Bio Units 6 and 7

What is the overall effect of increased CO2 levels on poison ivy growth?

An overall increase of poison ivy growth consistent with increasing CO2 levels.

(Photosynthesis or Cell Resp) C6H12O6 becomes oxidized in this process.

Cellular respiration.

climate change

Change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over periods of decades

A plant's leaves are the primary site of photosynthesis. A plant's leaves would be expected to have a large amount of _________.

Chloroplasts

What occurs in the mitochondria?

Citric Acid Cycle {Kreb's}

What produces CO2?

Citric Acid Cycle {Kreb's}

What produces molecules of FADH2?

Citric Acid Cycle {Kreb's}

______________ is a long-term change of the global climate for long periods of time.

Climate change

citric acid cycle

Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.

photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

pyruvate oxidation

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2 that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix in the presence of O2.

The formation of NaCl (table salt) involves an atom of Na giving an electron to an atom of Cl. A. This would be considered a redox reaction. B. Na got oxidized. C. Cl got reduced. D. All of the above are true statements regarding the formation of NaCl.

D. All of the above are true statements regarding the formation of NaCl.

When does FADH2 shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain?

During Oxidative Phosphorylation

What initial observation led scientists to hypothesize that brown fat may be activated by cold temperatures?

It was found at a higher level then when tested during warmer weather.

A drug is administered to a person that causes the inner mitochondrial plasma membrane to become permeable to H+. What effect will this have on oxidative phosphorylation? Are there possible repercussions for the other stages of cellular respiration? If so, please explain.

It would allow the mitochondrial membrane to become permeable to H+ which would leak into the intermembrane space. It prevents ATP from being made to block access of H+ to ATP Synthase.

You are taking a road trip from Chicago to Denver. The trip is going to take roughly 15 hours. At the start of your trip, you get a 96-oz Mega Gulp from 11-seven of Mountain Mist. This beverage will have roughly 1,360 kcal. How long into your trip will you have burned the calories from this drink? (Driving consumes 61 kcal).

It would take more than your trip, approx. 22 hours. (61/1 = 1360/x)

Both Photosystems

Linked by ETC and have two pigment complexes.

The overall chemical equation for cellular respiration is: C6H12O6 1 6O2 → → → CO2 1 6H2O Briefly explain why the equation has 3 arrows.

Multiple arrows show that it occurs over 3 different reactions.

greenhouse effect

Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases

If a substance somehow kept the boosted electron from falling back to its ground state, would light and heat still be released in the same amount? Briefly explain your answer.

No, if a boosted electron was kept from falling back to its ground state then light and heat wouldn't be given off.

____________ is the process by which a plant adds O2 to RuBP instead of CO2.

Photorespiration

(Photosynthesis or Cell Resp) CO2 is reduced in this process.

Photosynthesis

(Photosynthesis or Cell Resp) Overall, this process is endergonic.

Photosynthesis

A new bacterium is discovered in Lake Superior. Scientists are able to determine that these bacteria produce oxygen gas. What is likely to be true about these organisms?

These organisms are likely photoautotrophs due to the production of oxygen gas.

Briefly explain what links the two stages of photosynthesis with each other.

They are linked by ATP and NADH production in the light reaction and they are used in the dark reaction to power synthesis of sugar.

What molecules do the two people at the top of the platforms represent?

They are primary electron acceptors.

In what way are photosynthesis and cellular respiration linked on a molecular level?

They both use glucose: in photosynthesis it is a product, and in cellular respiration it is a reactant. In fact, they both use the exact same molecules however the products and the reactants are switched.

True or false: Brown fat contains mitochondria. If false, make it a correct statement.

True

True or false: Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle both function as metabolic interchanges where the products of their chemical reactions can also be used for biosynthesis. If false, make it a correct statement.

True

T/F: Blood travelling from your leg muscles to the lungs would be low in oxygen. If false, make it a correct statement.

True.

True or false: More than half of the world's plant and animal species live in tropical rain forests. If false, make it a correct statement.

True.

Photosystem 2

Used 1st, Produces ATP and splits H2O

Photosystem 1

Used 2nd, Produces NADPH

NADP+

carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

Photosystem

cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in thylakoids

A plant uses the products of the Calvin cycle for which of the following? a. To make starch b. To make cellulose c. To make molecules used in protein synthesis d. All of the above

d. All of the above

NAD+

electron carrier involved in glycolysis

ATP Synthase

enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that adds a high-energy phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

Reduction

gain of electrons

What occurs in the cytosol?

glycolysis and fermentation

Formula for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> (light) C6H12O6 + 6O2

(Photosynthesis or Cell Resp) Overall, this process is exergonic.

Cellular respiration

What are the inputs of cellular respiration?

6O2 and C6H12O6 (glucose)

kilocalories (kcal)

A quantity of heat equal to 1,000 calories. Used to measure the energy content of food, it is usually called a "Calorie."

Chemiosmosis

A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

- 2 Pyruvates enter the mitochondrion - releases 2 ATP, 6NADH, and 2 FADH2 for each glucose

The two complexes of pigments that constitute a photosystem include _______________ and the ____________.

1. light-harvesting complex 2. reaction-center complex.

How many ATP would be produced during the citric acid cycle from two glucose molecules?

4 ATP.

A student has been shrunk to fit inside the thylakoid space of a granum. How many layers of phospholipids would he or she need to cross through to get completely out of the mesophyll cell?

8 layers.

oxidation

A chemical change in which a substance combines with oxygen. (etc. when iron oxidizes, forming rust)

Redox reaction

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.

redox reaction

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.

exergonic reaction

A chemical reaction that releases energy

thylakoid

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

C4 plants

A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.

C3 plants

A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.

Which of the following do plants create as a result of photosynthesis? A. O2 B. CO2 C. H2O D. Solar Energy

A. O2

Briefly explain what would happen to the levels of NADPH and ATP within the stroma if the passage of electrons to the primary electron acceptor of photosystem I were inhibited.

ATP production would stop and NADPH production would stop.

_______________ uses the energy found within a proton gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP.

ATP synthase

What occurs in a plant cell?

All 3 stages.

What occurs in an animal cell?

All 3 stages.

electromagnetic spectrum

All of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

What must proteins be broken down into before they can be burned as energy?

Amino Acids

heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

CO2 is a gaseous by-product of cellular respiration that you exhale with each breath. Briefly explain where the CO2 comes from.

As stated earlier, the formula for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----> CO2 + 6H2O. The CO2 comes from cellular respiration products and procedure.

Any substance that inhibits the transportation of oxygen from the lungs affects A. photosynthesis B. cellular respiration C. chloroplasts D. none of the above

B. Cellular Respiration

Which of the following is the correct order of the main stages of cellular respiration? A. Citric acid cycle, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation B. Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation C. Citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis D. Oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, citric acid cycle

B. Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation.

formula for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)

What are the outputs of cellular respiration?

CO2 and 6H2O

___________ is always lost during photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Energy

__________ generates fewer molecules of ATP because it contributes its electrons further along the electron transport chain.

FADH2

True or false: During photosynthesis, CO2 is split to release oxygen gas. If false, make it a correct statement.

False, H2O is split using sunlight to release oxygen gas.

True or false: A photoautotroph is a type of heterotroph that uses solar energy to produce sugars. If false, make it a correct statement.

False, a photoautotroph is an autotroph.

True or false: Each turn of the Calvin cycle produces one molecule of glucose. If false, make it a correct statement.

False, a turn of the Calvin cycle produces G3P and two turns of the Calvin cycle are necessary to produce 1 glucose molecule.

True or false: The transfer of H atoms from glucose to oxygen is not representative of redox reactions. If false, make it a correct statement.

False, it is a representative of redox reactions due to the reduction of oxygen gas.

True or false: A substance that makes the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H+ (H+ would be able to leak across the membrane at points other than ATP synthase) would increase ATP production in mitochondria. If false, make it a correct statement.

False, it would decrease ATP production in mitochondria.

True or false: Red wavelengths of light have more energy than purple wavelengths of light. If false, make it a correct statement. Refer to Figure 7.6A on page 116 in your textbook for help to answer this question.

False, red wavelengths have lower energy than purple wavelengths.

Fats are hydrophobic and carbohydrates are hydrophilic. Use this information to explain why humans store the majority of their excess energy as fat and not carbohydrates.

Fat doesn't require water to be stored so it is easier for humans to store the majority of excess energy as fat.

List three benefits of photosynthetic products to humans.

Food, fuel, removal of CO2 from atmosphere

When does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle {Kreb's}

What produces ATP?

Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle {Kreb's}

What produces molecules of NADH?

Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle {Kreb's}

Alcohol Fermentation

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide.

List two sources of evidence that indicate glycolysis is extremely old.

Glycolysis is both universal and it doesn't occur in a membrane bound organelle.

wavelength

Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves

Briefly explain why a teeter-totter (see-saw) is a good analogy for describing how reductions are always linked to oxidations.

It is a good analogy due to the fact that for every reduction, there is an oxidation; similar to the up-and-down motion of a see-saw (teeter-totter).

If you opened a wine vat, would the yeast inside continue to perform alcoholic fermentation? Briefly explain your answer with some details about what would happen.

No, it would not continue to perform alcoholic fermentation because it would be in contact with oxygen which would hinder its ability to continue performing deoxygenated fermentation.

photoautotrophs

Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances.

What involves the splitting of glucose?

Oxidative Phosphorylation

What uses the potential energy of a H+ gradient?

Oxidative Phosphorylation

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

photorespiration

Reaction in which rubisco attaches oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to ribulose bisphosphate

endergonic reaction

Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.

The Calvin cycle is also referred to as the light-independent reactions. Briefly explain why referring to the chemical reactions of the Calvin cycle as the light-independent reactions is only partially accurate.

The Calvin cycle doesn't rely on light reactions for its process, however it does rely on light reactions to produce some of its products.

light reactions

The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (before the Calvin cycle). Occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.

Mesophyll

The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis.

carbon fixation

The initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds.

A botanist discovers a new plant species in the Amazon rainforest that has blue leaves. Briefly explain what can be inferred about the pigments in the leaves of this plant.

The plants absorb the other wavelengths except for blue.

Photophosphorylation

The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

oxidative phosphorylation

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

A common misconception is that the greenhouse effect is bad. Briefly explain why this is not necessarily true.

Without the greenhouse effect temperatures would be unsuitable for humans to live on Earth.

Do plants perform cellular respiration?

Yes, they must break down glucose to get ATP.

You are a graduate student studying the effects of global warming on photosynthesis. What are some different methods that you could think of to measure the rate of photosynthesis in a plant?

You could see how temperatures and higher CO2 levels affect photosynthesis results.

photon

a particle of light

If a scientist removes the pair of chlorophyll a molecules from the reaction-center complex, then which of the following consequences would be most likely to occur? a. The primary electron acceptor would capture boosted electrons from the light-harvesting complex. b. The transfer of energy from the light-harvesting complex to the reaction-center complex would stop. c. Light would be absorbed twice as fast to make up for the loss of the chlorophyll a pigments. d. None of the above consequences would occur.

a. The primary electron acceptor would capture boosted electrons from the light-harvesting complex.

The driving force behind oxidative phosphorylation is a. oxygen b. carbon dioxide c. NADH d. H2O

a. oxygen

In lactic acid fermentation, _____________ becomes the target of reduction by NADH. a. pyruvate b. lactate c. glucose d. ATP

a. pyruvate

C4 and CAM similarities

adaptations for photosynthesis in inadequate conditions regarding the stomata.

A buildup of __________ initiates the inhibition of an enzyme that functions early in glycolysis. a. ADP b. ATP c. glycerol d. amino acids

b. ATP

What links photosystem I with photosystem II? a. The products of the dark reactions b. An electron transport chain c. The creation of oxygen gas d. The fixation of carbon dioxide

b. An electron transport chain

Which of the following substances provides the majority of the atoms that make up the sugar produced by photosynthesis? a. Water b. Carbon dioxide c. Oxygen d. Hydrogen

b. Carbon dioxide

A toxin is found to inhibit the uptake of CO2 into plant leaves. This toxin would most directly affect the _____. a. light reactions b. splitting of H2O c. Calvin cycle d. absorption of solar energy

c. Calvin cycle

The Calvin cycle is cyclic because a. CO2 is constantly acquired during carbon fixation. b. it constantly makes G3P. c. RuBP is regenerated in the final chemical reaction. d. NADPH and ATP are used from the light reactions.

c. RuBP is regenerated in the final chemical reaction.

The only portion of cellular respiration that is cyclic is _____. a. glycolysis b. the electron transport chain c. the citric acid cycle d.the oxidation of pyruvate

c. the citric acid cycle

photoautotroph

organism that uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds

Fermentation is essentially glycolysis because glycolysis does not require __________ to function.

oxygen

C4

photosynthesis adaptation, keeps the stomata closed in bad conditions and produces sugar

CAM

photosynthesis adaptation. opens stomata at night only.

CAM plants

plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis

Calvin Cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions

stoma (stomata)

small opening in the epidermis of a plant that allows carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf

intermediates

species that appear in some steps but not in the net equation

phosphorylation

the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

lactic acid fermentation

the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product

Acetyl CoA

the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme