BIO-Test2
A general eukaryotic cell is typically in the area of
10-100 micrometers.
A poison that disrupts the H+ gradient in the thylakoid space would most likely cause which of the following to accumulate during the Calvin cycle reactions?
3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)
How many turns of the Calvin cycle would be required for a plant to make one molecule of glucose?
6
Which of the labeled cells of a C3 leaf does not perform photosynthesis?
A and D
Considering the ATP cycle, which of the following would have the most potential energy to perform work for cell activities?
ATP
The three stages of the Calvin cycle reactions are
CO2 fixation, CO2 reduction, and RuBP regeneration.
Where do the vesicles that are being made for secretion from the cell become modified and packaged?
Golgi apparatus
What two things are added to NADP+ to convert it into NADPH?
H+ and electrons
Energy to drive the formation of ATP in photosynthesis is derived from
H+ gradient.
Replacement electrons for the reaction center of photosystem II are derived from
H2O.
Which energy association is correct?
Kinetic energy is energy of motion.
In C4 plants, the light reactions will stop during the daytime when the supply of what compound is limited?
NADP+
Which of the following is a coenzyme?
NADP+
Which of the following is not derived from G3P?
NADP+
Chlorophyll is to the light reactions as ________ is to the Calvin cycle.
RuBP
The second law of thermodynamics states that all energy transformations result in more disordered energy. How can photosynthesis take more disordered carbon dioxide and water and convert them into glucose, which is more ordered?
Solar energy is being added to the reaction to create glucose
The figure below represents a metabolic pathway. What happens if Enzyme2 is defective and nonfunctional?
Substrate Y would not be metabolized.
Which statement is accurate about how C4 plants are able to survive hot, dry spells during the growing season?
When the stomata close during heat stress, RuBP carboxylase is not exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to avoid trying to use oxygen.
The concentration of calcium in a cell is 3%. The concentration of calcium in the surrounding fluid is 1%. How could the cell obtain more calcium?
active transport
Sucrose, cellulose, amino acids, and starch are all made from what starter molecule in plants?
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
A white blood cell surrounds and engulfs a worn-out red blood cell, forming a vesicle around the red blood cell. This process is called.
phagocytosis
The part of the enzyme into which the substrate fits is called the
phagocytosis
Once the substrate moves into the active site of the enzyme,
the enzyme alters in shape to more closely fit the substrate.
The production of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) in the Calvin cycle requires six molecules each of ATP and NADPH. Another three molecules of ATP are then used in the cycle. What is the purpose of the three additional ATP molecules?
to regenerate the starter molecule RuBP
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in that they both ________, but are different in that mitochondria, but not chloroplasts, ________.
are involved in energy conversions; are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells
What function does the nucleolus have?
codes for the synthesis of ribosomal RNA
Probable factors that affect the passage of materials across cell membranes include all of the following except
color.
Which of the following events does not take place in the light reactions?
conversion of 3PG to G3P
The figure below demonstrates which key concept regarding cell activities?
coupled reactions
Simple diffusion of molecules occurs
in nonliving systems as well as living systems.
The changing of an enzyme's shape as the substrate binds to the active site is called the
induced fit model.
Energy of activation
is the energy required for molecules to react with each other
Energy of activation
is the energy required for molecules to react with each other.
ATP is a good source of energy for a cell because
its breakdown is coupled with energy-requiring reactions
Carrie would like to observe the cilia on the surface of a live paramecium—a single-celled organism. The best device to do this would be a
light microscope.
Which of the following organelles is not involved in producing substances needed by a cell?
lysosome
Chromosomes are made from
maybe condensed chromatin.
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar in that they both
maybe contain DNA
Which organelle is required for producing ATP for cellular work?
mitochondria
Below is a diagram of a bacterium. What structure does Y represent?
nucleoid
Which of the following structures would not be found in a prokaryotic cell?
nucleus
The removal of electrons and/or hydrogen atoms from a substrate is called what?
oxidation
The nucleus has a double membrane that encloses the DNA. Inside the nucleus, the DNA acts as the template to produce mRNA and ribosomes. To exit the nucleus, these molecules must
pass through pores that span both membranes.
What must materials pass through to enter or leave a cell?
plasma membrane
Plant cells can communicate with each other via ________, as indicated by the arrow in the figure.
plasmodesmata
The opposite of a turgid plant cell is a
plasmolyzed plant cell.
Which of the following is not a possible function of the extracellular matrix in animal cells?
produces numerous channels for continuous flow of water from cell to cell
The addition of electrons and/or hydrogen atoms to a substrate is called what?
reduction
Which of the following organelles is not surrounded by a membrane?
ribosomes
Eukaryotic cells have DNA enclosed in a double membrane called the nucleus. The nucleus functions to
separate the DNA from other activities that occur in the cytoplasm
Eukaryotic cells have DNA enclosed in a double membrane called the nucleus. The nucleus functions to
separate the DNA from other activities that occur in the cytoplasm.
The difference between bundle sheath cells in C3 and C4 plants is that
the bundle sheath cells in C4 plants have chloroplasts, while those in C3 plants do not.
Eukaryotic cells move their organelles using
the cytoskeleton.
Inside the chloroplasts, chlorophyll is found in the
thylakoid membrane.
The glycoproteins found in the plasma membrane function in what capacity?
to allow one cell to recognize another of the same type or from the same body
Which of the following is not a function of junction proteins?
to permit cells to recognize one another
The production of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
to regenerate the starter molecule RuBP
The Calvin cycle reactions only occur in bundle sheath cells in a C4 plant
to shield the Calvin cycle reactions from O2 in the leaf spaces.
Receptor proteins
transmit information from outside the cell so that the cell can respond to stimuli.
The light reactions produce ________, which are used in the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle produces ________, which are in turn used in the light reactions.
ATP and NADPH; ADP and NADP
Identify which of the following statements is not true.
ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and two phosphate groups.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of C4 photosynthesis relative to C3 photosynthesis?
C4 plants need energy to move fixed carbon compounds into bundle sheath cells
Why do metabolic pathways require tens to hundreds of different enzymes?
Each enzyme has a specific substrate and produces a specific product.
When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can be changed from one form to another.
Plant cells have walls but do not have plasma membranes.
False
The nuclear membrane differs from the plasma membrane in that the nuclear membrane is a single layer of phospholipids.
False
Not all molecules contain the same amount of chemical energy. What is the energy relationship between G3P and CO2?
G3P has more energy than CO2.
What is the biological risk of using salt on icy roads in parts of the country that have a cold winter season?
The salt has the risk of leeching into the ground and creating a hypertonic environment for plant cells.
Both starch and cellulose are made by stringing together many glucose molecules, but starch is easily digested by humans, while cellulose is indigestible. The starch polysaccharide has every bond occurring below the sugar rings while the bonds in cellulose alternate between one bond above the ring and the next below the ring. How can you explain humans' inability to digest cellulose?
The enzyme that breaks down starch can only fit the specific bond configuration of bonds below the ring.
In which way are vesicles different from vacuoles?
They are smaller.
ATP releases energy when
a phosphate is removed
The part of the enzyme into which the substrate fits is called the
active site.
Which of these words does not belong with the rest as it relates to concentration gradient?
active transport
Which is the most common type of intercellular junction between cells of the bladder?
adhesion junctions
Which is an example of potential energy rather than kinetic energy?
an apple made up of energy-rich macromolecules
A cell being observed under a microscope has a cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, and chromosomal material that is not found in a nucleus. Based on this information, the cell could be a
bacterial cell.
Without receptor proteins, a cell would not be able to
bind to signal proteins from other parts of the body.
Mitochondria are found in
both plant cells and animal cells.
In the following figure, which cell exhibits the condition of plant cells that have been placed in a hypertonic environment?
c
Which of the areas shown in the figure below indicates the presence of an enzyme in the movement of reactant over to product?
c
Which steps of photosynthesis does C4 photosynthesis partition in space?
carbon fixation and Calvin cycle reactions
Which form of passive transport allows small molecules, such as oxygen, to cross the cell membrane?
diffusion
When neurons release their neurotransmitters, they release them by secretory vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane thereby emptying their contents into an area that can stimulate some response. What type of cellular transport is occurring as the vesicle forms and then surfaces on the cell's plasma membrane?
exocytosis
In a redox reaction, reduction means ________, and oxidation means ________.
gain of electrons; loss of electrons
Cell size is limited because ________ is critical to a cell's function.
surface-area-to-volume ratio
Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?
Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules.
When a potted houseplant is wilting, the addition of water quickly changes the look of the plant. This can be accounted for by which of the following statements?
The water creates a hypotonic environment causing the cells to gain water
The chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction center of a photosystem participate directly in the capture of solar energy. What is the purpose of the accessory pigments?
They funnel solar energy to chlorophyll a in the reaction center.
A new species of plant is discovered and you are asked to help classify it. Upon examination under a microscope, you find that there is a layer of bundle sheath cells containing chloroplasts around the vein of the leaf of the plant. What can you tell about the plant from this information?
This plant very likely carries out C4 photosynthesis.
Proteins within the extracellular matrix play a role in communicating between the matrix and the cytoskeleton.
True
Which of the following is not a type of intracellular protein?
cellulose
As climate change leads to drier and drier summers in the southeastern United States, more and more homeowners find that they have crabgrass growing in their yards. The reason for this is that
crabgrass is a type of C4 plant that does well in dry climates.
A tadpole that is undergoing metamorphosis into a frog and losing the need for a tail would see abundant numbers of which organelle to help assist in the tail loss?
lysosomes
In bacterial cells and plant cells, cell walls function in
maintaining cell shape.
Which of the following is a correct matching of an organelle and its function?
mitochondrion - cellular respiration
CAM photosynthesis limits CO2 fixation to nighttime hours in order to
open stomata only at night, limiting water loss because of heat and low humidity.
If blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, the cells will
shrink due to water loss by the cell.
Which of the following shows the flow of energy at the cellular level through the biosphere?
solar energy - chloroplast - mitochondria
The enzyme-rich solution found within the chloroplast is called the
stroma
