BIO PSYC Exam 4
Among adult humans, those who sleep ____ or more hours per night have the highest percentage of REM sleep.
9
Which hormone(s) is/are likely to be found more abundantly in females than in males?
Estrogens
What is true with regards to the duration of self-generated sleep/activity cycle?
It is highly consistent in a given individual in a given environment
When examining the data on sexual orientation of twins and other siblings, what seems to be the most reasonable conclusion?
Sexual orientation is determined by genetics as well as other factors.
Carlee's EEG recording shows a predominant amount of alpha waves. What is going on?
She is very relaxed but still awake.
The ________ is a cluster of cells located within the hypothalamus that act as the master pacemaker within the body
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Which claim is most consistent with the evolutionary perspective of sleep?
The function of sleep is similar to that of hibernation.
An electroencephalograph displays ____.
a net average of all the neurons' potentials
Male sexual behavior depends heavily on neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus releasing which substance?
dopamine
(t/f) Alternation between wakefulness and sleep depends completely on stimuli in the environment.
false
Eugino has a large number of PGO waves. He is likely ____.
in REM sleep
During sleep, what happens in the brain
increased firing by GABA neurons
Research found that during REM sleep, activity _____.
increased in both the pons and the limbic system
During REM sleep, the EEG shows ____.
irregular, low-voltage fast waves
What is the principal zeitgeber for land animals?
light
Young adults deprived of a night's sleep show deficits on ____ tasks.
memory
While Arlette is sleeping, her locus coeruleus is _____.
most inactive
EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because ____.
neurons are becoming more synchronized
Which of these is characteristics of sleep apnea
periods without breathing during sleeping
One part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal is known as the ____.
pontomesencephalon
With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4), ____.
slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most characteristic of which sleep stage?
stage 2
Slow-wave sleep is comprised of ____.
stages 3 and 4
What is narcolepsy?
sudden periods of sleepiness during the day
Which hypothesis/theory suggests that the primary motor cortex is suppressed so arousal during sleep cannot lead to action?
the neurocognitive hypothesis
(t/f) After removing all sensory input to the brain, an animal would continue to have periods of sleep and wakefulness.
true
(t/f) In general, men are more jealous of sexual infidelity than women.
true
(t/f) Orexin is not necessary for waking up, but it is for staying awake.
true
(t/f) The activation-synthesis theory of dreams argues that dreams are the result of random brain activity.
true
Social stimuli - that is, the effects of other people - are weak ____, unless they induce exercise or other vigorous activity.
zeitgebers
For a normal person, about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to slow-wave sleep and back again) last?
90 minutes
Which statement is TRUE with regard to the duration of a self-generated sleep/activity cycle?
It is highly consistent in a given individual in a given environment.
Genetic males with testicular feminization (androgen insensitivity) develop looking and acting female. This condition develops because of a genetic mutation that has which effect?
It prevents testosterone from having its usual effects.
REM sleep is associated with ____.
PGO waves in the brain
If a female rat is exposed to highly stressful experiences late in pregnancy, what happens to the sexual development of her offspring?
The genetic males become responsive to male partners.
If we compare either different species or different ages, what trend emerges?
The more total sleep, the higher the percentage of REM sleep
The PER and TIM proteins accumulate during the day until they cause sleepiness. What prevents them from continuing to accumulate at night?
When the proteins reach a high level, they turn off the genes that produce them.
A polysomnograph displays ____.
a combination of EEG and eye-movement records
When do the secretions of melatonin begin?
a couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep
Who would probably develop as an intersex?
a genetic female exposed to more testosterone than normal during early development
The frequency of homosexuality in men is highest if ____.
a monozygotic twin brother is homosexual
Animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms that last ____.
about a day
It appears from research with cats that one function of the messages from the pons to the spinal cord is to prevent us from ____.
acting out our dreams
Two major classes of sex hormones are ____.
androgens and estrogens
Estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes nor feminizes its development because it is ____.
bound to alpha-fetoprotein
Hormones are most essential to which aspect of mammalian parental behavior?
care for newborns during the first few days
When Simon LeVay examined interstitial nucleus 3 in 41 people who had died, he found that in the homosexual males in his sample, this nucleus was ____.
comparable in size to the heterosexual females
If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they ____.
continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm
In comparison to activating effects, organizing effects of hormones take place ____.
earlier in life and produce more long-lasting effects
Which characteristic tends to be more important for women than men in choosing a mate?
earning potential
Steroid hormones produce their effects by ____.
entering cells and affecting gene expression
A "zeitgeber" is a(n) ____.
environmental cue that resets a biological clock
Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to ____.
expose them to bright lights while they work
Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of the SCN genes can be changed through ____.
exposure of the eyes to light
Mammals have circadian rhythms ____.
for a variety of activities, including sleep
If a never pregnant female rat is left for 5-10 days with a litter of babies, she will ____.
initially ignore them, but eventually will become more attentive
Birth control pills prevent pregnancy by ____.
interfering with the feedback cycle between the ovaries and the pituitary
A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is known as ____.
jetlag
Based on research, it has been determined that the human circadian rhythm appears to be ____.
just over 24 hours
The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is ____.
only one of several systems involved in arousal
The SCN is located just above the ____.
optic chiasm
The SCN produces circadian rhythms by altering ____.
production of proteins
The circadian rhythm is reset by input from special ganglion cells in the retina. These ganglion cells are unusual in that they ____.
respond directly to light, but respond very slowly
A small branch of the optic nerve, known as the ____ path extends directly from the retina to the SCN.
retinohypothalamic
A decrease in the amount of sleep most likely to affect the performance of migratory bird during ____.
seasons other than migration
Typically, a person who falls asleep enters ____.
stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2, 3 and 4 in order
After damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the body ____.
still has rhythms, but they are less consistent
According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, what do dreams reflect?
the brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity
Gender identity can be defined as ____.
the sex one identifies with and calls oneself
What causes the primitive gonads to develop into masculine structures?
the sex region Y (SRY) gene
A recent hypothesis proposed that the role of REM is ____.
to shake the eyeballs back and forth in order to get sufficient oxygen to the corneas of the eyes
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) occurs because the adrenal gland releases ____.
too little cortisol