Bio Test 5

List two advantages of glycolysis.

(1) The process is so fast that thousands of molecules of ATP can be produced in just a few milliseconds. (2) Glycolysis does not require oxygen. Energy can be produced for the cell even if no oxygen is present.

Sumerize b). How many ATP are produced during the bridge reactions?

0

For each molecule of glucose entering respiration: How many ATP are produced during the Krebs cycle?

2

For each molecule of glucose entering respiration: How many FADH2 are produced during the Krebs cycle?

2

Sumerize e). How many ATP can be produced for each NADH?

3

Sumerize d). How many ATP are produced during the electron transport chain?

34

Sumerize h). How many ATP are produced in aerobic respiration?

36

Before the Krebs cycle can proceed, pyruvic acid must be converted to: (a) lactic acid (b) oxaloacetic acid (c) citric acid (d) acetyl CoA (e) NADH

D

How is alcoholic fermentation used in the baking industries?

During alcoholic fermentation, molecules of carbon dioxide are released. This causes the bread dough to rise.

True or False. The difference between ADP and ATP is that ADP has three phosphate molecules.

False, the correct answer is two.

True or False. Only eukaryotic cells can carry out cellular respiration.

False. Correct answer is "All living things.."

Write equations to show how alcoholic fermentation compares to lactic acid fermentation.

Glucose -- pyruvic acid -- ethyl alcohol (2 ATP are produced and carbon dioxide is given off Glucose -- pyruvic acid -- lactic acid (2 ATP are produced)

What are the reactants of respiration?

Glucose and oxygen

List the stages of cellular respiration and indicate whether each is anaerobic or aerobic.

Glycolysis - anaerobic Krebs cycle - aerobic Electron transport chain - aerobic

How will the NADH and the FADH2 be used

The NADH and FADH2 deliver high-energy electrons to be used in the electron transport chain. The NAD+ and the FAD will be regenerated to be used again.

In what part of the mitochondria does the Krebs cycle occur?

The matrix

What condition must exist in a cell that would cause the cell to enter into fermentation?

The oxygen levels have dropped too low for aerobic respiration to take place

The net gain of ATP during glycolysis?

There is a net gain of 2 ATP during glycolysis.

True or False. The energy that flows through the ecosystem cannot be recycled.

True

The following sentence describes a broad overview of the Krebs cycle. Fill in the blanks of this sentence: Coenzyme A (CoA) attaches the 2-carbon ______________ to the 4-carbon ________________________ to form the 6-carbon _________________.

acetate, oxaloacetic acid, citric acid.

List the two types of fermentation.

alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

Loops and folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane are called?

cristae

The anaerobic pathways provide enough energy to meet the energy needs of which of the following? (a) all living organisms (b) unicellular organisms and almost all of the multicellular organisms (c) only photosynthetic organisms (d) no organisms (e) all unicellular organisms.

e

During alcoholic fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted into what compound?

ethyl alcohol

What are the products of photosynthesis?

glucose and oxygen

What molecule determines whether pyruvic acid will undergo fermentation or be sent to the Krebs cycle?

the presence or absence of oxygen

The number of NADH produced per molecule of glucose during this reaction?

2 NADH are produced per molecule of glucose

What 3-carbon molecules are produced at the end of glycolysis?

2 molecules of pyruvic acid

Sumerize j). How many ATP are produced in the mitochondria

36

For each molecule of glucose entering respiration: How many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced during the Krebs cycle??

4

The number of ATP produced during glycolysis?

4 ATP

For each molecule of glucose entering respiration: How many NADH are produced during the Krebs cycle?

6

Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle? (a) acetate (b) carbon dioxide (c) NADH (d) FADH2 (e) citric acid (f) oxaloacetic acid

A

Sumerize g). How many ATP are gained during anaerobic respiration?

2

Sumerize i). How many ATP are produced in the cytoplasm?

2

How many ATP are gained per molecule of glucose during fermentation?

2 ATP

The number of ATP used during glycolysis?

2 ATP are used at the beginning of glycolysis

Sumerize a). How many ATP are gained during glycolysis?

2

Sumerize c). How many ATP are produced during the Krebs cycle?

2

Sumerize f). How many ATP can be produced for each FADH2?

2

Which molecule is energy-poor?

ADP

Which molecule is energy-rich?

ATP

What role does ADP/ATP play in living cells?

ATP has enough stored energy to power a variety of cellular activities. The ATP molecule is the basic source of energy of all living things.

Explain how energy is stored and released by ADP and ATP.

Adding a phosphate to ADP forms a molecule of ATP. The addition of the third, or terminal, phosphate stores in energy. When energy is needed for a cellular process, the third phosphate is removed. Breaking this bond releases energy and the energy is used to power an endergonic reaction of the cell.

Which organisms perform photosynthesis?

All green plants and a few bacteria that contain chlorophyll.

Which organisms perform cellular respiration?

All living organisms perform cellular respiration.

How are ATP produced during this final stage of respiration?

As hydrogen protons flow through ATP synthase, a rotor in the ATP synthase spins. Each time it rotates, a phosphate is bound to ADP to form ATP.

The first step in releasing the energy that is stored in molecules of glucose is known as: (a) fermentation (b) glycolysis (c) the bridge reactions (d) electron transport (e) aerobic respiration.

B

Compare and contrast the following pairs of terms: anaerobic and aerobic respiration.

Both anaerobic and aerobic respiration covert molecules of glucose into ATP. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen to take place and has a lower yield of ATP. Aerobic respiration does require oxygen and has a much greater yield of ATP then anaerobic respiration.

How is the production of ATP in the electron transport chain similar to the production of ATP during the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Both processes (respiration and photosynthesis) pass electrons along an electron transport chain. This passage releases energy that drives the transport of hydrogen protons across a membrane. In both processes, these hydrogen protons return to the area of low concentration by passing through ATP synthases, causing ATP to be made.

Briefly describe the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration.

Both processes involve energy transformations. Photosynthesis converts light energy from the sun into the chemical energy stored in a molecule of glucose. Respiration converts the energy stored in glucose into a form of energy the cell can use, ATP. The end products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen) are the reactants for respiration. The end products of respiration (carbon dioxide and water) are the reactants of photosynthesis.

Energy flows through living systems from: (a) the sun to heterotrophs and then to autotrophs (b) autotrophs to the environment and then to heterotrophs (c) the sun to autotrophs and then to heterotrophs (d) the environment to heterotrophs and then to autotrophs.

C

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + O2 à CO2 + H2O + 38 ATP

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide and water

What are the products of cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is the process carried out by all living organisms in which the energy contained in the bonds of glucose molecules is released and stored as ATP. Organic compounds are broken down to release energy to make ATP.

What is the role of Coenzyme A (CoA)?

Coenzyme A (CoA) attaches to acetate to form acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA delivers acetate to the Krebs cycle and attaches the acetate to the 4-carbon compound called oxaloacetic acid.

What causes your muscles to become tired and sometimes cramp during periods of strenuous exercise?

During periods of strenuous exercise, the muscles have a much greater demand for ATP. As the ATP are produced, the oxygen is used up during aerobic respiration. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid. This causes a drop in the pH in the muscle tissue. If the pH drops too low, the muscle will cramp.

What molecules are made during the Krebs cycle and are later used in the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH2

In which of the following ways is photosynthesis similar to respiration? (a) Both processes produce ATP. (b) Both processes produce ATP by generating energy from an electron transport chain to pump hydrogen protons to an area of higher concentration. (c) Both use ATP synthisis to generate ATP. (d) Both processes produce PGAL. (e) Both processes involve energy transformations. (f) All of the above are correct.

F

True or False. The chemical elements essential for life cannot be recycled.

False. The correct answer is "can"

True or False. The aerobic stages of respiration take place in the chloroplasts of the cell.

False. The correct answer is mitochondria.

True or False. At the end of the electron transport chain, hydrogen combines with carbon dioxide to form water.

False. The correct answer is oxygen.

True or False. The hydrogen electron acceptor during glycolysis is FAD

False. The hydrogen acceptor during glycolysis is NAD+.

If the level of ATP gets too high in the cell, the enzymes that catalyze the reactions of glycolysis are inhibited. b)What will happen to the ATP level if glycolysis is inhibited?

If glycolysis is inhibited, the level of ATP will drop as the molecules of ATP are used for various cellular functions.

If the level of ATP gets too high in the cell, the enzymes that catalyze the reactions of glycolysis are inhibited. a) Explain why this feedback loop is beneficial for the cell.

If the ATP level in the cell is too high, the cell can conserve energy and resources by halting or slowing the production of ATP. Inhibiting the production of ATP prevents the cell from using up all of the cell's resources to produce molecules of ATP that are not needed.

What is the purpose of the electron acceptor, NAD+?

NAD+ is an electron acceptor that holds the hydrogen electrons in their high-energy state until they can be transferred to other molecules. They deliver the high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.

How many times does this bridge reaction occur per molecule of glucose entering cellular respiration?

The bridge reaction occurs twice for each glucose since glucose was broken down to form two molecules of pyruvic acid.

What will happen to the carbon dioxide that has been produced during respiration?

The carbon dioxide will be released from the cell as a waste product

What is the disadvantage of glycolysis

The cell cannot rely solely on glycolysis because the cell would quickly run out of NAD+ to accept the hydrogen electrons that are produced during the oxidation of glucose. The NAD+ must be used in aerobic respiration so that they may be recycled to be used again during glycolysis

Where in the mitochondria does the electron transport chain take place?

The electron transport chain takes place along the cristae membranes.

As high-energy electrons flow down the electron transport chain, energy is released. What is this energy used to do?

The energy that is released from electron flow is used to pump hydrogen protons against their concentration gradient from the matrix to the inner membrane space.

True or False. Even though cellular respiration is an energy releasing process, the cell must invest a small amount of energy to get the reaction going.

True

True or False. Food serves as a source of energy by being a fuel for cellular respiration, as well as by supplying the raw materials needed for the building of new molecules within a cell.

True

True or False. The aerobic stages of respiration take place in the mitochondria of the cell.

True

True or False. The electron transport chain consists of a series of proteins that are embedded in the inner membrane.

True

If the level of ATP gets too high in the cell, the enzymes that catalyze the reactions of glycolysis are inhibited. c) What do you think will happen when the ATP level drops to levels that are too low?

When the ATP levels drop too low, the enzymes will no longer be inhibited by the high levels of ATP. Glycolysis will begin and the level of ATP will begin to rise.

Glycolysis begins with what 6- carbon molecule?

glucose

This molecule is made during glycolysis and used in the later steps of fermentation.

pyruvic acid

What organism is used to carry out alcoholic fermentation for commercial purposes?

yeasts