Bio

Using Mendel's flower color (purple is dominant, white is recessive), if two heterozygous plants are crossed, what is the probability that the first offspring will have purple flowers?

3/4

When Mendel crossed two plants that were heterozygous for a single trait, what was the phenotypic ratio of their offspring?

3:1

Question a: What is the probability that a 25 year old woman named Susan (who currently has no symptoms, but whose father died of HD and whose mother is healthy) will develop HD? Question b. What if Susan took a genetic test for which she tested positive for the Huntington's allele. What are the chances that she will pass her H allele to her children? (HINT: you are just looking at her gametes in this question).

50%; 50%

Assume a typical Mendelian inheritance for this scenario. Imagine that you counted 500 pea plants from an F2 generation (F1 PpGg x F1 PpGg cross), with the following numbers for each phenotype: Phenotype 1: purple flowers, green pods: 301 Phenotype 2: purple flowers, yellow pods: 98 Phenotype 3: white flowers, green pods: 81 Phenotype 4: white flowers, yellow pods: 21 Total offspring 500

9:3:3:1

One of Mendel's pea plants has the genotype rrYy. How many different types of gametes can it make and in what proportions?

1 rY : 1 ry

In humans, these traits are likely inherited in a Mendelian pattern: 1) free earlobes is dominant to attached earlobes: 2) pigmented skin color is dominant to albino skin color/lack of pigmentation; and 3) wet earwax is dominant to dry earwax. A male with free earlobes, pigmented skin and dry earwax (whose mother had all the recessive traits) has a partner who has attached earlobes, pigmented skin, and wet earwax (whose father was an albino and mother had dry earwax). What are the chances that their first child will have all three recessive traits? All three dominant traits?

1/16 all recessive; 3/16 all dominant

PKD is the result of a autosomal dominant allele. A couple, both of whom know they are heterozygous for the PKD allele, want to have a healthy child. What are the chances that their first child will be disease-free?

1/4

Two approaches are commonly used to diagram genetic crosses, one is the Punnett Square and the other is called the branching method. Both of these approaches are diagrammed below for a Mendelian dihybrid cross RrYy X RrYy. Let's consider how the outcome is changed if we add a third trait in a trihybrid cross: RrYyTt X RrYyTt. Use the branching method to determine the chances of getting a trihybrid individual RrYyTt from a Mendelian trihybrid mating.

1/8

Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the CF gene, and there are several different mutations that are known to result in CF disease. The CF mutations behave as recessive alleles to the normal (aka wild-type) CF allele. If two carriers that have different mutations in their CF genes have children what is the probability that one of their children will have CF disease?

25%

Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant condition that eventually results in death. A woman with the disease (her father had the disease but her mother is healthy) has a partner with no history of the disease in his family. What are the chances that this couple, who is pregnant, will have a female child who will develop Huntington's disease?

25%

The following question refers to the Punnett square below. Which letter represents a homozygotic dominant progeny?

A

A(an) ________ is a variation of a gene.

Allelle

Two dihybrid pea plants (both tall and with purple flowers) are mated. The cross resulted in 9866 progeny, of which 5550 were tall with purple flowers. What are the expected ratios of the other phenotypic classes? HINT: what Mendelian dihybrid ratio do you expect?

B. 616 Short/white flower 1850 Tall/white flower 1850 Short/purple flower

If an individual that phenotypically has dominant traits is mated to another individual that also has dominant traits and the progeny have both dominant and recessive traits it indicates that

Both parents are heterozygotic (another way of saying heterozygote

In a dihybrid cross using Mendelian inheritance, if both parents are heterozygous for both traits, what will be the phenotypic ratio of their offspring?

D. 9:3:3:1

In a dihybrid testcross, the individual being examined is crossed to which of the following?

D. An individual who is homozygous recessive for both traits Correct

A Chi-square P-value of 0.5 (50%) is interpreted to mean that the null hypothesis is rejected.

False

A true breeding line of green pod pea plants is crossed with a true-breeding line of yellow pod plants. All of their offspring have green pods. From this information, it can be stated that the green color is ________ to the yellow color.

Dominant

When Mendel crossed two plants that were heterozygous for a single trait, what was the genotypic ratio of their offspring?

E. 1:2:1

The genetic composition of an individual is called its ________.

Genotype

An individual who has two different alleles for a trait is called ________.

Heterozygous

An individual who has two identical alleles for a trait is said to be ________.

Homozygous

Mendel made a cross between two pea plants that were heterozygous for the alleles of round R and wrinkled r seeds. The RrXRr monohybrid mating produced 5474 round and 1850 wrinkled seeds. Perform a Chi Square analysis to determine if these data support the expected Mendelian monohybrid phenotypic ratio for this cross. Choose the one correct conclusion. These data are not significantly different from the expected Mendelian monohybrid ratio of 3:1. These data are significantly different from the expected Mendelian monohybrid ratio of 3:1.

If you chose response "a" on the activity, then choose this response.

Assume a typical Mendelian inheritance for this scenario. Imagine that you counted 500 pea plants from an F2 generation (F1 PpGg x F1 PpGg cross), with the following numbers for each phenotype: Phenotype 1: purple flowers, green pods: 301 Phenotype 2: purple flowers, yellow pods: 97 Phenotype 3: white flowers, green pods: 81 Phenotype 4: white flowers, yellow pods: 21 Total offspring 500 How close is your prediction to the actual data? Do the data fit the expected results? Perform a Chi-square analysis to determine if the predicted ratio you chose fits the F2 data. What was the Chi-Square value; is the data a good fit to the expected results? a. ~2; yes, good fit b. ~7; yes, good fit c. ~11; no, not a good fit d. ~35; no not a good fit

If you chose response "b" then chose this response

Imagine that two adults that are unaffected by Cystic Fibrosis (an autosomal recessive disorder) but they have a child with Cystic Fibrosis. What is the probability that their next child will have the disease? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% e. 100%

If you chose response "b" then chose this response

Imagine that two adults that are unaffected by Cystic Fibrosis (an autosomal recessive disorder) but they have a child with Cystic Fibrosis. They plan to have a big family - 5 more children. What is the probability that their next 5 children will all be healthy? Choose the closest value. a. ~4% b. ~10% c. ~25% d. ~40% e. ~75%

If you chose response "c" then chose this response

Imagine that two adults that are unaffected by Cystic Fibrosis (an autosomal recessive disorder) but they have a child with Cystic Fibrosis. This couple wants a big family. What is the probability that the next 5 kids will be 3 boys and 2 girls, regardless of their health condition and in no specific order? Choose the closest value. a. ~5% b. ~14% c. ~30% d. ~40% e. ~50%

If you chose response "c" then chose this response

Imagine that two adults that are unaffected by Cystic Fibrosis (an autosomal recessive disorder) but they have a child with Cystic Fibrosis. What is the probability that 4 of the 5 children will be healthy? Choose the closest value. a. ~4% b. ~10% c. ~25% d. ~40% e. ~75%

If you chose response "d" then chose this response

Mendel's work with single-factor crosses resulted in the development of which of the following?

Law of Segregation

In the biological sciences, the null hypothesis is usually rejected if the P value is ________.

Less than 0.05

An allele that produces an inactive enzyme would be classified as what kind of allele?

Loss of function

Assume Mendel found two green-leafed pea plants growing in the courtyard of his monastery that he didn't plant. He wanted to identify the genotype of each. He crossed-fertilized each one, which means he mated each plant to itself, collected the resulting F1 peas and then grew them up to identify the leaf color of the F1 generation. He knows from other studies that green leaves is dominant to yellow leaves, but he doesn't know the genotype of these two parental plants. Plant 1: all 250 F1 offspring had green leaves Plant 2: 320 F1 had green leaves while 109 had yellow leaves. What is the genotype of the original plants?

Parent 1 is homozygous dominant and Parent 2 is heterozygous

If the progeny of a mating of pea plants have the following data: 1342 smooth seed/green pod 447 wrinkled seed/yellow pod 429 smooth seed/ yellow pod 1361 wrinkled seed/green pod. What are the genotypes of the parents? HINT: Mendel's rules of independent assortment allows us to look at traits separately. Look at each trait separately (1342+429 = 1771 smooth vs 447+1361 = 1808 wrinkled) and then green vs yellow. This looks like a 1:1 smooth to wrinkled ratio. What does this ratio of smooth to wrinkled mean about the parents?

Parent 1: Heterozygous for seed shape and pod color Parent 2: Homozygous seed shape and heterozygous for pod color

The observable characteristics of an organism are called its ________.

Phenotype

In this scenario, a commercial fish breeder has two strains of fish, one is plain colored while the other is striped. She wants to know how this color pattern is inherited. She has been breeding each strain in separate containers for over a year and both seem to be true-breeding. In a new aquarium, she places a true-breeding plain-colored male and a true-breeding striped female. After several weeks, she takes the F1 generation (all of whole are striped) and inter-breeds them (F1XF1) to produce an F2 generation. Assume 500 F2 were counted. Choose all the TRUE statements from the following list as they apply to this Mendelian (autosomal) trait. Use the "C" and "c" allele symbols for this coloration trait

The original striped parent has the genotype CC (homozygous dominant), All the striped F1 should have the Cc genotype

Which of the following statements are TRUE. Choose all that apply.

The probability that a couple's first child will be a boy is 50%., The probability that a couple will have 3 boys followed by 2 girls is 3.125%, The probability that a couple will have 3 boys and 2 girls in any order is 31.25%.

Three crosses were made between pea plants of different height and 1000 offspring counted from each mating. Assume plant height is a typical Mendelian trait with S (tall) dominant to s (short); The "-" indicates that the other allele is unknown. Crosses Parent 1 Parent 2 Cross outcmes Cross 1 S_ S_ 802 S_ offspring + 198 ss offspring Cross 2 ss S_ 560 S_ offspring + 433 ss offspring Cross 3 ss ss 1000 ss offspring Cross 4 S_ S_ 1000 S_ offspring Which of the conclusions listed below is correct? Choose all that apply.

The ratio of the offspring in the S_ X S_ matings conform to the expected ratio for a Mendelian monohybrid cross

The results of a dihybrid cross of plants is given in the table below. What conclusions would you make from the P value of a Chi-square analysis? You should be able to calculate the P value for a Chi-Square analysis. However, here is the P value for you to interpret. P value = 4.9% for a 9:3:3:1 ratio.

The results are statistically significantly different than the expected results

The Law of Independent Assortment states that

Two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells

Is the dominant parent AA or Aa genotype if considering a single gene or AABB, AaBB, AABb or AaBb if considering 2 genes? In this question, assume we are preforming this testcross where the genotypes of both parents are known: AaBb X aabb. Select which of the following results would most closely conform to a testcross of this dihybrid plant. The results of four matings A-D are provided in the table.

You expect a 1:1:1:1 testcross ratio for a cross AaBb X aabb. Outcome D is the closest to this ratio

Two approaches are commonly used to diagram genetic crosses, one is the Punnett Square and the other is called the branching method. Both of these approaches are diagrammed below for a Mendelian dihybrid cross RrYy X RrYy. What are the chances of getting an RRYY individual from this mating? What are the chances of getting a RrYy individual?

a. RRYY = 1/16; RrYy = 4/16 or 1/4

Assume normal Mendelian inheritance for this scenario. Imagine that you counted 500 pea plants from an F2 generation (F1 PpGg x F1 PpGg cross), producing the following numbers for each phenotype: Phenotype 1: purple flowers, green pods: 301 Phenotype 2: purple flowers, yellow pods: 98 Phenotype 3: white flowers, green pods: 81 Phenotype 4: white flowers, yellow pods: 21 Total offspring 500 Question: What is the most likely genotype of the white flowered-yellow pod F2 offspring? Choose all that apply. a. Aa b. aa c. AaBb d. aaBb e. aabb.

aabb

Which of the following is a dihybrid mating? Choose all that apply.

b. AaBb X AaBb

Hypothetically, brown color (B) in naked mole rats is dominant to white color (b). Suppose you ran across a brown, male, naked mole rat and decided to find out if he was BB or Bb by using a testcross. You mate him to a white (totally recessive) female, and examine the offspring produced. If the brown mole rat produces 22 brown and 28 white offspring when mated to a white female, then what is the brown male's genotype? What percentage of brown mole rat offspring did you expect to see?

b. Bb; 50%

Imagine that two adults that are unaffected by Cystic Fibrosis (an autosomal recessive disorder) but they have a child with Cystic Fibrosis. What is the genotype of the two parents? a. Homozygous dominant b. Homozygous recessive c. Heterozygous d. None of the above

c

Assume a typical Mendelian inheritance for this scenario. Imagine that you counted 500 pea plants from an F2 generation (F1 PpGg x F1 PpGg cross), with the following numbers for each phenotype: Phenotype 1: purple flowers, green pods: 301 Phenotype 2: purple flowers, yellow pods: 98 Phenotype 3: white flowers, green pods: 81 Phenotype 4: white flowers, yellow pods: 21 Total offspring 500 Approximately how many white-flowered, green pod offspring would you have predicted in the 500 F2? a. 375 b. 281 c. 250 d. 94 e. 31

d

You have an animal who is heterozygous for 2 genes (aka dihybrid), both of which follow a Mendelian inheritance pattern. One gene is for ear size (AA or Aa being big ears whereas aa is for small ears) and the other gene is for buggy eyes (BB and Bb for buggy eyes whereas bb represent regular eyes). If you testcross this individual, 1) what is the expected genotypic ratio; 2) what are the chances of getting a Aabb offspring; and 3) what are the chances of getting a small-eared & regular-eyed offspring?

d. 1:1:1:1 genotypic ratio; 1/4 Aabb; 1/4 small-eared& regular eyed

The ________ refers to the genetic composition of an individual.

genotype

In a Punnett square diagram, the outside of the box represents the ________.

haploid gametes

If two individuals with different distinct characteristics are mated, their offspring is called a ________.

hybrid

A cross in which a researcher investigates the patterns of inheritance of a single trait is called a ________.

monohybrid cross

In a genetic cross, there are n classes of data. What would the degrees of freedom be for a chi-square test on this data?

n-1

In a Chi Square analysis, the ________ value indicates the probability that differences between the observed values and the expected values are due to random chance alone.

p value

The ________ is the observable characteristics of an individual.

phenotype

According to the Law of Segregation allele segregation into gametes is

random

If over several generations a trait does not vary in a group of organisms, that group can be called a ________.

true-breeding line