Bio Lab Final

Turner's Syndrome (XO)

- caused when all or part of x chromosome is missing from all or most of all cells in the body -physically appear female -symptoms: reproductively sterile, lack of unassisted puberty, abnormally short in stature

breast cancer

-Mutation in BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 gene - Chromosome 17,13 - Autosomal dominant pattern, heterozygous

Genetical variation

-mutation is ultimate source of variations

expected frequency of phenotypes

9:3:3:1 and 1:1:1:1

Codominance

A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed

monohybrid cross

A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait

cystic fibrosis

A genetic disorder that occurs in people with two copies of a certain recessive allele; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated.

PKU

A human metabolic disease caused by a mutation in a gene coding for a phenylalanine processing enzyme (phenylalanine hydroxylase), which leads to the accumulation of phenylalanine and mental issues if not treated; inherited as an autosomal recessive phenotype.

Chi-square test

A significance test used to determine if a linear relationship exists between two variables measured on interval or ratio scales.

shell

A tough, multilayered structure secreted by the mantle, generally used for protection, but sometimes for body support

Radula

An organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouths

Cofactors

Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis

Enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

clams class

Class Bivalvia

Squid class

Class Cephalopoda

Snails class

Class Gastropoda

Chitons class

Class Polyplacophora

dihybrid cross

Cross or mating between organisms involving two pairs of contrasting traits

"DNA moves through a gel because it is positively charged and is attracted to the negative electrode."

False (DNA moves through a gel because it is negatively charged and is attracted to the positive electrode.)

"Gel electrophoresis can tell you the sequence of a particular DNA fragment."

False (Gel electrophoresis can tell you the size of a particular DNA fragment.)

"When visualizing your gel, you can tell the size of the DNA fragments by seeing how wide each band is."

False (When visualizing your gel, you can the size of the DNA fragments by seeing how long each band is.)

"You can see DNA on a gel because DNA is naturally fluorescent."

False (You can see DNA on a gel because of the UV light that is added to the gel.)

Taq polymerase

Heat-tolerant enzyme used to copy DNA

sickle cell disease

Individuals who are homozygous for the gene controlling hemoglobin S. The disease is characterized by the destruction of red blood cells and by episodic blocking of blood vessels by the adherence of sickle cells to the vascular endothelium.

Law of Segregation

Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete

Since around 20% of the general population are broccoli haters, does this mean that the bitter sensitivity is a recessive trait? Why or why not?

No, just because something is infrequent, doesn't mean it is recessive.

Gel Electrophoresis

Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel

"A gel is placed in a liquid called running buffer because it is an insulator and will protect the user from electric shock."

True

"An electrophoresis gel used for DNA is usually made from gelatin, which is a protein obtained from seaweed."

True

"The speed at which DNA moves through a gel is directly related to its charge."

True

Turner's syndrome

XO

Super female

XXX

Klinefelter's male

XXY

XYY Condition

XYY

chelating agents

a group of compounds that bind metallic ions and change the shape of the cofactor

complete dominance

a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another

particulate theory of inheritance

a theory proposed by Mendel. it states that traits are inherited as discrete units that remain unchanged as they are passed from parent to offspring

hypothetical ancestral mollusc

allows us to examine molluscs alive today as descendants from an ancestral type

operculum

covers and protects snails from drying out

"Cri du chat"

defective chromosome #5

Patau's syndrome

extra chromosome #13

Edward's syndrome

extra chromosome #18

Down's syndrome

extra chromosome #21

"Each band in a DNA electrophoresis gel is made up of one molecule of DNA."

false (Each band in a DNA electrophoresis gel is made up of multiple molecules of DNA.)

smaller pieces of DNA will move ___ than larger ones

faster

The siphon of a squid is a modification of the

foot

4 parts of a mollusk

foot, mantle, shell, radula

Two parts of evolution

genetic variation and differential reproduction

Low chi square values

indicate a high probability that the observed deviations could be due to random chance alone

High chi square values

indicate a low probability that the observed deviations are due to random chance alone

Evolution

involves the change in frequency of different phenotypes in a population from generation to generation

Foot

large ventral part of the mollusk

The siphon of a clam is a modification of the

mantle

gel electrophoresis is ___ charged

negatively

Torsion

process that gives snails the ability to retract in shell

Virtually all conditions associated with sex-linked genes are

recessive

Gel electrophoresis separates pieces of DNA by molecular

size and shape

Mantle

soft, unsegmented body that encloses the mollusk

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

technique that allows the making of many copies of a particular gene

law of independent assortment

the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis

Substrate

the molecule upon which an enzyme acts

differential reproduction

those that survive are the ones that can reproduce successfully in the new habitat

Karyotypes are

visualizations of the condensed chromosomes of a cell

Chi-square test equation

x2=Ed2/e