Bio Quiz Questions 3-3-19

How many ATP are created by fermentation?

2 ATP

When four hydrogen atoms bind with oxygen and four electrons, what molecule is created?

2 H2O

Oxygen + Glucose → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

6O2 + C6 H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Now that you know more about the specific processes of photosynthesis, explain exactly why a plant needs carbon dioxide from the air.

A plant needs carbon dioxide for the Calvin cycle. Without it, a plant would not be able to create glucose

How does ADP get converted to ATP?

ADP has two phosphates, and when another is added it becomes ATP.

In what molecule does the energy from these high-energy electrons end up?

ATP

Which molecule has higher energy? ADP or ATP?

ATP

Which molecule has higher potential energy? ADP or ATP?

ATP

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic processes?

Aerobic processes require oxygen, and anaerobic processes do not.

In what stages are carbon dioxide and oxygen involved in photosynthesis ATP production?

Carbon dioxide is needed to produce carbon molecules during the light-independent reactions, and oxygen is released when light-dependent reactions occur.

How Cells Use ATP

Cells use ATP for biosynthesis, movement, active transport, and cell division.

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis work in tandem, but are opposite processes. Photosynthesis helps deposit energy, and cellular respiration withdraws that energy.

Overview of Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration occurs when energy is released from food when oxygen is present. It can be summarized by the equation oxygen + food -> carbon dioxide + water + energy.

Chemical Energy and ATP

Chemical energy is contained in the bonds between atoms. ATP is the molecule that organisms use to temporarily store energy.

Circle the two stages of cellular respiration that are aerobic.

Circle the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.

In what part of the cell does glycolysis take place?

Cytoplasm

What happens during the process of glycolysis?

During glycolysis, 1 molecule of glucose, a 6-carbon compound, is transformed into 2 molecules of the 3-carbon compound pyruvic acid. As the bonds in glucose are broken and rearranged, the energy is captured by NAD+.

Releasing Energy

Energy is released by breaking the bonds between atoms. ATP releases its energy when the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate group is broken.

How do organisms generate energy when oxygen is not available?

Fermentation releases energy from food molecules to create ATP in the cytoplasm of cells. Cells pass high-energy electrons in NADH back to the pyruvic acid. This results in the formation of NAD+, an electron carrier, and allows glycolysis to continue, creating a steady stream of ADP.

Stage Three: Electron Transport Chain

Finally, electrons from the Krebs cycle are transported along the electron chain. This creates hydrogen ions that move through an enzyme called ATP synthase. As it spins, this enzyme creates ATP, which is energy for living cells. The hydrogens also mix with oxygen to make water as an output.

Stage One: Glycolysis

First, glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. One molecule of glucose breaks down and is transformed into two molecules of pyruvic acid. Two ATP molecules and NADH are also produced.

What molecules need to travel through ATP synthase to help it create ATP?

H+ ions

Where do heterotrophs get energy?

Heterotrophs get the energy they need from the food they eat. Energy is stored in a variety of macromolecules in the body, including fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

Chemical Energy and Food

Heterotrophs get the energy they need from the food they eat. In food, it is measured in units called Calories.

Heterotrophs and Autotrophs

Heterotrophs take in other living things for food, while autotrophs make their own food.

What is the importance of NAD+ cycling back up to glycolysis?

It allows the cell to continuously carry out glycolysis and fermentation.

What do cells use ATP for?

It is usable energy for the cells.

The Light-Independent Reactions: Producing Sugar

Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplast, which is the region outside the thylakoids. ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions provide the energy to fix carbon dioxide.

Storing Energy

Long-term energy storage is in the form of lipids and carbohydrates. Short-term energy storage is in the form of ATP.

What is the NADPH responsible for?

NADPH carries high-energy electrons that provide energy for the light-independent reactions.

Oxygen and Energy

Oxygen is an important part of energy synthesis. It is required at the end of the electron transport chain. In addition, the Krebs cycle will not work if the ETC does not work. However, it is not necessary for the first step, called glycolysis.

What are the two different types of autotrophs, and which is more common on our planet?

Photoautotrophs use light energy to make food for themselves and chemoautotrophs use chemical energy in deep sea vents. Photoautotrophs are more common.

What is the importance of photosynthesis for all life?

Photosynthesis allows plants to create their own energy from just sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. Because of this, everything that eats plants or eats things that eat plants, is able to have food and live.

How do these two processes work in tandem?

Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food.

Which part of the structure is a type of sugar?

Ribose

How many molecules of carbon dioxide are required to produce a 6-carbon sugar?

Six

How is energy captured from the sun?

The chlorophyll in plants is able to absorb light energy, which transfers that energy to electron carriers, e.g., NADP+.

The Light-Dependent Reactions: Generating ATP and NADPH

The light-dependent reactions occur across the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast. They use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH. Water is split and oxygen is released in the process.

How does this relate to a mitochondrion?

The mitochondria have a system of folded membranes that look like lines.

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

The most important factors that affect photosynthesis are temperature, light intensity, and the availability of water.

Stage Two: Krebs Cycle

Then the pyruvic acid is transported into the mitochondrial matrix for the Krebs cycle. There it undergoes a series of reactions during which carbon atoms are removed in the form of carbon dioxide. Bond energy is transferred to the high energy electron carriers, NADH and FADH2.

How does a Calorie on a food label relate to a calorie that is produced in cellular respiration?

There are 1000 calories in one Calorie.

Stages of Cellular Respiration

There are three stages of cellular respiration / glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport.

Where do the "light" reactions (light-dependent) take place?

Thylakoids

What type of organisms can carry out alcoholic fermentation?

Yeast

What stage of cell respiration is being shown above?

electron transport

Based upon what you know about the Greek word thylakos, how do you think the thylacines carried their young?

in a pouch

What substance builds up in the muscles, which can cause a burning feeling?

lactic acid

In what organelle do the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain occur in?

mitochondria

Which part contains important bonds that store energy?

phosphate groups

What foods are created using lactic acid fermentation?

sour cream, yogurt, cheese

Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?

the cytoplasm

Where does the ATP and NADPH get created?

the light-dependent reactions