catch-all" kingdom because the group in which taxonomists place eukaryotic organisms do not seem to fit into any of the other kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms 2. ... It is considered a "dumping ground" kingdom.

Why are dinoflagellates so important?

The main ecological significance of dinoflagellates lies elsewhere, though. They are second only to diatoms as marine primary producers. As phagotrophic organisms they are also important components of the microbial loop in the oceans and help channel significant amounts of energy into planktonic food webs.

The morphology of multicellular fungi enhances what function? How?

The morphology of multicellular fungi enhances their ability to absorb nutrients (increased SA using mycelium****) mycelia: networks of branched hyphae*** adapted for absorption (feeding structure); can permeate soil, water, decaying material or living cells)hyphae: cytoplasmic filaments w/ haploid nucleicell walls**** made of chitin (which is also in insect exoskeleton)

Mycelium

The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food.

What is a method of classifying protists?

The protists can be classified into one of three main categories, animal-like, plant-like, and fungus-like. ... The animal-like protists are known as the protozoa, the plant-like protists are the algae, and the fungus-like protists are the slime molds and water molds. Marine plankton.

Endosymbiont theory

The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.

Pellicle

Thin film coating of salivary materials deposited on tooth surfaces

How are lichens used by people?

Throughout history, people have used lichens for food, clothing, dyes, perfume additives, medicines, poisons, tanning agents, bandaging, and absorbent materials. Compounds unique to lichens are used in perfumes, fiber dyes, and in medicines for their antibacterial and antiviral properties.

Rhizaria examples

Typically amoebas, that are characterized by the presence of needle-like pseudopodia.

Was the ancestor of all Eukaryotes a protist-like organism?

Yes