BIO106 Final Exam Review
If a sperm cell contains 8 chromosomes, it comes from an animal whose regular body cells have _____ chromosomes.
16
One turn of the citric acid cycle produces
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP.
If a DNA sample contains 13% adenine, what percentage of the sample contains cytosine?
37%
The diploid (2n) number of chromosomes for a human being is
46
If a parent cell has 48 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after mitosis and cytokinesis occurs?
48 chromosomes
Determine the number of codon sequences it would require to produce the following amino acid sequence: alanine - proline - serine - isoleucine - stop.
5 codon sequences
Which substrate is missing: 6CO2 + _____ + energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 ?
6H2O
What is the blending theory of inheritance?
A theory that describes how offspring show traits intermediate between those of the parents.
Which allele combination represents a homozygous dominant individual?
AA
The second stage of the Calvin cycle needs an input of energy to reduce the 3PG molecules that resulted from the first stage. Where does this energy input come from?
ATP and NADPH that were supplied through the light reactions
If an individual with a dominant phenotype is crossed with an individual with a recessive phenotype, 4 of their 9 offspring show the recessive phenotype. What is the genotype of the first parent?
Aa
Which allele combination represents a heterozygous individual?
Aa
Some plants fail to produce chlorophyll, and this trait appears to be recessive. Many plants also self-pollinate. If we locate a pea plant that is heterozygous for this trait, self-pollinate it and harvest seeds, what are the likely phenotypes of these seeds when they germinate?
About one-fourth will be white and three-fourths green.
Point mutations
All of the choices are correct. (can cause a genetic disease such as sickle-cell disease that is due to a base change that codes for valine rather than glutamate, may change specific codon, due to a change in one DNA nucleotide)
Sources of genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms include(s) which of the following?
All of the choices are sources of genetic variation.
If CAP is absent from a cell, what are the potential consequences?
All of these are consequences of the absence of CAP.
Frameshift mutations
All of these choices are correct. (applies to the reading frame (sequence of codons) being changed, can result in a completely new codon sequence that results in the production of non-functional proteins, most often happen when one or more nucleotides are inserted or deleted from the DNA)
Which statement is NOT true about how various conditions will affect the activity of an enzyme?
An enzyme's activity is generally reduced by an increase in substrate concentration.
Which of the following accurately describe anaphase I and anaphase II? Select all that apply.
At the end of anaphase I, each chromosome is composed of two chromatids and at the end of anaphase II, sister chromatids have separated, Anaphase I occurs in a haploid cell while anaphase II occurs in a diploid cell, Homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I and sister chromatids separate during anaphase II, Anaphase I occurs in both males and females but anaphase II only occurs in females
Photorespiration occurs mainly in
C3 plants
Match the following proteins to their function in DNA replication.
DNA helicase- unwinds DNA and separates parental strands DNA primase- places short pieces of RNA on the DNA strands to be replicated Single-stranded binding proteins- attach to newly separated DNA and prevent it from re-forming the helix so replication can occur DNA ligase- binds Okazaki fragments together DNA polymerase- synthesizes and proofreads DNA strand
All of the following are true about the chromosomes of a multicellular organism EXCEPT:
Each chromosome separates into two daughter chromosomes by binary fission.
Which of the following is not part of Mendel's law of segregation?
Each gamete will carry two factors for a trait.
Which best describes the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change from one energy form to another.
How does euchromatin differ from heterochromatin? Select all that apply.
Euchromatin represents the active chromatin containing genes that are being transcribed, Heterochromatin is more compacted than euchromatin, Euchromatin is more representative of the chromosomes during mitosis
In a classic Mendelian monohybrid cross between a homozygous dominant parent and a homozygous recessive parent, which generation is always completely heterozygous?
F1 generation
A primary spermatocyte has 64 chromosomes. After meiosis I, each secondary spermatocyte would have 32 chromosomes. After meiosis II, each spermatid would have 16 chromosomes.
False
In the sodium-potassium pump, sodium is transported into the cell and potassium is transported out of the cell using ATP energy.
False
Mitochondria have an inner membrane system called the thylakoid membranes.
False
Organisms produced as a result of mitosis exhibit a great deal of genetic variation.
False
PCR is a relatively new advance in DNA technology that targets specific sequences in the DNA for removal or replacement.
False
The polymerase chain reaction uses RNA polymerase.
False (DNA polymerase)
The mRNA strand includes both introns and exons.
False (It is the pre-mRNA strand that includes introns and exons. The mRNA strand will only include exons)
An enzyme is a protein that causes the rate of the reaction to slow down.
False (speed up chemical reactions)
In order to help firmly establish DNA as the genetic material, Hershey and Chase performed an experiment using viruses and mice.
False (viruses and bacteria)
Which stage is most associated with a cell that is unable to divide again, such as a muscle or nerve cell?
G0 phase
If plants were no longer able to perform the light reactions and they could only utilize the Calvin cycle, which of the following would be true? Select all that apply.
G3P would be produced in much greater quantities, NADPH production would decrease while ATP production increased, G3P would be produced in much smaller quantities, plants would not produce oxygen
Which of the following is NOT true about daughter cells of mitosis or meiosis?
In meiosis, the daughter cells are genetically identical.
Why is crossing-over important?
It increases the likelihood that daughter cells contain different genetic material.
Which statement is NOT correct about the lac operon?
It regulates the production of a series of five enzymes.
Which is NOT true about the cell theory?
It states that bacteria and other small organisms can arise spontaneously.
In the lac operon, if lactose is present, which of the following occurs?
Lactose binds to the repressor, changing its shape so that it does not bind to the operator. RNA polymerase then transcribes the needed genes.
Dogs have 39 chromosome pairs. Based on this information, determine which of the following statements are true. Select all that apply.
Meiosis does not occur in dogs, At the end of prophase II, a cell would have 39 chromosomes, at the end of prophase I, a cell would have 78 chromosomes, At the end of mitosis, a cell would have 78 chromosomes, The haploid number for dogs is 39.
Which of the following statements is NOT true according to Mendel's law of segregation?
One factor must be dominant and one factor recessive in each individual.
Which of the following statements applies to the semiconservative nature of DNA replication?
The old strands serve as a template for the new strand.
Why was the X-ray diffraction photography of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins considered critical evidence in the study of DNA?
The photographs indicated that DNA has a double helix structure.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of homologous chromosomes?
They carry the same alleles for all traits.
What is the function of naturally occurring restriction enzymes in bacterial cells?
They cut any viral DNA that enters the cell.
why are plants green?
They reflect green wavelengths of light and absorb other colors of the visible light spectrum.
A DNA molecule is considered antiparallel because the sugar-phosphate groups that are chained together to make each strand are oriented in opposite directions.
True
During the replication of DNA, DNA polymerase has to synthesize the daughter strand in the 5' to 3' direction because DNA polymerase can only join nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing new strand.
True
Each gamete carries one factor, now called an allele, for each inherited trait.
True
Enzyme inhibition is the process that turns off an enzyme in a metabolic pathway. One way this can happen is for the end product of the pathway to act as an inhibitor.
True
Growth at two replication forks arising from a single origin of replication produce a "bubble" as daughter DNA molecules form.
True
Polymerase chain reactions utilize a heat-stable DNA polymerase that was isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus.
True
The genes of a single operon are all regulated by the same repressor, operator, and promoter.
True
Which statement is NOT correct about the trp operon?
Tryptophan binds to the repressor protein and inactivates it.
In 1940, two researchers named Weiner and Landsteiner discovered that about 85 percent of the human population sampled possessed a blood cell protein that had been previously detected in Rhesus monkeys. This blood type was labeled Rh positive, and Rh+ was found to be dominant over the absence of the blood factor (Rh-). Under normal Mendelian inheritance, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Two Rh- parents could have an Rh+ child.
Unattached earlobes (EE or Ee) are described in the textbook as dominant over attached earlobes (ee). A couple both have unattached earlobes. Both notice that one of their parents on both sides has attached earlobes (ee). Therefore, they correctly assume that they are carriers for attached earlobes (Ee). The couple proceeds to have four children.
Two heterozygous, one homozygous recessive, and one homozygous dominant is a likely outcome, but all heterozygous, or two, three, or all four homozygous are also possible.
A Barr body
Two of the above answers are correct.
The particulate theory of inheritance
Two of the above choices are correct.
Transcription of a DNA molecule with a nucleotide sequence of AAA-CAA-CTT results in an mRNA molecule with the complementary sequence of
UUU-GUU-GAA.
In the Watson and Crick model of DNA, the "steps" of the ladder are composed of
a purine and a pyrimidine.
If black fur is produced by a recessive allele, which genotype is most likely to produce a black individual?
bb
The term "ligase" adds the suffix "-ase" to the Latin root word for
bind
The novel coronavirus SARS-Cov2 gains access to host cells by
binding to the human ACE2 receptor with the viral spike protein
If the contents of a beaker are isotonic in relation to the interior of the cell, water will
both enter and exit the cell at equal rates so no net loss or gain occurs.
In what kind of classic Mendelian cross would you expect to find a ratio of 9:3:3:1 among the F2 offspring?
dihybrid cross
Transformation of bacteria was shown to occur when _____ bacteria were injected into mice and the mice _____.
live R strain and dead S strain; died
The function of the polymerase chain reaction in genetic engineering is to
make multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA.
According to the endosymbiosis theory _____ were engulfed by larger eukaryotic cells.
mitochondria
Which of the following organelles is NOT part of the endomembrane system?
mitochondria
Since each child of two heterozygous parents has a 50% chance of receiving a recessive trait from each parent,
no matter what the first child's phenotype, the next child will have a 1/4 chance of being phenotypically recessive.
Which of the following items relate specifically to purines? Select all that apply.
nucleotides with a single ring, adenine, cytosine, guanine, nucleotides with double ring
In a phospholipid bilayer, the
phosphate heads are oriented toward the exterior of the cell or toward the cytoplasm.
Chloroplasts are to _____ as _____ are to aerobic respiration.
photosynthesis, mitochondria
Which of the following are major functions of the plasma membrane? Select all that apply.
production of proteins used in construction of the cell wall, recognition and communication between different cells and tissues, regulation of molecules and ions that pass into and out of the cell, separation of the fluid environments inside and outside the cell,
During which stage of meiosis does crossing-over occur?
prophase I of meiosis I
Which sequence of the mitotic stages is correct?
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Which of the following codes for the proteins that will promote the normal cell cycle and prevent apoptosis?
proto-oncogenes
The preparatory reaction converts
pyruvates into acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide.
Active transport
requires an input of ATP
Which of the following molecules forms lengths of DNA with "sticky ends"?
restriction enzyme
If white eyes are produced by a recessive allele, what is the likely genotype of a white-eyed individual?
rr
What is the function of gel electrophoresis in genetic engineering?
separate fragments of DNA by their length and electrical charges
Oxygen production in photosynthesis involves which of the following? Select all that apply.
splitting of water, photosystem I and II, light reactions
All of the following are associated with the mitochondria except:
stroma
Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from animal cells because
the Golgi apparatus produces vesicles that migrate along microtubules and fuse to become a cell plate.
ATP is considered a high-energy compound because under cellular conditions, 7.3 kcal per mole of energy is released when a bond is broken between
the adenosine diphosphate and the third phosphate.
Osmosis can best be described as
the diffusion of water from areas where the water concentration is higher to areas where the water concentration is lower.
To what does the term stroma refer?
the fluid-filled space of the chloroplast
If a pea plant shows a recessive phenotype,
the genotype can only be tt
All of the following are characteristics of oncogenes EXCEPT
they are tumor suppressor genes
Which of the following crosses will NOT produce offspring with the recessive phenotype? Select all that apply.
tt x tt and TT x Tt
The overall goal of the Calvin cycle is to
use carbon dioxide gas and energy to produce carbohydrates.
A researcher is studying the effects of a new drug on the endomembrane system. She notices the Golgi apparatus is not receiving any proteins and that it is not able to ship any proteins. What part of the endomembrane system was probably affected by this new drug?
vesicles
The cell formed after fertilization of an egg by a sperm is called a(n)
zygote
Meiosis accomplishes all of the following EXCEPT
growth and repair
All cells have these two characteristics:
have a plasma membrane and ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Virtually all of the specialized cells of multicellular organisms
have the same amount of DNA and the same number of chromosomes as all other cells of the organism and develop from the same basic stem cells.
Nucleotides contain all of the following except
histones
A testcross involves an individual with the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype being crossed with an individual that has a(n) ________ genotype.
homozygous recessive
Which of the following substrates are required for cellular respiration?
glucose and oxygen
What occurs in anaphase?
Chromatids are separated and move to opposite poles.
For translation to take place, which of the following does NOT need to be present?
DNA
Which statement is NOT true about DNA replication?
DNA can only replicate at one point on a chromosome at one time.
All of the following are associated with translation except
Production of mRNA.
Transcription begins when
RNA polymerase binds to a region of DNA called the promoter.
The enzyme that replicates the novel coronavirus SARS-Cov2 genome is
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Which of the following statements about RNAi are true? Select all that apply.
RNAi sequences are designed to carry enzymes to target and destroy mRNA sequences within the cell, once the complementary RNAi sequences enter the cell, they bind with the target RNA, producing double-stranded RNA molecules, these double-stranded RNA molecules are then broken down by a series of enzymes within the cell, RNAi is being researched as a potential treatment for a number of human diseases including cancer and hepatitis.
Which of the following statements about DNA replication is NOT correct?
Replication occurs as each base is paired with another exactly like it.
The last stage of the Calvin cycle acts to recycle _____, sending it back to aid in _____ again.
RuBP, carbon fixation
Which best describes the second law of thermodynamics?
Some useful energy is lost as heat whenever an energy transfer occurs.
During Mendel's pea plants experiment, he discovered that the trait for tallness is dominant to that of shortness. Which of the following statements is correct?
Tall = TT or Tt while short = tt
Which of the following situations would be considered an example of positive regulation of gene expression in a prokaryote?
The CAP protein activating the lac operon when glucose is absent and lactose is present.
Which of the following statements about the Calvin cycle is correct?
The CO2 is absorbed and reduced to CH2O
A human cell contains at least 2 m of DNA, yet all of this DNA is packed into a nucleus that is about 6 μm in diameter. How is this accomplished? Select all that apply.
The DNA is coiled into radial loops, DNA is wrapped around histone proteins giving it the appearance of a string of beads
The first reaction in the citric acid cycle binds which of the following molecules together?
acetyl CoA to a C4 molecule.
Which of the following structures is not part of an operon?
all of these are part of an operon (regulator gene, promoter, operator, structural gene)
In a Punnett square,
all of these choices are correct
Codons
all of these choices are correct (unambiguous, provide the instructions for synthesizing proteins, comprised of a triplet of nucleotides)
What are alleles?
alternative forms of a gene for a single trait, such as blue eyes or brown eyes
During which stage of meiosis do the homologous chromosomes separate?
anaphase I
At which stage of meiosis is each chromosome composed of a single chromatid?
anaphase II
Cancer cells require many nutrients that are supplied by blood vessels. The growth of new blood vessels into cancerous tissue is called
angiogenesis
A(n) _____ is a group of three bases on tRNA that is complementary to a specific mRNA codon.
anticodon
Which channel protein assists the passage of water across the cell membrane?
aquaporin
Which is most closely associated with the Calvin cycle?
carbon dioxide fixation
Which of the following features are found in a bacterial cell? Select all that apply.
cell wall, nucleus, ribosomes, golgi apparatus
Which of the following protein functions is not correctly associated with the correct integral protein?
channel proteins—block the activity of carrier proteins
Which of the following organelles is found in autotrophic eukaryotic cells but not heterotrophic eukaryotic cells?
chloroplast
Which process produces both NADH and FADH2?
citric acid cycle
Which of the following would NOT contribute to genetic variation?
crossing over of sister chromatids
Meiosis occurs during all of the following EXCEPT
gametogenesis, spermatogenesis, oogenesis
The introduction of normal genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic use is called
gene therapy
If the contents of a beaker are hypotonic in relation to the interior of the cell, water will
enter the cell and lysis will occur.
Active genes in eukaryotic cells are associated with
euchromatin
The DNA of a _____ is wrapped around histone molecules to form a "beaded string."
eukaryote
If the contents of a beaker are hypertonic in relation to the interior of the cell, water will
exit the cell and crenation will occur.
Which section of the pre-mRNA contains the protein-coding regions?
exons
Which process produces alcohol or lactate?
fermentation
Thymine dimers
form when DNA is exposed to UV radiation.
