BIO Test 4 bsc
When a woman's egg ovulates it arrests in metaphase II until it is fertilized by a sperm. How many chromosomes will be present in the egg? 46 2 4 1 23
23
Human cells have: One pair of autosomes 2 pairs of sex chromosomes 22 pairs of chromosomes 44 chromosomes 23 pairs of chromosomes
23 pairs of chromosomes
What are the risks to the offspring of an affected parent with Huntington's Chorea of getting the disease? 100% chance of getting the disease 25% chance of getting the disease 50% chance of getting the disease 10% chance of getting the disease
50% chance of getting the disease
A zygote is: A diploid cell All are correct A haploid cell A product of meiosis A gamete
A diploid cell
The X chromosome is: A. Larger than the Y chromosome C. The same size as the Y chromosome B. Smaller than the Y chromosome Both A and D are correct D. Genetically identical to the Y chromosome
A. Larger than the Y chromosome
Hemophilia A is caused by: An X-linked dominant disorder An X-linked dominant disorder causing a defective blood clotting protein An X-linked recessive disorder A defective blood clotting protein An X-linked recessive disorder causing a defective blood clotting protein
An X-linked recessive disorder causing a defective blood clotting protein ????
A Barr body is: An inactive X chromosome An inactive autosome An active Y chromosome An active X chromosome An inactive Y chromosome
An inactive X chromosome
In pedigree charts, autosomal dominant disorders typically: Occur every third generation Appear only in males Appear only in females Appear in every generation Seem to disappear in one generation, only to reappear in the next generation
Appear in every generation ??
Autosomes: Are the sex chromosomes Include the X chromosome in humans All are correct Are chromosomes that are the same for both sexes Include the Y chromosome in humans
Are chromosomes that are the same for both sexes
Linked genes, by definition, are genes that: Are alleles that are found in different daughter cells Have no alleles Have more alleles than usual Are found on the same chromosome Are found in the same species
Are found on the same chromosome
The human chromosomes that do not determine whether an individual is male or female are: Called sex chromosomes Autosomes The "X" and "Y" chromosomes Not found in pairs
Autosomes
People who have a single X chromosome are female, while those with XXY sex chromosomes are males. In order to be a female a human: Cannot have a Y chromosome Must have one Y chromosome Must have two X chromosomes Must have one X chromosome Cannot have an X chromosome
Cannot have a Y chromosome
In a karyotype, the major characteristics that uniquely identify each chromosome are: Centromere position, banding pattern, and size Position in the nucleus, types of proteins, and size Types of proteins, number of telomeres, and size Size, number of telomeres, and banding pattern Sequence of nitrogen bases, types of proteins, and banding pattern
Centromere position, banding pattern, and size
In Meiosis II Metaphase II, what lines up at the cell's equator?
Chromosomes
In Meiosis II Telophase II, what reaches the poles?
Chromosomes
Genes A and B are on the same chromosome. If a person has one chromosome with the alleles AB and a second chromosome with the alleles ab, how could they produce a gamete with a chromosome containing the alleles Ab or aB? Independent assortment Mitosis Fragmentation of the chromosome Crossing over Random fertilization
Crossing over
In Meiosis II Telophase II, what then occurs forming 4 cells?
Cytokinesis occurs
What usually occurs after the homologous chromosomes reach the poles?
Cytokinesis usually occurs
2n is an abbreviation for: Gametes Meiosis Haploid Replication Diploid
Diploid
An allele that exerts its effects whenever it is present is: Recessive Dominant Heterozygous Homozygous Homologous
Dominant
In meiosis two, cytokinesis results in the production of: Four diploid daughter cells Two diploid daughter cells One daughter cell identical to the parent cell that underwent meiosis Four haploid daughter cells Two haploid daughter cells
Four haploid daughter cells
In the ABO blood type system the alleles IA, IB and i produce: Three phenotypes Two phenotypes Type A and type B blood types only One phenotype Four phenotypes
Four phenotypes
There are three checkpoints during the cell cycle, name them in order of occurring first at end of ____, end of _____, and during _____ of mitosis.
G1, G2, Metaphase
What is an advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction? Requirement of less energy Simpler form of reproduction Faster reproduction Genetic variability during an ecological disaster Genetic variability when the environment is stable
Genetic variability during an ecological disaster
1n is an abbreviation for: Somatic cells Mitosis Parthenogenesis Diploid Haploid
Haploid
How did this type of abnormality occur in 99 balloons ?( Check ALL that apply) He has an extra chromosome 18 in all of his cells One gene is mutated on Chromosome 18 he is homozygous recessive for the Edward's Syndrome gene non-disjunction at meiosis in one of his parent's germline cells
He has an extra chromosome 18 in all of his cells non-disjunction at meiosis in one of his parent's germline cells
A monohybrid cross is a mating between two individuals that are both: Heterozygous for one gene Homozygous for two genes Heterozygous for two genes None of these are correct Homozygous for one gene
Heterozygous for one gene
A dihybrid cross is a mating between two individuals that are each ______________ for ___________ gene (genes). Heterozygous, two Homozygous, one Heterozygous, one Homozygous, two Homologous, two
Heterozygous, two
Chromosomes that look alike and carry the same sequence of genes for the same traits are: Homologous chromosomes The X and Y chromosome Found in females only All the autosomes Found in males only
Homologous chromosomes
In Meiosis I Telophase I, what reaches the cell's poles?
Homologous chromosomes reach the cell's poles
If the two alleles for a particular gene are identical the gene pair is: Recessive Dominant Homozygous Heterozygous Homologous
Homozygous
When in the cell cycle is the DNA replicated? during Prophase Interphase during S-phase Interphase during G1-phase Interphase during G2-phase
Interphase during S-phase
In meiosis, DNA replicates during: Interphase two Interphase one Both interphase two and interphase one are correct Prophase one Prophase two
Interphase one
If a person has a recessive allele for a disease and that allele is masked by a normal dominant allele, this person: Cannot produce gametes Has the disease but cannot pass this disease to their offspring Homozygous for the disease Is termed a linkage group Is termed a "carrier"
Is termed a "carrier"
The movement of DNA from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome that will be passed onto future generations: Is translocation during meiosis Is nondisjunction during meiosis Is nondisjunction during mitosis Is translocation during mitosis
Is translocation during meiosis
A sexual life cycle has three main events: meiosis, gamete formation, and fertilization. True False
True
Each gamete arises from a diploid cell containing two sets of homologous chromosomes. True False
True
Fraternal (nonidentical) twins result from two simultaneous fertilizations, which form two separate zygotes True False
True
Huntington Chorea is an Autosomal dominant disease True False
True
Identical twins result from a single fertilization to form a zygote, which then clones itself. True False
True
If a woman in her late forties wants to have a baby and seeks medical advice, she would most likely be advised that she is at much greater risk of having a baby with Down syndrome. True False
True
In Tay Sachs disease, the deficient enzyme , HEXA is located in lysosomes, which are structures in cells that break down toxic substances and act as recycling centers. True False
True
Mitosis does not require that homologous chromosomes align with one another. True False
True
The individual sometimes referred to as the "father of genetics" because he influenced the science of genetics more than anyone else is Gregor Mendel. True False
True
The number of chromosomes in a daughter cell produced by mitosis is the same as the number of chromosomes in the parent cell. True False
True
There are two divisions in meiosis resulting in four daughter cells. True False
True
When Mendel crossed short (tt) pea plants with short pea plants the offspring: Were a mix of tall and short Were nonexistent Were all tall Were all short None of these are correct
Were all short
When Mendel crossed tall (Tt) plants with tall plants (Tt) the offspring: Were always tall Were sometimes tall, and sometimes a mix of tall and short Were always short Were always a mix of short and tall Did not grow and reproduce
Were sometimes tall, and sometimes a mix of tall and short ???
The chromosomal designation for a human male is: XXX XX XO XY YY
XY
Linkage maps are diagrams of nitrogen base sequences on DNA. True False
false
What cells does Meiosis occur in? eggs root tips sperm germ line cells
germ line cells
Diploid ____ and haploid means ____
having two copies of every chromosome, having half the number of chromosomes as the parental cell
What type of molecules form the Spindle Fiber? intermediate filaments made up of proteins microfilaments made up of proteins cellulose made up of glucose microtubules made up of proteins
microtubules made up of proteins
What cells does Mitosis occur in? pollen ovaries eggs somatic cells testis
somatic cells
What parts of the body are first affected by this disease called Tay Sachs? spinal chord brain muscles limbs
spinal chord brain
What chromosomal abnormality did this baby in 99 balloons have? trisomy 18 trisomy 21 Down's syndrome Patau's Syndrome
trisomy 18
A female missing an X chromosome (XO) would have Turner syndrome. True False
true
What is this genetic disorder in "One wrong letter" and how did it occur ? (Check ALL that are correct) (remember the shock in the video that the parents got when they found out about their son's disease) two copies of a faulty enzyme Lysosomal storage disease Both parents must have the disease Tay Sach's Disease one copy of a faulty enzyme
two copies of a faulty enzyme Lysosomal storage disease Tay Sach's Disease
In humans, germ cells are located in the: Testes Ovaries and bone marrow Bone marrow Ovaries In humans, germ cells are located in the: Testes Ovaries and bone marrow Bone marrow Ovaries Testes and ovaries
Testes and ovaries
If a diploid sperm fertilizes a diploid egg it will produce a ____ zygote. Tetraploid Hexaploid Triploid Haploid Diploid
Tetraploid
The chromosome that plays the largest role in human sex determination is: Chromosome number 21 Chromosome number 22 The X chromosome The group of autosomes known as the SRY group The Y chromosome
The Y chromosome
To inherit an autosomal dominant disorder a person could receive the disease causing allele from: The mother only, not the father The father only, not the mother The parent who does not exhibit the disease The mother or the father
The mother or the father
In Meiosis II Telophase II, what two things reforms?
The nuclear membrane and nuclei
In humans, the sex of a child is determined by: The sex chromosome in the sperm The sex chromosome in the egg The number of autosomes in the egg The number of X chromosomes in the egg The number of autosomes in the sperm
The sex chromosome in the sperm
In Meiosis II Prophase II, what forms?
The spindle apparatus and chromosomes condense
The most common phenotype or allele for a gene in a population is referred to as: The wild type The recessive population The dominant population The P generation The F1 generation
The wild type
Write three things you learned about the devastating disease called Huntingtons Chorea
1. You can get a test early to find out if you'll have the disease 2. The disease causes deterioration of the brain, making it hard for a person for function 3. The disease can be passed down to children, and has a high chance of being passed down.
A male expresses an X-linked recessive disorder only if he inherits these alleles from both parents. True False
False
An active X chromosome in a female is called a Barr body. True False
False
Genotypes are the outward expression of an allele combination. True False
False
If a human zygote has either 45 or 47 chromosomes it might be assumed that this was due to random fertilization. True False
False
Mitosis occurs in germ cells throughout life. True False
False
Tay Sachs is an autosomal Dominant Condition True False
False
The most common allele for any trait is always the dominant allele. True False
False
X-linked recessive disorders affect more females than males. True False
False
Crossing over is more likely to separate genes on a chromosome if they are: Close together Mutated genes Recessive genes Dominant genes Far apart
Far apart
The process that merges the gametes from two parents is: Fertilization Mitosis Parthenogenesis Meiosis Conjugation
Fertilization
The process that merges the gametes from two parents is: Parthenogenesis Fertilization Conjugation Meiosis Mitosis
Fertilization
If a diploid cell goes through meiosis it will generate: Two haploid cells This isn't possible Two diploid cells Four diploid cells Four haploid cells
Four haploid cells
In meiosis I Prophase I, what do the homologous chromosomes do?
They condense and pair up during synapsis and the spindle fibers form
The fact that during gamete formation, the segregation of alleles for a gene on one chromosome does not influence the segregation of alleles for a gene on another chromosome is Mendel's: Law of segregation Law of independent assortment Law of random fertilization Law of population dynamics Law of crossing over
Law of independent assortment
The fact that the two alleles of each gene are packaged into separate gametes; that they move apart from each other during gamete formation is Mendel's: Law of independent assortment Law of segregation Law of population dynamics Law of random fertilization Law of crossing over
Law of segregation
In meiosis, paired homologs align down the center of the cell during: Metaphase one Prophase one Metaphase two Anaphase two Prophase two
Metaphase one
In Meiosis I Metaphase I, what do the pairs of homologous chromosomes do and where?
They line up and are at the cell's equator
Why does sexual reproduction produce more genetic variability in a population? Offspring are genetically identical to one parent Sexually reproducing organisms mutate more rapidly than asexually reproducing organisms Offspring are a genetic mix of both parents Organisms arising from sexual reproduction can change their genetic material in response to environmental changes
Offspring are a genetic mix of both parents
Mitotic cell division creates identical copies by replicating a cell's DNA __________ and then dividing ____________. None are correct Twice, once Twice, twice Once, once Once, twice
Once, once
Meiotic cell division replicates a cell's DNA ____________ and then divides ______________. Once, twice Once, once None are correct Twice, twice Twice, once
Once, twice
Diagrams depicting family relationships and phenotypes for a genetic disorder are: Pedigree charts Punnett squares Bell-shaped curves Karyotypes Linkage maps
Pedigree charts
Traits that depend on more than one gene are: Polygenic Incomplete dominant traits Recessive Codominant Pleiotropic
Polygenic
In Meiosis I Anaphase I, what do the homologous chromosomes do and where do they go?
They separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell
In the video about RNA interference, What did you learn about the process of protein synthesis (2 pts) How can this technique help us in the future?( 1 pt)
RNA is created in the Nucleus, and it leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm. Ribosomes use RNA to create proteins in the cytoplasm. When working petunias, scientists noticed that adding a gene for dark purple didn't work as intended. This caused scientists to learn about RNA Interference, which can turn off genes. RNA can be copied to produce multiple copies of proteins. In the future, this can be used in RNAi therapy, which could be used to turn off a disease.
If daughter cells produced by meiosis have a mixture of paternal and maternal chromosomes this is due to: Semi-conservative replication Mutation Random alignment of chromosome pairs Random fertilization Crossing over
Random alignment of chromosome pairs
In Meiosis II Anaphase II, what is pulled apart by the spindle fibers and move toward opposite ends of the cell?
Sister chromatids
Autosomes are numbered according to: Centromere position Size The random location within the karyotype Banding pattern Location within the nucleus
Size
When does cytokinesis occur ____ and what does it mean _____
during telophase of Mitosis and Meiosis I and II division of the cytoplasm between two daughter cells
