Bio Unit 3

Calculate the heart rate of an individual with a cardiac output of 10 L/min and a stroke volume of 100 mL.

100 beats/min

A dry mixture of gases has a total pressure of 750 mm Hg, and oxygen comprises 20% of the gas mixture. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is equal to

150 mmHg

Which of the following is not involved in the humoral immune response?

Antimicrobial Peptides

Which of the following is not a part of the innate immune system of vertebrates?

B Cells

Which of the following is a hormone produced by the small intestine, which causes the release of digestive enzymes and bile?

CCK

Pancreatic secretions contain A. hormones B. enzymes C. bicarbonate D. A, B and C

D. A, B and C

"Simple squamus" is a description that would apply to what type of animal tissue?

Epithelial

Four students carried out studies to determine whether a newly discovered animal was an ectotherm or endotherm. Each student made one observation and one conclusion. Which is the correct conclusion based on the observation?

Its temperature remained stable when the temperature of the cage decreased, The animal is an endotherm.

The metabolic rate of a fasting, non-stressed ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature

SMR

How does the digestion and absorption of fat differ from that of carbohydrates? a. Most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system; carbohydrates directly enter the blood. b. Processing of fats does not require any digestive enzymes; processing of carbohydrates does. c. Fat must be worked on by bacteria in the large intestine before it can be absorbed; carbohydrates do not. d. Carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested; fats do not.

a. Most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system; carbohydrates directly enter the blood.

In the stomach, HCl in gastric juice ______ . kills bacteria breaks down the connective tissue of muscle activates pepsin all of the above

all of the above

All gases exchanged between air and blood in mammals occurs across the walls of the

alveoli

Your body has millions of different antibodies for detecting millions of different antigens because you have millions of different antibody genes antibody genes undergo rearrangement antibody genes undergo antigen shifting all of the above none of the above

antibody genes undergo rearrangement

Which of the following is an important distinction between the measurement of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and standard metabolic rate (SMR)? a.An animal must be actively exercising for the measurement of BMR. b. SMR must be determined at a specific temperature c. The BMR of a specific animal is usually lower than the animal's SMR. d.An animal must be fasting for SMR.

b.SMR must be determined at a specific temperature

The result of the Bohr effect is that a. a decrease in pH increases the ability of oxygen to bind hemoglobin. b. a decrease in PO2 increases the ability of oxygen to load onto hemoglobin c. a decrease in pH decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, enhancing unloading. d. an increase in temperature decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

c. a decrease in pH decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, enhancing unloading.

Helper T cells a. make capillaries leaky to assist the exit of neutrophils from the blood b. turn into cytotoxic T cells when they encounter a B cell in antigen presentation mode c. help activate B cells and T cells to undergo clonal selection and proliferation d. lyse (break open) the cell wall of pathogens to promote apoptosis

c. help activate B cells and T cells to undergo clonal selection and proliferation

What is the function of helper T-cells? a. the production of soluble antibodies b. initiation of inflammation c. promotion of B-cell and T-cell activity d. phagocytosis of bacteria and viruses

c. promotion of B-cell and T-cell activity

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid _____. a. contains fewer nitrogen atoms than ammonia or urea b. is readily soluble in water c. requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass d. can be reused by birds as a protein source

c. requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass

Which of the following statements concerning an open circulatory system is true? a. a heart is not required to pump the circulatory fluid through the circulatory vessels b. the circulatory fluid does not require respiratory pigments for O2 transport c. the circulatory fluid is also the interstitial fluid the lower pressures provide for more effective d. delivery of O2 than is possible with a closed system

c. the circulatory fluid is also the interstitial fluid the lower pressures provide for more effective

The necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show that _____. a. high amounts of salt had diffused into the fish's cells, causing them to swell and lyse b. loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure c. the kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyperosmotic environment, creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis

c. the kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyperosmotic environment, creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis

This structure is an important site for the fermentation of ingested material especially for animals that eat large amounts of plant material.

cecum

Most types of communication between cells utilize _____. shortening of muscle cells the movement of the cells the exchange of cytosol between the cells chemical or electrical signals

chemical or electrical signals

When a B cell or T cell encounters an antigen for which it has an antigen receptor, the B or T cell will divide repeatedly to make copies of itself. This process is called

clonal selection

A biologist studied the concentration of urine produced by a terrestrial mammal, a freshwater fish and a marine fish. Which row of observations would be the most likely for these organisms in their natural environment?

concentrated urine, dilute urine, concentrated

Which type of T cell lyses cells that have been infected with viruses? inducer T cells helper T cells cytotoxic T cells suppressor T cells

cytotoxic T cells

Fluid is forced out of systemic capillaries at the arteriolar end because? a. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is less than that of the interstitial fluid. b. The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the blood. c. The osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid. d. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.

d. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.

Homeostatic mechanisms a. keep variables exactly at the set point b. act to keep values out of the normal range c. produce most disease conditions d. help to keep a relatively constant internal environment in the body

d. help to keep a relatively constant internal environment in the body

Ammonia _____. a. has low toxicity relative to urea b. is the major nitrogenous waste product excreted by humans and birds c. is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea d. is soluble in water

d. is soluble in water

An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when _____. a.the blood pressure increases in response to an increase in blood volume b. the blood pressure decreases in response to a decrease in blood volume c. a blood cell shrinks when placed in a solution of salt and water d. the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise

d. the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that _____. a. positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors b. positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental c. positive feedback loops are more frequently encountered in the control of homeostasis d. the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite of it Correct

d. the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite of it

Which of the following is true about veins? a. all veins carry oxygenated blood b. veins have thicker walls than arteries c. veins carry blood away from the heart Incorrect d. veins have valves that serve to maintain a unidirectional flow of blood

d. veins have valves that serve to maintain a unidirectional flow of blood

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment? a. feather or fur b. vasoconstriction c. blubber or fat layer d. wind blowing across the body surface

d.wind blowing across the body surface

During inhalation diaphragm contracts and the rib muscles relax diaphragm and rib muscles contract diaphragm and rib muscles remain stationary diaphragm and rib muscles relax

diaphragm and rib muscles contract

This flap of cartilage prevents food from entering the trachea

epiglottis

To maintain homeostasis freshwater fish must _____. excrete large quantities of electrolytes consume large quantities of water excrete large quantities of water take in electrolytes through simple diffusion

excrete large quantities of water

Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart?

fishes

The immune system releases a molecule of _______ that causes the redness, heat, and swelling of the inflammatory response (as well as the itching, sneezing, and runny nose of an allergic reaction)

histamine

The term _______ disease refers to any disorder in which an immune system response to antigens is defective or absent.

immunodeficiency

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be _____ with its _____ environment.

isoosmotic, saltwater

Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by _____

kangaroo rats

Individuals whose diet consists primarily of corn would likely become

malnourished

A(n) _____________ is an animal that has a relatively variable body temperature, whereas a ___________ is an animal that maintains a relatively stable body temperature.

poikilotherm; homeotherm

If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your right toe travels out of your nose it must pass through all of the following structures EXCEPT the

pulmonary vein

Which of the following is not a property of the acquired immune system? very specific response to pathogens immunological memory lack of reactivity against host cells rapid rate of response

rapid rate of response

Marine birds eliminate excess salts through their kidneys salt glands in their heads general body surface (skin) all of the above none of the above

salt glands in their heads

Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is _____. tratified squamous epithelium simple cuboidal simple columnar epithelium simple squamous epithelium

simple squamous epithelium

Which of these animals relies exclusively on intracellular digestion?

sponge

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? solubility in water the partial pressure gradient the temperature molecular weight and size of the gas molecule

the partial pressure gradient

Vitamins are classified based on

whether they are water or fat soluble