BIO U3 REVIEW
10 Incomplete dominance results in a ______.
'blended' phenotype
10 Schmoos are mythical diploid sea creatures whose size is determined by the lethal allele f. Large schmoos are homozygous FF, while average sized schmoos are heterozygous Ff. Homozygous ff schmoos die before birth. If two average schmoos mate, what are the expected ratios and phenotypes of their live offspring?
1 large, 2 average
09 Arrange the following levels of DNA packaging from least compacted to most compacted. 1. Nucleosome 2. Heterochromatin 3. Euchromatin
1, 3, 2 Nucleosome, Euchromatin, Heterochromatin
In Mendel's pea plants, if the allele for tall (T) plants had been incompletely dominant over the allele for short (t) plants, what offspring ratios would be observed from crossing two Tt plants?
1/4 tall, 1/2 intermediate height, 1/4 short
10 Tongue rolling is a dominant trait. A man who is homozygous dominant for tongue rolling is crossed with a woman who is heterozygous for the trait. What percent of offspring would be tongue rollers?
100%
10 Sofia has a recessive X-linked disease. What is the probability that her children will have the disease if her husband does not have the disease allele?
100% of sons & 0% of daughters
11 Put the following steps of using the process of gel electrophoresis in order. 1. The DNA fragments are separated using gel electrophoresis. 2. DNA is extracted from blood, saliva, or hair found at a crime scene. 3. The DNA fingerprint from the samples found at the crime scene is compared with the DNA fingerprint of the suspect. 4. The DNA sample is cut with restriction enzymes.
2, 4, 1, 3
09 At the end of meiosis, what is the result?
4 haploid cells
11 What is the order of the steps used to make a genetically engineered rice plant from cells of an adult plant? 1. Use the DNA gun to inject DNA into the cell. 2. The DNA integrates into the cell's chromosome. 3. Grow the cells into adult plants. 4. Coat the metal pellets with the engineered DNA fragments. 5. The DNA goes into the nucleus.
4, 1, 5, 2, 3
10 How many chromosomes would you expect to find in a karyotype with a person with Turner's Syndrome?
45
10 Tongue rolling is a dominant trait. A man who is heterozygous for tongue rolling is crossed with a woman who cannot roll her tongue. What percent of the offspring will be tongue rollers?
50%
11 When a sample of an individual's DNA is cut with restriction enzymes and separated using gel electrophoresis, the resulting pattern of DNA fragments is called:
A DNA fingerprint
11 Which can be used for paternity testing? A DNA fingerprint genetic engineering A DNA gun A Ti plasmid
A DNA fingerprint
11 ______ can be used to determine whether a man is a child's father.
A DNA fingerprint
09 The purpose of meiosis is to: Reduce the chromosome number from 2n to n rearrange the parental chromosomes make genetic copies of the parent cells A and B A, B, and C
A and B
09 At the end of meiosis I, what arrangement of chromosomes does each daughter cell have?
A haploid set of chromosomes, with each chromosome composed of two sister chromatids attached at the centromere.
10 What are the possible blood types of the offspring of a type AB father and a type O mother?
A or B
09 Which of the following statements about plasmids is false? A plasmid is a circular piece of DNA that isn't in the nucleoid of a bacterium. A plasmid replicates separately from the chromosome and can recombine with other plasmids. A plasmid enters a bacterial cell through the process of transduction. A plasmid can be transferred from one cell to another. Some plasmids carry genes that make the bacterial cells resistant to certain antibiotics.
A plasmid enters a bacterial cell through the process of transduction.
08 Which of the following is not a function served by the structure of DNA? - DNA replication. - When DNA replicates, two new pieces of double-stranded DNA are produced, each identical to the original double-stranded DNA. - Double-stranded DNA can be separated into two single-stranded DNA molecules. - Supporting the cell wall. - All of these are functions served by the structure of DNA.
All of the above
Use the image below to help answer the question. (black body and reduced bristle genes next to each other connected) The fact that if flies inherit black bodies they also have reduced bristles shows they : Move together during meiosis Are linked Would be inherited together more frequently All of the above
All of the above
10 Which of the following is not one of Mendel's observations that led to his law of segregation? Each trait has two forms. Traits don't blend. A trait that is not seen in an individual can still be passed on. Allele pairs separate during meiosis. The ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes in the F2 generation isalways the same.
Allele pairs separate during meiosis.
10 Which of the following is not one of the observations that led to Mendel's law of segregation? Each trait has two alternative forms. Traits do not blend. A trait that does not appear in an individual can still be passed on to the next generation. Allele pairs separate during meiosis. The ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes in the F2 generation is always the same.
Allele pairs separate during meiosis.
09 What is part of meiosis is shown in the image? (spindle fibers attaching, two cells)
Anaphase 2
08 Who discovered that the percentages of nitrogen bases in DNA are in set ratios?
Chargaff
10 ______ is a pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype of heterozygotes.
Codominance
08 Which of the following statements about codons is false? A codon is a nucleotide triplet in mRNA. More than one codon can code for the same amino acid. A codon can only be translated into one unique amino acid. Codons often overlap. Codons are translated using ribosomes.
Codons often overlap.
09 What occurs in prophase 1 that does not occur in mitosis?
Crossing Over
08 Avery and MacLeod found that only ______ was able to transform bacteria and make the bacteria deadly to the injected mice.
DNA
11 A competent cell is one that has been treated to enhance its uptake of ______.
DNA
08 Protein Synthesis is:
DNA > RNA > Protein
09 Chromatin is made of:
DNA and proteins
11 What is this
DNA fingerprint
11 A ______ was used to generate "golden rice."
DNA gun
08 Which is not a difference between RNA and DNA? RNA has 1 strand The function of DNA is to store genetic information RNA has the bases A, U, G, and C DNA has the sugar ribose
DNA has the sugar ribose
08 What opens the DNA so it can be copied?
DNA helicase
09 A plasmid is a piece of ______ found in ______ apart from the main chromosome.
DNA; bacteria
09 Chromatin is a complex of ______ and ______.
DNA; proteins
09 Which statement about meiosis is not true? During metaphase I, homologous chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate with maternal chromosomes on one side and paternal chromosomes on the other. During metaphase I, each chromosome is only attached to one pole. During Anaphase I, homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles. In some organisms, interkinesis occurs between meiosis I and meiosis II. The steps of meiosis II are identical to those of mitosis.
During metaphase I, homologous chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate with maternal chromosomes on one side and paternal chromosomes on the other.
09 True or false? Haploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes.
False
10 Two pea plants that are heterozygous for both flower color and seedcolor are crossed (PpYy x PpYy). True or false? The expected ratio of offspring will be 3:1 dominant to recessive?
False
09 Egg and sperm cells are called:
Gametes
11 ______ is a laboratory technique in which DNA fragments are separated according to their movement in an electric field.
Gel electrophoresis
09 ______ gametes unite during fertilization to create a genetically unique ______ organism.
Haploid; diploid
10 Which is an example of a polygenic trait?
Height
09 Which of these statements about chromosomal rearrangement are true? I. It can cause an increase in a gene's expression. II. It can move a gene from euchromatin to heterochromatin. III. It can separate a gene from its enhancer. IV. It can cause a decrease in a gene's expression.
I, II, III, and IV
11 Which of the following result from knowing the sequence of bases in the human genome? I. It may enable scientists to identify all the genes expressed in humans. II. It may help scientists determine which genes are responsible for different genetic diseases. III. It may help scientists determine which genes contribute to different types of cancer. IV. The sequence of bases can be compared to the sequence in different organisms to see how humans are related to other organisms at the molecular level.
I, II, III, and IV
11 Which of the following result from knowing the sequence of bases in the human genome? I. it helps identify all the genes expressed in humans II. it helps determine which genes may cause disease III. it helps determine which genes may cause cancer IV. organisms can be compared at a molecular level
I, II, III, and IV
11 Which of these statements describes an agricultural application for biotechnology? I. Pest and disease resistance II. Increased nutritional value III. Increased crop production
I, II, and III
10 Which of the following disorders is/are caused by nondisjunction? I. Color-blindness II. Turner syndrome III. Down syndrome IV. Kleinfelter syndrome
II, III, and IV
11 Why has PCR revolutionized biotechnology?
It is a simple way to make a large number of copies of a particular DNA fragment.
08 Who demonstrated that the semiconservative model of DNA replication was correct?
Meselson and Stahl
08 What are found in the middle of DNA?
Nitrogen Bases
08 Which of the following comparisons of RNA and DNA is false? - DNA is made with deoxyribose sugars, while RNA is made with ribose sugars. - RNA uses uracil bases in place of thymine bases. - The main functional difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA is permanent, while RNA is temporary. - An organism's DNA is generally double-stranded while its RNA is single-stranded. - None of these are false statements.
None of the above
08 ______ discovered that DNA is the transforming agent in a bacterial transformation.
Oswald Avery and Colin MacLeod
11 What process is shown in this image? (Original DNA frag -> many copies of original DNA frag)
PCR
10 A pea plant with purple flowers and yellow seeds (PPYY) is crossed to a plant with white flowers and green seeds (ppyy). What are the possible gametes of the PpYy offspring?
PY, Py, pY, and py
10 In tigers, the same gene determines both abnormal pigmentation and crossed eyes. What is the best description of this genetic situation?
Pleiotropy
10 ______ is the ability of a single gene pair to control several different traits.
Pleiotropy
08 Translation is the ______-directed synthesis of ______.
RNA; a protein
11 ______ work like a pair of molecular ______ to cut DNA molecules.
Restriction enzymes; scissors
08 Which term refers to the fact replicated DNA strands contain 1 strand from the original strand and one strand from the newly copied DNA?
Semi-conservative replication
09 Which of the following statements is true about sexual versus asexual reproduction? Organisms never alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction may be more favorable in an unstable environment. Sexual reproduction may be more favorable in an unstable environment Sexual and asexual reproduction are the same. All organisms other than bacteria use only sexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction may be more favorable in an unstable environment
09 ______ is the pairing of homologous chromosomes.
Synapsis
What part of meiosis is shown in the image? (3 pairs of chromosomes starting to overlap, one cell)
Synapsis
09 What occurs during prophase I of meiosis that doesn't occur during prophase of mitosis?
The pairing of homologous chromosomes.
10 Why are Drosophila good for genetic studies? Each female lays only two eggs. They have a very long egg to adult cycle. They are easy to breed. Their chromosomes are very tiny under a microscope. All of these are true.
They are easy to breed
11 A ______ was used to generate a caterpillar-resistant tomato plant.
Ti plasmid
11 Genes are introduced into a plant using a ______, which contains a stretch of DNA, called T DNA, which inserts into the plant DNA.
Ti plasmid
09 What is the primary function of meiosis?
To reduce the number of chromosomes from 2n to 1n.
09 True or false? An operon is a group of genes that are transcribed at the same time.
True
09 True or false? Independent Assortment leads to genetic variation.
True
09 How often do crossovers occur during meiosis in human cells?
Two or three times per chromosome
10 Which is an example of a multiple allele?
Type AB blood
10 Which is an example of co-dominance?
Type AB blood
08 If AUG starts the process of making a protein at the ribosome, what are the corresponding bases on the tRNA ?
UAC
09 Which of the following represents the highest level of DNA organization?
Visible chromosomes
09 ______ are a cells "moving boxes" for DNA.
Visible chromosomes
08 Who is credited with determining that the shape of DNA is a double helix?
Watson and Crick
10 This pedigree shows the inheritance of hemophilia. This trait is:
X-linked
10 Joe has an inherited disease, while his wife Mandy does not have the disease. Joe and Mandy have four sons and four daughters. All the daughters have the disease, but none of the sons do. What pattern of inheritance is most likely for this disease?
X-linked dominant
10 What is the genotype of person 4? (blank circle offspring of filled square and blank circle)
X^HX^h
08 A mutation is:
a change in an organism's DNA
08 What are 3 sequential bases on the mRNA called that code for 1 amino acid?
a codon
11 One practical concern about biotechnology is that:
a genetically engineered organism could escape into the wild
11 One practical concern about biotechnology is that: a human might be cloned people might clone their deceased pets a genetically engineered organism could escape into the wild, posing risks for the environment people might want to alter the genetic material of their unborn children the entire sequence of the human genome might be determined
a genetically engineered organism could escape into the wild, posing risks for the environment
10 A form of gene that is deadly to the carrier is called ______.
a lethal allele
10 In which type of chromosome abnormality is one chromosome missing?
a monosomy
08 The components of a DNA nucleotide are:
a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base
08 To form a DNA double helix, the bases on opposite strands pair with each other. In each DNA base pairing:
a purine base and a pyrimidine base are held together by hydrogen bonds.
09 The bacterial genome consists of
a single chromosome
10 Acute myeloid leukemia is most often caused by
a translocation
08 A single strand of DNA can be used as a template for the other DNA strand because:
adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine always pairs with cytosine
Which of these statements describes an agricultural application for biotechnology? pest and disease resistance increased nutritional value increased crop production all of the above a and b only
all of the above
10 The law of independent assortment states that each ______ segregates independently during ______.
allele pair; gamete formation
10 In the case of Mendel's peas, purple flower color and white flower color are controlled by different ______ of the same ______.
allele; gene
11 Why are DNA markers added to a gel?
as a comparison to determine the size of each fragment
09 In stable environments, ______ is favored because it preserves the genetic makeup of successful individuals.
asexual reproduction
11 Restriction enzymterm-144es cut DNA:
at specific sequences called restriction sites
11 By what process are bacteria changed by the addition of foreign DNA?
bacterial transformation
10 A defective allele that causes the death of an individual ______ birth is known as a ______ allele.
before; lethal
09 Bacteria reproduce through a process called ______.
binary fission
10 In codominance, ______ of a gene is/are expressed in the phenotype of ______.
both alleles; heterozygotes
11 Where are the smallest pieces of DNA found in this image? (DNA fingerprint image)
bottom
09 During cell division, the ______ acts as a handle for the fibers pulling the chromosomes apart.
centromere
09 At the beginning of meiosis I, the number of chromosomes in a cell is equal to the number of ______.
centromeres
10 The ______ theory of inheritance states that genes are located on ______, which undergo segregation and independent assortment.
chromosome; chromosomes
10 The ____________theory of inheritance states that genes are location on _________, which undergo segregation and independent assortment.
chromosome; chromosomes
09 The bacterial genome is organized so that functionally related genes are ______.
close together
09 Genetic information is passed between bacterial cells through the process of ______.
conjugation
09 Heterochromatin always remains highly condensed because it
contains few genes that are expressed.
11 PCR, or polymerase chain reaction, is used to:
create a large number of copies of a DNA fragment
11 Biotechnology is the use of living things or parts of living things to:
create products useful to society.
09 During Meiosis I, the chromosome number _________ from 2n to ______.
decreases; n
11 Restriction enzymes are proteins that are:
designed and synthesized in labs to perform special functions? and produced by bacteria and cut DNA at specific sequences
11 A DNA ladder is used in gel electrophoresis to:
determine the sizes of the DNA fragments in the gel
08 mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA:
differ in both structure and function
10 Mendel's laws apply to all ______ organisms.
diploid
10 A ______ only needs to be present in one copy for the phenotype to be seen, and is indicated by a ______ letter.
dominant allele; capital
09 A(n) ______ is a sequence of DNA that increases the rate of transcription of nearby genes.
enhancer
09 Which is DNA that remains uncoiled so transcription can occur?
euchromatin
09 ______ is DNA that contains many genes.
euchromatin
10 Deleterious recessive X-linked traits are transmitted through ______ carriers, and usually observed only in ______.
female; males
10 The offspring of a parental cross belong to the ______, or ______, generation.
first filial; F1
09 Transformation is the process by which bacteria are changed by the uptake of ______.
free foreign DNA
09 Egg cells and sperm cells are called ______.
gametes
11 The relative size of DNA fragments can be found using what?
gel electrophoresis
11 The relative sizes of DNA fragments can be determined using which technique?
gel electrophoresis
08 When Griffith mixed heat-killed smooth bacterial cells with live rough bacterial cells, his experiment established for the first time that:
genetic material can be passed from one cell to another
10 A ______ is the allelic makeup of a trait.
genotype
10 The ___________ is the combination of alleles for a trait.
genotype
10 The allelic composition of a gene is called the ______. The physically observable translation of the allelic composition is called the ______.
genotype; phenotype
10 The ______ the distance between two genes, the more likely it is that a ______ will occur between them.
greater; crossover event
08 In double-stranded DNA, cytosine pairs with ______.
guanine
09 The sexual life cycle includes an alternation between ______ and ______.
haploid cells; diploid cells
08 At the base of the DNA, ______ unwinds and separates the DNA strands.
helicase
10 A homozygous PTC taster man with attached earlobes (TTff) and a PTC nontaster woman homozygous for free earlobes (ttFF) have a son together. He will be ______ for PTC bitterness and ______ for earlobe attachment.
heterozygous; heterozygous
09 DNA is wrapped around proteins called:
histones
09 In chromatin, negatively charged DNA is wrapped around positively charged proteins called ______.
histones
10 True-breeding strains are composed of individuals that are
homozygous for the traits observed.
08 Chargaff's rules state that:
in DNA, the amounts of adenine and thymine are always equal to each other, and the amounts of guanine and cytosine are always equal.
08 In eukaryotes, replication occurs ___________ along the chromosome.
in thousands of places
09 Which type of mutation would likely cause the most damage? substitution single codon duplication insertion/deletion (frameshift) mutation All are equally likely to cause damage
insertion/deletion (frameshift) mutation
10 Mendel's laws are called the ______ and the ______.
law of segregation; law of independent assortment
11 Which way will the DNA move when placed in the wells (shown in dark blue)? (dark blue near negative left, positive right)
left to right
11 Biotechnology is the use of ____________ to create useful products for society.
living things
11 Biotechnology is the use of ______ to create products useful to society.
living things or parts of living things
11 The cloning of the first ______, a ______ named Dolly, occurred in Scotland in 1997.
mammal; sheep
10 Genes that are inherited together ______ frequently than would be expected from their independent assortment in meiosis are called ______ genes.
more; linked
10 What is the condition called when chromosomes fail to separate correctly in meiosis?
nondisjunction
09 Which of the following represents the lowest level of DNA organization?
nucleosomes, or "beads on a string"
11 The Human Genome Project determined the ______ of the entire human genome.
nucleotide sequences
10 A pea plant with purple flowers and yellow seeds (PPYY) is crossed with a pea plant with white flowers and green seeds (ppyy). What are the possible phenotypes of the F1 offspring?
only PpYy
09 Bacteria use ______ to regulate the expression of functionally related genes.
operons
08 A strand of DNA is a chain of nucleotides. The backbone of the DNA strand is made of:
phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars
09 A(n) ______ is a piece of DNA found in bacteria apart from the main chromosome.
plasmid
09 What is a circular piece of DNA found in some bacteria called?
plasmid
11 What are small circular rings of DNA found in some bacterial called?
plasmid
10 A ______ trait is controlled by the expression of more than one gene.
polygenic
10 A trait that is controlled by the expression of more than one gene is considered ______.
polygenic
11 Which lab technique is used to amplify (increase) the amount of DNA?
polymerase chain reaction
11 Restriction enzymes are proteins that are:
produced by bacteria and cut DNA at specific sequences
09 Histones are ______ that bind to DNA in ______.
proteins; chromatin
10 In a testcross for flower color, a purple-flowered pea plant of unknown genotype is crossed with a white-flowered pea plant to determine the unknown genotype. If the tested plant is homozygous, the offspring will have ______. If the tested plant is heterozygous, ______.
purple flowers; half the offspring will have purple flowers and half will have white flowers
08 Which type of RNA helps attach amino acids to form a protein?
rRNA
11 A ______ DNA molecule has DNA that comes from two or more sources.
recombinant
11 A ________ DNA molecule is one that has come from two or more sources.
recombinant
11 What are A and B pointing to in the figure below? (figure shows bacteria cell with pink purple circle in nucleus)
recombinant DNA
11 A ______ DNA molecule has DNA that comes from ______ source(s).
recombinant; two or more
09 Operons are stretches of DNA that contain both ______ and ______.
regulatory sequences; structural genes
09 Every year thousands of people in the US become sick due to ______ food poisoning.
salmonella
11 The sheep Dolly is famous because
she was the first cloned mammal
09 Bacteria are ______ organisms.
single celled
08 Once DNA replication has started and a new strand of DNA is being elongated:
the RNA primer is replaced by DNA versions of the nucleotides
11 An agarose gel is used to separate DNA fragments of different sizes because:
the agarose impedes the movement of larger DNA fragments more than smaller ones
10 A key discovery in the development of the chromosome theory of inheritance was that
the behavior of chromosomes during egg and sperm development exactly matched Mendel's theory of inherited genes.
11 When inserting a piece of foreign DNA into a plasmid, you use ______ restriction enzymes to cut the foreign DNA and plasmid DNA so that the sticky ends ______.
the same; match
11 When inserting a piece of foreign DNA into a plasmid, you use _______ restriction enzymes to cut the foreign DNA and plasmid DNA so that the sticky ends _________.
the same; match
08 Antiparallel orientation refers to:
the strands in double-stranded DNA, which run in opposite directions.
09 What is the process called when bacteria take in and incorporate foreign DNA?
transformation
08 What process makes proteins from RNA?
translation
09 A(n) ______ is a stretch of DNA that can move from one location to another in the genome.
transposable element
09 Crossovers occur ______ per ______ during meiosis in human cells.
two or three times; chromosome
10 What does Independent Assortment state?
when genes separately randomly in meiosis they don't affect other genes
10 A phenotype that is present in the majority of individuals in a natural environment is known as a(n) ______.
wild-type phenotype
