Bio Lab Final

100uL is equivalent to:

0.1mL

How many microliters are in a milliliter?

1,000

General Steps of Scientific Method (5)

1. observation 2. hypothesis 3. experiment 4. analyze results 5. repeat

If you are viewing an object using a 10x objective lens, what is the total magnification?

100x

Ocular lenses found in most compound light microscopes a magnification of?

10x

Anaerobic respiration produces _______ molecules of ATP, while aerobic respiration produces _______ molecules of ATP

20-30, 36-38

Most enzymes found in humans have an optimum temperature of what?

20C-40C

What was the optimum temperature for ALP based on our findings?

32C

How much ATP is generated by the complete oxidization of pyruvate into CO2 and H2O via aerobic respiration?

36-38

You are using a compound microscope and you have the objective lens set to 40x. What is the total magnification you are using to view the specimen?

400x

Which of the following are products of cellular respiration?

ATP, carbon dioxide, water

The linear relationship between the contraction of a colored solution and its light aborbance is known as:

Beer-Lambert Law

What is used to compare observed ratios for a given cross compare with predicted ratios?

Chi-square analysis (χ2)

Annealing

DNA primers attach to opposite ends of the target sequence

Denatueation

Double stranded DNA

The first offspring produced from a monohybrid cross is called the...

F1 generation

True or False: A denatured enzyme catalyze a reaction.

False

True or False: Human DNA Polymearse can be used in the Extension stage of a PCR reaction

False

Which micropipettes could be used to measure out 175uL of liquid?

P200 and P1000

PSII

P680

PSI

P700

Bt DNA is inserted into the plant genome to do what

Produce a protein that acts like a pesticide

What is the second stage of photosynthesis called?

all are correct

Which of the following is a reason why fruit files are used to understand genetics?

all of the above (they are great for everything)

CO2 is converted into a stable organic compound through a process known as

carbon fixation

The process by which organisms chemically oxidize organic compounds as a means of generating ATP is?

cellular respiration

What color-producing chemical will be used in today's lab to determine the concentration of glucose solutions through absorbance readings?

chromogen

What are autosomes?

chromosomes 1-22

If you were given a sample of bacteria to analyze, which microscope would be best for quickly identifying the specimen?

compound

In prokaryotic cells, catabolism of pyruvate takes place in the __________________. Whereas, in eukaryotic cells, it occurs in the _________________________.

cytoplasm, mitochondria

What is the correct order for the stages in PCR?

denaturation, annealing, extension

What number do chromosomes of somatic cells contain?

diploid number (2n)

What was the role of DPIP in the photosynthesis experiment?

electron acceptor

Which has a smaller wavelength: electrons or visible light?

electrons

What moves DNA through the gel during gel electrophoresis?

eletricity

During what step of PCR does Taq DNA polymerase add new nucelotides to the template strand?

extension

True or False: A denatured enzyme can catalyze a chemical reaction.

false

True or False: Enzyme activity typically occurs within a very broad pH range.

false

True or False: Fermentation generates energy (i.e., ATP).

false

True or False: Moving molecules against their concentration gradient requires energy

false

True or False: Photosynthesis is a catabolic process.

false

True or False: Plant cells are like red blood cells and can potentially burst when placed in solutions of varying tonicity

false

True or False: Simple diffusion requires energy input

false

True or False: Transmission electron microscope (TEM) produces a 3-D image of the surface of the object

false

True or False: dissecting microscopes allow higher magnification than compound microscopes

false

True or False: only glucose can be broken down to generate ATP

false

True or False: to view a specimen under an electron microscope, it has to be living

false

A genetic composition of an individual is known as?

genotype

What is the genetic composition of an organism called?

genotype

What is the end product of photosynthesis (for the plant)?

glucose

What is the substrate (starting molecules) in glycosis?

glucose

At which stages of aerobic cellular respiration are ATP produced?

glycolysis, krebs cycle, chemiosmosis

What factors determine how fast water moves across a membrane?

hydrostatic presure + solute concentration difference

If water travels from the surrounding solution into the cell, what type of solution is the cell in?

hypotonic

The variable that is manipulated or varied by the researcher in an experiment is the _______

independent variable

Absorbance and Percent Transmittance exhibit what kind of relationship?

inverse

There is a(n) ________ relationship between the color of a solution and the wavelength of light it best absorbs

inverse

Many species are unable to utilize oxygen as a final electron acceptor during cellular respiration due to:

lack of ETC proteins, lack of oxygen in the environment, lack of enzymes needed to inactivate free radicals

What will happen when a red blood cell is placed in distilled water?

lysis will occur

Which of the following is not a step of the Scientific Method?

making an observation, creating hypothesis, repeating your experiment

Can dominant alleles be masked by recessive alleles?

no

In an experiment designed to determine the rate of reaction based on the context of each beaker, the hypothesis states there will be no difference in the outcome of the experiment is ______

null hypothesis

How many copies of a recessive sex-linked allele does a male offspring need to express the recessive phenotype?

one

What is the passive process by which H20 molecules move from an area of high concentration to low concentration?

osmosis

Tonicity is the measure of what?

osmotic presssure

What is the in vitro substrate for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) that we will be using in lab?

pNPP

The principle of ______ states that the simplest explanation of how things work is usually the best?

parsimony

What is the appearance of a particular trait called?

phenotype

ALP catalyzes the hydrolysis of _______________ attached to proteins or lipids.

phosphate groups

Large complexes of proteins and pigments (light-absorbing molecules) that are optimized to harvest light are called:

photosystems

What does PCR stand for?

polymerase chain reaction

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

produce 3-D images of the surfaces of objects

When leaf pigments absorb light, electrons are boosted to a higher energy level, providing energy to:

produce ATP, reduce NADP+

Enzymes are classified as what kind of macromolecule?

protein

What macromolecule is an enzyme classified as?

protein

The difference between dialysis tubing and real cell membranes is that

real membranes are more selective

Blue-colored objects absorb which wavelength of light the most?

red

In gel electrophoresis, will longer or shorter pieces of DNA move faster through the gel?

shorter

Two groups being able to reproduce the results of an experiment conducted in the exact same way follows the principles:

similarity of causation

What molecules can diffuse through a cell membrane?

small non polar molecules

What is the name of the machine we will use in today's lab to measure the amount of light that is absorbed by a solution?

spectrophotometer

During the dark reactions, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is brought into the leaf through tiny pores called: ___________

stomata

What will happen when a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

the cell becomes shriveled

What happens if either the enzyme or substrate is limited?

the enzyme's reaction rate will remain constant

True or False: Chlorophyll is the pigment located within chloroplasts that give plains their green color

true

True or False: Epistasis is when the expression of one gene is dependent on the expression of the other.

true

True or False: Focal plane decrease with increasing magnification

true

True or False: The null hypothesis H0 is the negative statement that the scientist is trying to disprove.

true

True or False: Tonicity is the measure of osmotic pressure.

true

True or False: aerobic respiration yields more ATP than anaerobic respiration.

true

True or False: the Q10 effect is limited by excessive heat that causes desaturation in an enzyme

true

True or False: when an enzyme's reaction rate doubles for every 10 degree Celsius increase in temperature it's called the Q10 effect.

true

What is the P generation?

true-breeding parents

A genetic cross between two organisms that possess three separate traits is called a _______ cross

try hybrid

The cause behind the results of an experiement will stay the same if we repeat the experiment tomorrow follows the pricnciples of:

uniformity

What determines resolution?

visual activity, magnification, lens quality, lens diameter

What does homozygous mean?

when the same pair of alleles composes a trait

Your resting heart rate is _______

when your heart is pumping the least amount of blood and when your heart rate is at its slowest

When plotting data on graphs, which axis does the dependent variable go on?

y-axis

What color will the product of today's experiment (pNP) turn?

yellow