BIO102 Chpt 42

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 70 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat (milliliters per beat), and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of _____.

4,900 mL/minute

A stroke volume of 70 mL/cycle in a heart with a pulse of 72 cycles per minute results in a cardiac output of about _____.

5 liters per minute

_____ in carbon dioxide in your red blood cells, which causes _____ in pH, causes your breathing to speed up.

An increase ... a drop

Which of the following best describes an artery?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

A rabbit taken from a meadow near sea level and moved to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble breathing. Why?

The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level.

Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario?

The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure.

Stroke occurs when _____.

a blood clot enters the cerebral circulation, blocking an artery and causing the death of brain tissue

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _____.

a closed circulatory system

The smallest airway through which inspired air passes before gas exchange occurs in the mammalian lungs is the _____.

bronchiole

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is _____.

converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells

In an open circulatory system, blood is _____.

not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems

Circulatory systems compensate for _____.

the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances

Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates? I) changing the force of heart contraction II) constricting and relaxing sphincters in the walls of arterioles III) adjusting the volume of blood contained in the veins

I, II, and III

Which statement regarding the mammalian heart is correct?

In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs.

Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal?

bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the _____.

development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls

Atria contract _____.

during systole

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross _____.

five membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell-to bind with hemoglobin

If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then _____.

fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) _____.

four-chambered heart

In which of the following animals are the blood and the interstitial fluid considered to be the same body fluid?

grasshoppers

Pulse is a direct measure of

heart rate.

Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a

higher P(O2).

Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these muscle cells in arteries has a _____.

higher PO2

If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except

pulmonary vein

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

rising CO2

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

systole of the left ventricle

What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed?

the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas

If a molecule of carbon dioxide released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following EXCEPT _____.

the pulmonary vein

The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels?

the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because _____.

the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through _____.

two capillary beds

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals?

vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle pulmonary artery

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans _____.

would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions

Which statement about human blood vessels is correct?

Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

A decrease from pH 7.4 to pH 7.2 causes hemoglobin to _____.

increase its binding of H+

Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with _____.

increased activity of the immune system

The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin _____.

increases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

left atrium.