BIO MIDTERM 2

What are the three divisions of the immune system?

1. Physical barriers -physical and chemical barriers -e.g. skin, hairy nose, acidic stomac 2. Non specific immunity: internal innate system 3. Specific Immunity: Adaptive system

List 4 items that have contributed to widespread antibiotic resistance.

Agriculture, overprescription, taking them the wrong way, antimicrobials

What is the difference between an infection and an autoimmune disorder?

An infection can be cured and autoimmune disorder results in tissue, organ damage/death

A substance foreign to the body that triggers an immune response is called?

Antigen

How do human diseases caused by bacteria and diseases caused by viruses react to antibiotics?

Bacteria responds to antibiotics but viruses do not

You and your friend are babysitting the same small child, who is sick with chickenpox. You get sick but your friend does not. Why?

Because the friend already has the memory cells of the disease either by having it already or getting a vaccine.

By which process do bacteria reproduce?

Binary fission

What are the costs and the benefits of fever?

Can be fatal, causes seizures, but it cools body and fights disease

An antibiotic kills 99.9% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?

Double resistance

An individual receives a flu vaccine and is well protected for the current flu season. The following flu season, the individual fails to get another flu vaccine and comes down with the flu. What is the most likely explanation for vaccine ineffectiveness in the subsequent flu season?

Each year there are many different versions, or strains of the influenza virus which are constantly changing. With the new flu season, the body encounters a slightly different form of flu virus and therefore a different se of antigens.

Which specific defense mechanism defends primarily against antigens in body fluids?

Humoral immunity;antibodies; B cells

Name all components that represent a first line of defense against pathogens according to the textbook.

Integumentary system: skin, lysosomes-saliva, tears, ear wax

What is the function of interferon in the immune system?

Interferons alert nearby healthy cells to turn on protective measures that help them resist viruses, they take an antiviral state in which they transcribe specific genes and translate them into proteins that can inhibit viral replication and can degrade viral DNA

Why are viruses not classified as living organisms?

It is not a cell and requires a host for survival

List the parts of the body's nonspecific defense mechanism.

Lymph nodes, B cells, T cells, Memory cells, bone marrow

List examples for cells or tissues that form the specific defenses against an infectious agent.

Lymphocytes and antibodies

Which type of cell is most likely to ingest pathogens and "present" fragments of these pathogens to other immune cells on their cell surface?

Macrophages

The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio viruses. Why do vaccinated individuals become protected against polio?

Memory cells: already have the sickness. Fight against it.

A research scientist is trying to design a new antibiotic that will kill bacteria but not harm human host cells. What part of bacteria would serve as an ideal target to allow for this kind of selectivity?

N/A

One difference between the innate and adaptive immune system is when you first encounter a new foreign invader, the latter is slower then the former. Why?

N/A

Which cell type is best known for attacking virus-infected cells?

Natural killer cells

Which part of the immune system protects the body from its own cancerous cells?

Natural killer cells, interferon, internal innate (non specific)

Why doesn't passive immunity last very long?

No antibodies are transmitted

What is the name given to disease-causing organisms?

Pathogen

Many bacteria carry plasmids containing bacterial genes that are easily and rapidly spread through an entire bacterial colony. Why are plasmids of particular concern to humans?

Plasmids are a particular concern to humans b/c they contain antibiotic response

Why is it possible to get the flu during the flu season when you have already been vaccinated for influenza?

The flu virus is constantly changing

Immune cells recognize "self" from "non-self". How?

The molecules, usually proteins on the surface of pathogens

Why don't people develop immunity to the common cold?

There are many different types of the common cold.

How does injecting a person with a killed-bacteria vaccine protect that individual from a disease?

They develop memory cells/secondary response system

List examples for infections and autoimmune disorders.

Type 1 diabetes, MS, Rheumatoid Arthritis

What occurs in a victim of Type 1 diabetes? Type 2?

Type 1: Pancreatic cells are attacked by cytotonic T cells, autoimmune response- own cells attack own cells

What is the function of vaccines?

Vaccines trick body into thinking it has full blown virus.

How do vaccines create immunity?

Vaccines trick the body into thinking it has a full blown disease and the body mounts a specific immunity response; memory cells

What may vaccines be made of?

Weakened, killed, or harmless form of a specific pathogen

Why does secondary immune response occur much more quickly than the primary response?

Your body is able to recognize the foreign invader faster which means better/faster response